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Two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has been proved to be a good candidate in photodetectors, and MoS2/graphene (MoS2/G) heterostructure has been widely used to expand the optical response wavelength of MoS2. To clarify the carrier transfer dynamics in the MoS2/G heterostructure, time-resolved transient absorption and two-color pump–probe measurements are performed. By comparing the carrier dynamics in MoS2 and MoS2/G under different pump wavelengths, we find that interfacial excitons are formed in the heterostructure, and fast hot carriers transfer (<200 fs) from graphene to MoS2 are observed. The results indicate that the formed heterostructure with graphene can not only expand the optical response wavelength of MoS2 but also improve the response time of the device in the near-infrared region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate changes are known to have been a key regulator of the biodiversity in Earth's history. However, the dry‐humid degrees and alternating patterns throughout the Phanerozoic remain largely unconstrained. In this study, we report high contents (2.4 ± 3.8 mg N kg−1) and 17O anomalies (11.0 ± 7.4‰) of nitrate (NO3−) in the early Cambrian black shale from South China, likely caused by atmospheric NO3− intrusion under dry climates that followed tectonic uplift. By developing new methods to quantify aridity indices (AI, 0.06 ± 0.08) in combination with observational data with paleoclimate models, we reconstructed the historical AI variations. Our analyses revealed three significant dry‐to‐humid transitions which include Cambrian‐Ordovician to Silurian‐Permian, Permian‐Triassic boundary to middle Triassic‐early Jurassic, and Jurassic‐Paleogene to Neogene. This study quantitatively unlocked the Phanerozoic climate changes in South China, offering important evidence for understanding the co‐evolution of ecological and climatic systems in Earth's history. Plain Language Summary: Climate changes have played a critical role in shaping the biological evolution during the Phanerozoic, but the precise degree of dry‐humid fluctuations and their patterns remain unclear. This study observed high contents and 17O anomalies of nitrate in Cambrian black shale from South China, attributed to atmospheric deposition during dry periods following tectonic uplift. By integrating isotopic and sedimentological data with climate models, we quantified historical aridity and reconstructed its variations in South China. We identified three major dry‐to‐humid transitions in the Phanerozoic. These findings improve our understanding of how climate dynamics interacted with biological and geological changes. Key Points: High 17O anomaly (11.0 ± 7.4‰) of NO3− in Cambrian black shale was not explained by early diagenesis and modern surface processesA new framework using the ∆17O of sedimentary NO3− to quantify the deep‐time aridity was developedThe data suggest three alternations of dry‐humid climates in the Phanerozoic were recorded by sedimentary geochemistry in South China [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulphate‐reducing microorganisms, or SRMs, are crucial to organic decomposition, the sulphur cycle, and the formation of pyrite. Despite their low energy‐yielding metabolism and intense competition with other microorganisms, their ability to thrive in natural habitats often lacking sufficient substrates remains an enigma. This study delves into how Desulfovibrio desulfuricans G20, a representative SRM, utilizes photoelectrons from extracellular sphalerite (ZnS), a semiconducting mineral that often coexists with SRMs, for its metabolism and energy production. Batch experiments with sphalerite reveal that the initial rate and extent of sulphate reduction by G20 increased by 3.6 and 3.2 times respectively under light conditions compared to darkness, when lactate was not added. Analyses of microbial photoelectrochemical, transcriptomic, and metabolomic data suggest that in the absence of lactate, G20 extracts photoelectrons from extracellular sphalerite through cytochromes, nanowires, and electron shuttles. Genes encoding movement and biofilm formation are upregulated, suggesting that G20 might sense redox potential gradients and migrate towards sphalerite to acquire photoelectrons. This process enhances the intracellular electron transfer activity, sulphur metabolism, and ATP production of G20, which becomes dominant under conditions of carbon starvation and extends cell viability in such environments. This mechanism could be a vital strategy for SRMs to survive in energy‐limited environments and contribute to sulphur cycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution exposure is closely linked to population age and socioeconomic status. Population aging and imbalance in regional economy are thus anticipated to have important implications on ozone (O3)‐related health impacts. Here we provide a driver analysis for O3 mortality burden due to respiratory disease in China over 2013–2050 driven by population aging and regional inequity. Unexpectedly, we find that population aging is estimated to result in dramatic rises in annual O3 mortality burden in China; by 56, 101–137, and 298–485 thousand over the periods 2013–2020, 2020–2030, and 2030–2050, respectively. This reflects the exponential rise in baseline mortality rates with increasing age. The aging‐induced mortality burden rise in 2030–2050 is surprisingly large, as it is comparable to the net national mortality burden due to O3 exposure in 2030 (359–399 thousand yr−1). The health impacts of O3 pollution, shown as mortality burden per capita, are inequitably distributed, with more severe effects in less developed provinces than their developed counterparts by 23.1% and 21.5% in 2019 and 2030, respectively. However, the regional inequity in O3 mortality burden is expected to be mitigated in 2050. This temporal variation reflects evolving demographic dividend characterized by a larger proportion of younger individuals in developed regions. These findings are critical for targeted improvement of healthcare services to ensure the sustainability of social development. Plain Language Summary: Air pollution exposure is closely linked to the age distribution and socioeconomic status of the population. The ongoing process of population aging and the pronounced disparities in regional economic growth across China are thus anticipated to have substantial implications for the health effects stemming from ozone (O3) exposure. Our finding reveals that population aging is projected to lead to a significant upsurge in annual O3 mortality burden; the health impacts of O3 pollution, measured in terms of mortality burden per capita, exhibit significant disparities, with more severe effects in less developed provinces than their developed counterparts. These results hold critical implications for the targeted improvement of healthcare services, ensuring the sustainable development of society in China over the coming decades. Key Points: Ozone‐related mortality burden are increasing in the future except for the SSP1 scenarioThe mortality burden increases were mainly driven by the population aging in ChinaThe O3 mortality burden per capita, are inequitably distributed, with more severe effects in developed regions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]