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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an enduring autoimmune illness characterized by persistent inflammation and joint damage. Recent advancements in B cell depletion therapies (BCDTs) have provided new avenues for managing RA. This review article delves into the pathophysiology of RA, highlighting the pivotal role of B cells in disease progression. We explore the mechanisms underlying B cell depletion, focusing on monoclonal antibodies such as rituximab as well as innovative approaches like chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies. An in-depth analysis of clinical studies reveals the efficacy and limitations of these therapies, including success rates, side effects, and cost implications for patients. Despite promising outcomes, the incomplete depletion of B cells and associated risks underscore the need for further research. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of BCDTs in RA, shed light on their potential and challenges, and guide future therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand for electrocatalysts with excellent electrochemical properties and environment friendly characteristics is driving research on water-splitting to generate sustainable hydrogen energy resources. One efficient strategy to improve the performance of transition metal oxide materials for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is incorporation of additional metals. In this report, we developed copper (Cu)-doped samarium cobalt oxide (SmCoO3) employing a sol–gel approach. The Cu-doped SmCoO3 catalyst has demonstrated effective OER outcomes in 1.0 M KOH. The influence of the copper content on the electrocatalytic activity of SmCoO3 has been examined thoroughly. The as-prepared sample had a low Tafel value of 40 mV dec−1 and a smaller overpotential of 236 mV at 10 mA cm−2 current density (j). Cu-doped SmCoO3 also has a greater ECSA of 281.25 cm2 than the pristine material (156.25 cm2). The prepared doped substance is very effective and durable as an electrocatalyst for energy conversion devices, as demonstrated by its lower impedance of 0.44 Ω and 30 h durability. Moreover, the structural outcomes show that incorporating Cu into SmCoO3 greatly increases the number of active sites and improves electronic conductivity. Therefore, this study introduces an innovative approach for designing highly efficient and economical copper-doped electrocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Acute Myeloid Leukemia is a heterogeneous hematological malignancy characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal myeloid cells. Besides several other genetic abnormalities developed in AML, FLT3 mutations are significant due to their worse prognostic impacts and therapeutic resistance. As a result, these mutations enable AML cells to develop mechanisms for evading immune surveillance. Areas covered: This review discusses the ways of immune escape of FLT3-mutated AML cells. A literature search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, covering articles published between 2010 and 2024 with related keywords. The discussion covers AML cells' downregulation of immune recognition markers, expression of immune checkpoint proteins, and establishment of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Specific attention is given to small extracellular vesicles and their participation in immune escape. The focus is on exosome-mediated pathways and possible combination therapies. Expert opinion: FLT3 mutations in AML represent a formidable therapeutic challenge due to their crucial role in immune evasion. Exosomes are major players in these processes. Combination therapies targeting the exosome pathway could significantly improve these patients' immune recognition and overall outcomes. Understanding the underlying mechanisms, including targeted therapies, will be required to transcend existing therapeutic limitations and push newer strategies in treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]