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Written sources related to the Golden Horde city of Ukek have long been introduced into scientific discourse, but there have been deviations in their translations and interpretation. The city is mentioned on three maps ascending from the common protograph (an extended version of the representation of the Volga in the Catalan style). The earliest example is a map by the Pitzigani brothers (1367), where the city is located on the opposite side of the island of Çiçera (Samara Luka), which was a result of compiling maps of different scales. The displacement of the city’s sign on the maps by Fra Mauro (1459) and Giovanni Francesco Camocio (1570) to the left bank of the Volga is a normal phenomenon from the viewpoint of the map language. In the Sketch of the Countries by Abu'l-Fida, Ukek is mentioned twice. Here, the localization of the site is rather reliable for its time period, and the city is characterized as the border of the Khan's domain. A brief description of Ukek in Ibn Battuta's book is the most difficult one to interpret. Most likely, information about two points with the same name is mixed in this work: one was situated on the Volga and the other - on the Azov seashore. Possibly, new mentions of Ukek can be found on Catalan-style maps and in Italian notarial acts.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) play an important role in underground mining applications. In particular, they help to collect information using sensors and provide monitoring of complex mine environments to avoid potential risks and manage operations. Despite the importance of WSNs, they face the problem of energy consumption and the difficulty of replacing the batteries of the sensor nodes. The distributed energy-efficient aggregation protocol (DEECP) helps to reduce the power consumption of the WSN. This protocol enables an increase in the lifetime of a WSN. The DEECP algorithm uses the clustering concept and selects cluster heads (CHs) according to the election probability based on the ratio between the residual energy and network average energy of each node. However, this method does not provide an optimum solution because it does not take into account the different sensor energy levels. In addition, the algorithm does not consider the effect of the distance between the base station and sensor node likely be chosen to become a CH. This can significantly affect the performance of the WSN. This paper proposes an optimization threshold for CH selection based on three energy levels of a sensor, namely, low, high, and super as well as the measurement of the distances between base stations and possible nodes to be selected as CHs to optimize the CH selection method. The proposed approach is evaluated and compared with DEECP in terms of dead nodes, alive nodes, and network throughput. The results show that the proposed approach outperforms DEECPs in terms of network stability and lifetime.

Marxist agrarian history conceives of medieval mining as a pre‐capitalist and backward economy isolated from all forms of capitalist change. Mining history says otherwise. Evidence confirms that mining labour enjoyed the conditions for an early emancipation from serfdom, rooted in the ascent of a European silver‐based monetary economy from the eleventh century onwards. Feudal lords were caught between Scylla and Charybdis, vulnerable to the rise of free miners and a mining economy that demanded capital outlays. Drawing upon the case study of mining in the feudal principality of Trent, the article briefly sketches the rise of capitalist miners and the conditions that gave them decisive advantages over feudal lords. The article summarizes general arguments and lines of inquiry for opening the field of Marxist agrarian history to the study of mining and extractive economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Outre-Mers: Revue d'Histoire is the property of Societe Francaise d'Histoire d'Outre Mer and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The implementation of the mining mita other than in Potosi and Huancavelica was never very successful during the colonial period. In 1758, the Spanish Crown awarded a mining mita to the owner of a silver mine in San Augustin de Huantajaya, Tarapacá, the only mining area in the viceroyalty that was not located in the Andes. The survival of a mine owner’s registry book that recorded the sometimes daily exchange of letters between the mine owner and the kurakas permits a much more detailed view than is commonly available of the negotiations that took place when such mitas were implemented. Rather than seeing a rise in contentious politics that characterizes this period in Peru, we have a persistence of norms that governed kuraka relations with colonial society. Nevertheless, largely through the efforts of the kurakas of Tarapacá, this mining mita was never implemented and less strenuous tasks than the dreaded work in the mines were reassigned to the mita.

Copyright of Fronteras de la Historia is the property of Instituto Colombiano de Antropologia e Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)