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Abstract Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern‐recognition receptors triggered by pathogen‐derived and tissue‐damage‐related ligands. TLRs were previously believed to only be expressed in immune cells. However, it is now confirmed that they are ubiquitously expressed in cells within the body including neurons, astrocytes, and microglia of the central nervous system (CNS). Activation of TLRs is capable of inducing immunologic and inflammatory responses to injury or infection of CNS. This response is self‐limiting that usually resolves once the infection has been eradicated or the tissue damage has been repaired. However, the persistence of inflammation‐inducing insults or a failure in normal resolution mechanisms may result in overwhelming inflammation which may induce neurodegeneration. This implies that TLRs may play a role in mediating the link between inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases namely Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, stroke, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. So, new therapeutic approaches that specifically target TLRs may be developed by better understanding TLR expression mechanisms in the CNS and their connections to particular neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, this review paper discussed the role of TLRs in neurodegenerative diseases.

Awoke Keleb, Ayechew Ademas, Tadesse Sisay, Metadel Adane Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Awoke Keleb, Tel +251913117382, Email kalebawoke@gmail.comPurpose: Eating contaminated food continues to cause numerous food-borne diseases globally. Understanding the causes of poor food safety practices is key to preventing food-borne diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of food safety practices and associated factors among health extension model and non-model households in Kombolcha, Ethiopia.Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 327 model households and 329 non-model households in Kombolcha. Four kebeles were selected randomly from a total of 12 kebeles, followed by a systematic random sampling method to select a total of 656 households. The data were collected through face-to-face interviews with household heads and observations from April 15 to May 15, 2021. Data were entered into EpiData version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Determinants of food safety practices were determined by using multivariable logistic regression model at a p-value < 0.05.Results: The overall prevalence of food safety practices was 44.7% (95% CI: 40.5– 48.4%), of which 57.8% (95% CI: 53.0– 63.1%) were model and 31.6% (95% CI: 26.5– 36.7%) were non-model households, with significant variation among household types. Being a model household (AOR=2.99; 95% CI: 1.98– 4.52), having a female household head (AOR=3.13; 95% CI: 2.13– 4.59), proper solid waste management (AOR=2.32; 95% CI: 1.54– 3.48), good knowledge of food safety (AOR=2.05; 95% CI: 1.43– 3.03), and good attitude (AOR=1.74; 95% CI: 1.22, 2.49) were significant predictors of good food safety practices.Conclusion: The prevalence of good food safety practices was not satisfactory. Being a model household, having a female household head, proper solid waste management, good knowledge, and good attitude were significantly associated with good food safety practices. Therefore, the identified modifiable factors are potential areas of intervention to enhance good food safety practices.Keywords: food safety practices, health extension model, non-model

Amanuel Wolde,1 Yosef Deneke,2 Tesfaye Sisay,3 Mesfin Mathewos,4 Haben Fesseha4 1College of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Science, Jinka University, Jinka, Ethiopia; 2School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; 3Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 4School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Mesfin Mathewos Email Aboseme23@wsu.edu.etIntroduction: Escherichia coli are among the major causes of mortality and morbidity in under-five children in developing nations including Ethiopia.Methods: A non-analytical observational study design followed by a purposive sampling technique was conducted from October 2017 to June 2018, to isolate Escherichia coli and determine its associated risk factors from diarrheic children that were admitted to Christian hospital, Wolaita Sodo town. E. coli was confirmed using standard culture and biochemical analyses of the bacterium. In addition, a semi-structured questionnaire was provided to evaluate the potential risk factors that contribute to diarrhea in children.Results: The overall isolation rate of E. coli in diarrheic children was 61.8% (68/110) (95% CI: 52.1– 70.9%). Factors such as age, contact with either animals or manure, negligence to handwashing before a meal with soap, and exclusive breastfeeding at six months (p< 0.05) has significant contribution to the prevalence of the E. coli in diarrheic children. The odds of being infected were highest in children whose caretakers had a habit of the negligence of handwashing before the meal (AOR = 6; 95% CI 30.8– 49.8%; p = 0.01).Conclusion: Improving the hygienic practices amongst parents of children reduces its Escherichia coli occurrence. Furthermore, awareness of the importance of exclusive breastfeeding to parents of children should be maximized.Keywords: children, diarrhea, Escherichia coli, risk factors, Wolaita Sodo

Tariku Sisay Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Mizan Tepi University, Mizan, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Tariku Sisay Email kaluptrk@gmail.comBackground: Numerous studies have linked a decline in physical activity (PA) around the world to an increase in chronic diseases. There were two key goals for this study. The first was to observe how daily activities affected physical health in terms of VO2max. The second aim was to investigate the effect of university students’ dietary practices on levels of PA.Methods: A repeated cross-sectional study was conducted on 75 subjects (41 males and 34 females) with an average age of 27.3 [SD 5.8] years. The respondents’ physical activity in the previous seven days was classified as vigorous activity, moderate activity, walking, and sitting using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Anthropometric measurements such as height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were reported at the baseline, during Lent (week 7 of the vegan diet), and seven weeks later (week 14). To determine Maximum Oxygen Consumption-the VO2max, the Queen’s College Step Test [QCST] was used.Results: There was a major difference in mean VO2max between males and females, with males getting a higher VO2max. There was no connection between VO2max and changes in dietary adherence/transition. Based on physical activity study, there were no major variations between subjects (walking Metabolic Equivalent Task (MET) and moderate MET). However, a thorough Vigorous MET showed major gender gaps. The majority of the participants in the current study spent 35 (46.7%) of their time studying and 19 (28%) of their time attending class lectures, with some students using more time than others.Conclusion: Researches that may conduct in university and/or college students may provide early information to help the students understand their physical fitness. According to the findings of this limited prospective study, students spend the majority of their time engaging in sitting for various purposes. In turn, regardless of whether they followed a vegan or omnivorous diet, these study participants had low VO2 max.Keywords: VO2max, gender, physical activity, diet, BMI, university

Ayechew Ademas,1 Metadel Adane,1 Awoke Keleb,1 Gete Berihun,1 Mistir Lingerew,1 Tadesse Sisay,1 Seada Hassen,1 Melaku Getachew,1 Getu Tesfaw,2 Dejen Getaneh Feleke,3 Elsabeth Addisu,4 Leykun Berhanu,1 Masresha Abebe,1 Adinew Gizeyatu,1 Habtemariam Abate,5 Atimen Derso1 1Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; 2Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; 3Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; 4Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; 5Department of Environmental Health Regulatory Directorate, Addis Ababa Food Medicines and Health Care Control Authority, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Ayechew Ademas Email aayechew19@gmail.comBackground: Coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) is affecting many people. Chronic patients are highly vulnerable to contracting an infection. Most people recover within a week, but chronic patients can face severe illness or death. The increasing of cases, complications, and mortality demands compulsory preventive measures. Therefore, this study was designed to identify major preventive practices and associated factors.Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was employed from November to December 2020 among diabetics and HIV/AIDS follow-up clients in Dessie referral hospital. Data were entered into EpiData manager 4.6.0 version and exported to Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 25.0 for data cleaning and analysis. Logistic regression analysis was done and an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI) was used for determining the strength of association.Results: Data were collected from 426 participants with a mean age of 46.54 years. The overall poor prevention practice rate of COVID-19 among diabetic and HIV/AIDS follow-up clients was 68.8% 95% CI (64.6– 72.8%). Factors significantly associated with poor prevention practice were femaleness (AOR; 1.61; 95% CI; 1.03– 2.51), illiterate [AOR; 2.59; 95% CI; 1.33– 5.09]), family size greater than four (AOR; 2.06; 95% CI; 1.32– 3.23), absence of health professional in the household (AOR; 1.79; 95% CI; 1.13– 2.84), not having health insurance (AOR; 1.85; 95% CI; 1.18– 2.89) and urban residence (AOR; 0.38; 95% CI; 0.18– 0.79).Conclusion: The overall proportion of prevention practice towards COVID-19 among diabetic and HIV/AIDS follow-up clients was poor. Illiteracy, having a family size greater than four, not having health professionals in the household, not having health insurance and urban residency were associated with poor prevention practices. Therefore, continuous health educations about good preventive behavioral practice should be enhanced by the health professionals.Keywords: behavioral practice, COVID-19, Ethiopia, prevention

Markeshaw Tiruneh G/Medhin,1 Endeshaw Chekol Abebe,2 Tekeba Sisay,3 Nega Berhane,3 Tesfahun Bekele Snr,1 Tadesse Asmamaw Dejenie1 1Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 2Department of Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; 3Institute of Biotechnology, College of Natural Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Markeshaw Tiruneh G/Medhin Tel +251922712112Email tirunehmarkeshaw1@gmail.comAbstract: Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins are referred to as CRISPR-Cas9. Bacteria and archaea have an adaptive (acquired) immune system. As a result, developing the best single regulated RNA and Cas9 endonuclease proteins and implementing the method in clinical practice would aid in the treatment of diseases of various origins, including lung cancers. This seminar aims to provide an overview of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, as well as current and potential applications and perspectives for the method, as well as its mechanism of action in lung cancer therapy. This technology can be used to treat lung cancer in two different ways. The first approach involves creating single directed RNA and Cas9 proteins and then distributing them to cancer cells using suitable methods. Single directed RNA looks directly at the lung’s mutated epidermal growth factor receptor and makes a complementary match, which is then cleaved with Cas9 protein, slowing cancer progression. The second method is to manipulate the expression of ligand-receptors on immune lymphocytic cells. For example, if the CRISPR-Cas9 system disables the expression of cancer receptors on lymphocytes, it decreases the contact between the tumor cell and its ligand-receptor, thus slowing cancer progression.Keywords: CRISPR, Cas9, CRISPR-Cas9 technology, cancer, lung cancer, cancer treatment

Abstract Mitochondria‐associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAM) are specialized subcellular compartments that are shaped by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) subdomains placed side by side to the outer membrane of mitochondria (OMM) being connected by tethering proteins in mammalian cells. Studies showed that MAM has multiple physiological functions. These include regulation of lipid synthesis and transport, Ca2+ transport and signaling, mitochondrial dynamics, apoptosis, autophagy, and formation and activation of an inflammasome. However, alterations of MAM integrity lead to deleterious effects due to an increased generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) via increased Ca2+ transfer from the ER to mitochondria. This, in turn, causes mitochondrial damage and release of mitochondrial components into the cytosol as damage‐associated molecular patterns which rapidly activate MAM‐resident Nod‐like receptor protein‐3 (NLRP3) inflammasome components. This complex induces the release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines that initiate low‐grade chronic inflammation that subsequently causes the development of metabolic diseases. But, the mechanisms of how MAM is involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases are not exhaustively reviewed. Therefore, this review was aimed to highlight the contribution of MAM to a variety of cellular functions and consider its significance pertaining to the pathogenesis of inflammation‐mediated metabolic diseases.

Tariku Sisay,1 Tesfaye Tolessa2 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Mizan Tepi University, Mizan, Ethiopia; 2Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Tariku SisayDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Mizan Tepi University, Mizan, EthiopiaTel +251923932729Email kaluptrk@gmail.comBackground: Researchers and scientists experienced the spread and aid recovery of the COVID-19 pandemic with a condition of great uncertainty. With limited understanding of SARS-CoV-2, current attempts at controlling its spread are focused on the suppressing approach (to reduce a sustained endogenous transmission) and the mitigating approach (to reduce the growth rate of the epidemic). On the one hand, while there has been no firm explanation, many governments have considered immunity passport and herd immunity for paths out of restrictive physical distancing measures imposed to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 but were not successful.Purpose of Review: Herein, we attempted to systematize the lessons and shreds of evidence related to the spectrum of illness, the physiological mechanisms of host susceptibility, herd immunity, immunity passport, gender disparities, and severe challenges and uncertainties posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. We hope that the insights provided in this review will help raise the effectiveness of the treatment policies and preventive measures required to end the pandemic.Recent Findings: The use of immunity passports is suggested to certify an individual at low risk of acquiring or transmitting SARS-CoV-2. But, an individual might nevertheless carry the virus at similar levels and for a similar duration to those previously uninfected, with an unchanged potential for transmission. Vaccine-induced herd immunity is a complex issue inherent to a vaccine and the population receiving the vaccine. The central epidemiological questions about are as follows: what proportion of the population should be vaccinated to meet elimination (in a local program), eradication (in a global program) or a defined level of control? How is this affected by demographic factors (such as gender)? What is the best age at which to immunize? Besides, although age-dependent mortality risk is estimated to be higher for men and older people, such interpretation across gender, age groups, and countries, however, must be accepted with caution at present.Summary: COVID-19 has taught us that health is the basis of global wealth and international solidarity is an essential response and a superior approach to isolationism. Hence, we must be clear about what the alternatives are when evaluating the merits of different ways of tackling this pandemic both in the short term as well as in the long term.Keywords: COVID-19, coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, gender disparity, herd immunity, immunity passport, vaccine

Getahun Chala,1 Tariku Sisay,2 Yonas Teshome3 1Department of Medical Physiology, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; 2Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Mizan Tepi University, Mizan, Ethiopia; 3Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Getahun ChalaDepartment of Medical Physiology, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, EthiopiaTel +251 25 9 1044 2278Email getahun.chala@yahoo.comBackground: Chronic kidney diseases (CKDs) are known in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and cause extra morbidity and mortality. There were few related studies in Africa, and no such studies exist in Ethiopia.Objective: To determine the magnitude of chronic kidney disease and associated risk factors among cardiovascular (CV) patients.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on randomly selected 163 CV patients attending Tikur-Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH), Ethiopia. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was determined using the Simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation. Body weight, height, and blood pressure were recorded, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Serum urea and creatinine were analyzed using an automatic analyzer (MINDRAY, BE-2000), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was calculated.Results: In this study, CKD, defined as estimated GFR (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73m2 was found in 39 (23.9%) participants using the MDRD equation. Normal serum creatinine (SCr) was observed in 114 (69.9%) participants and proteinuria was found in 41 (25.2%) participants. CKD was significantly associated with systolic blood pressure (COR: −0.240, 95% CI: −0.439 to −0.041, p = 0.018), SCr (COR: −0.679; 95% CI: −0.778 to −0.580; p = 0.001) and BUN (COR: −0.422; 95% CI: −0.550 to −0.295; p = 0.001). In multivariate analysis, only high SCr (AOR = 47.57; 95% CI: 13.72–164.89; p = 0.001) was independently associated with CKD.Conclusion: These findings indicated that the CKD was significantly associated with SBP and increased BUN, while independently associated with increased SCr. Thus, early detection and recognition of CKD in-patient with CVD helps to avoid extra morbidity and mortality. We recommend using the MDRD formula in health facilities for diagnosing of CKD to reduce duplication of laboratory tests (SCr and BUN), as it is the easiest practice and saves patients and the public sector costs.Keywords: chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, estimated glomerular filtration rate, serum creatinine

Yonas Teshome,1 Wondyefraw Mekonen,2 Yohannes Birhanu,3 Tariku Sisay41Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Debre Birhan University, Debre Birhan, Ethiopia; 2Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 3Department of Internal Medicine Gastroenterology Unit, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 4Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Mizan Tepi University, Mīzan Teferī, EthiopiaBackground: Studies have shown that ABO blood group antigens are associated with peptic ulcer disease (PUD). There are limited sources regarding the association of blood groups with PUD patients in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to assess the association between ABO blood group distribution, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), smoking, alcohol, coffee, and PUD at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken, and a total of 63 endoscopically confirmed PUD patients and 63 healthy controls were screened for ABO blood grouping using the standard slide agglutination reaction. Stool antigens were checked to determine Helicobacter pylori status of PUD patients. Chi-square and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis.Results: The ABO blood group distribution of PUD patients was 19.04% (12/63), 19.04% (12/63), 11.11% (7/63), 50.79% (32/63) for blood group A, B, AB, and O, respectively, while among control groups it was 25.39% (16/63), 23.80% (15/63), 12.69% (8/63), and 38.09% (24/63) for blood group A, B, AB, and O, respectively. 34.1% (22/63) of PUD patients had gastric ulcer and 65.9% (41/63) had duodenal ulcer. There was statistically a significant association between sex (p=0.001), use of NSAIDs (p=0.001), smoking cigarette (p=0.014), alcohol consumption (p=0.028), and PUD.Conclusion: Although PUD trended as more prevalent among patients with blood group O than other blood group types their association was not statistically significant.Keywords: ABO blood group, peptic ulcer disease, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, NSAIDs

Abstract As 2030 approaches, the World Health Organization’s due date for ending intestinal schistosomiasis as a public health problem in all endemic areas, understanding the current trends in the burden of schistosomiasis among schoolchildren in endemic areas is critical for monitoring the progress, identifying areas for improvement, and developing strategies to plan for instant response to mitigate the burden of schistosomiasis. From February to April of 2023, 328 students from three primary schools in Southwest Ethiopia participated in an institution-based cross-sectional study in the detection of Schistosoma mansoni. Intestinal schistosomiasis was identified among 242 school children, with a rate of infection of 73.8% (95% CI: (64.8–83.4%)). The rate of infection was higher among study participants aged between 10 and 13 years [AOR = 1.93, 95% CI: (1.1, 3.44). About 75% of the male participants were infected with Schistosoma mansoni [AOR = 0.83, 95% CI (0.49, 1.41). Nearly half (48.1%) of the S. mansoni infections among study participants were identified as heavy infections. More than half of the male study participants (50.3%) infected with Schistosoma mansoni had heavy infection intensity. Of the total female schoolchildren infected with Schistosoma mansoni, about 44.4% had a heavy infection. The prevalence and intensity of infection of Schistosoma mansoni in the study area are significantly noticeable, raising doubts on the effectiveness of the interventional programs or pin-points possible re-infection. Strategies to end the disease as a public health threat, mainly in remote and endemic areas, should consider novel integrated strategies targeting the life cycle of schistosomes besides the large-scale mass drug administration.

Abstract A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a modern, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective energy conversion technology that utilizes renewable organic waste as fuel, converting stored chemical energy into usable bioelectricity in the presence of a biocatalyst. Despite advancements in MFC technology, several challenges remain in optimizing power production efficiency, particularly regarding anode materials and modifications. In this study, low-cost biosynthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) were coated with a polyaniline (PANI) conducting matrix to synthesize hybrid Fe3O4/PANI binary nanocomposites (NCs) as modified MFC anodes via an in-situ polymerization process. Characterization techniques, including UV–Vis, XRD, SEM, and FT-IR, revealed the successful synthesis of green-routed nano-scaled materials with altered optical properties after matrix coating, high crystallinity in the iron oxide phase, rougher surface morphology, and characteristic Fe–O peaks at 594 cm⁻1. Additionally, the electrochemical behavior of the prepared nano-materials was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), where low ΔEp values (0.473 V) for Fe3O4/PANI NCs indicated the presence of reversible charge transfer mechanisms at the electrode surface, reflecting a high rate of electron transfer. The synthesized nanocomposite was used to modify pencil graphite anodes to construct four single-chamber MFCs: bare pencil graphite anodes, pencil graphite anodes modified with Fe3O4, PANI, and Fe3O4/PANI nanocomposites. The maximum open circuit voltage (OCV) value was 645 ± 24.50 mV, with a high power output of 424.51 ± 6.86 mW/m2 and current density of 2475.01 ± 1.23 mA m−2 produced by the Fe3O4/PANI NCs modified pencil graphite electrode, which is more than six times the efficiency in terms of power density compared to the unmodified pencil graphite electrode (PGE). These results demonstrate that the synthesized nanocomposite plays an effective and value-added role in modifying traditional carbon anode electrodes within an MFC energy conversion device system.

Abstract Background Haemodialysis is the primary kidney replacement therapy modality in Africa. In Ethiopia, the number of patients undergoing Haemodialysis is increasing, yet data on their outcomes is scarce. This study assesses the clinical characteristics and outcomes of Haemodialysis patients at Jimma Medical Center. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted from April 08 to 12, 2024, involving patients who underwent Haemodialysis at Jimma Medical Center from June 2017 to March 2024. The data were coded and entered into EpiData version 3.1, then exported to the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 26.0 for analysis. Descriptive statistics summarized the patients’ clinical characteristics and outcomes, and Kaplan-Meier curves were used to assess survival status. Results During the seven-year study period, 68 patients underwent Haemodialysis at Jimma Medical Center, with a predominance of males (69.1%). The average age of patients was 42.7 (± 12.8) years with 69.1% (95% CI: 57.5–79.1%) diagnosed with chronic kidney disease, while 30.9% (95% CI: 20.9–42.5%) had acute kidney injury. Among chronic kidney disease patients, common clinical features included nausea and vomiting (100%), proteinuria (95.7%), and body swelling (82.9%), while acute kidney injury patients frequently presented with oliguria (100%), nausea and vomiting (90.5%), and hematuria (52.4%). Hypertensive nephropathy was the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (40.4%), and acute glomerulonephritis (38.1%) and severe malaria (33.3%) were the predominant causes of acute kidney injury. Mortality was observed at 47.6% (95% CI: 27.7–68.6%) in acute kidney injury patients and 40.4% (95% CI: 27.3–54.7%) in chronic kidney disease patients. Emergency vascular access was required in 95.7% of chronic kidney disease and 100% of acute kidney injury patients. Conclusion This study highlights the substantial burden of chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury among hemodialysis patients at Jimma Medical Center, revealing distinct clinical profiles and outcomes. Although acute kidney injury patients exhibited a longer median survival time, the significant mortality risk within the first year underscores the urgent need for improved treatment access and resource allocation. Enhancing early intervention and ensuring the availability of critical medications, such as erythropoietin, are essential for optimizing patient outcomes for both chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury groups. Clinical trial number:Not applicable

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern‐recognition receptors triggered by pathogen‐derived and tissue‐damage‐related ligands. TLRs were previously believed to only be expressed in immune cells. However, it is now confirmed that they are ubiquitously expressed in cells within the body including neurons, astrocytes, and microglia of the central nervous system (CNS). Activation of TLRs is capable of inducing immunologic and inflammatory responses to injury or infection of CNS. This response is self‐limiting that usually resolves once the infection has been eradicated or the tissue damage has been repaired. However, the persistence of inflammation‐inducing insults or a failure in normal resolution mechanisms may result in overwhelming inflammation which may induce neurodegeneration. This implies that TLRs may play a role in mediating the link between inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases namely Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, stroke, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. So, new therapeutic approaches that specifically target TLRs may be developed by better understanding TLR expression mechanisms in the CNS and their connections to particular neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, this review paper discussed the role of TLRs in neurodegenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Nearly half of the deaths among hospitalized human immuno deficiency virus-infected patients in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era have been attributed to liver disease. This may range from an asymptomatic mild increase of liver enzymes to cirrhosis and liver failure. Different works of literature elucidated both retroviral infection and the adverse effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy as a cause of hepatotoxicity. Individual adaptations to medications and environmental exposures, shaped by cultural norms and genetic predispositions, could potentially modulate the risk and progression of liver disease in this population. Therefore, this study aims to assess the predictors of severe hepatotoxicity in retroviral-infected adults receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens within the Ilubabor Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among adult retroviral-infected patients in five selected anti-retro virus therapy clinics from May1 to July 30/2022. A systematic sampling technique was used to select 457 study participants and Binary logistic regression statistical data analysis was used, P value

Abstract Background Dyspepsia is a common gastrointestinal illness sometimes associated with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. Screening and eradicating the bacterium reduces the risk of infection-related complications. The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude of H. pylori infection among dyspeptic patients and the effectiveness of triple eradication therapy at hospitals in Hawassa city, Ethiopia. Results The prevalence of H. pylori infection was 48.5%. The H. pylori eradication rate using first-line triple therapy was 83.8%. Eradication therapy failure is associated with previous exposure compared to no exposure (AOR: 4.8, 95% CI: 1.37–10.97), a regimen for 10-days compared to 14-days (AOR: 4.05, 95% CI: 1.42–11.55), and self-reported side effects compared to no report (AOR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.12–5.97). Based on Morisky-eight scale 230 (79.0%) patients were adherent to their triple therapy. Participants with no reports of adverse effects showed increased odds of adherence to triple therapy compared to those who had reports (AOR = 2.45, 95% CI: 1.29–4.62). Conclusions This study demonstrated that about half of adult dyspeptic patients were infected with H. pylori, and moderate eradication was observed. Factors such as previous history of eradication therapy, duration of the eradication regimen, and perception of potential adverse effects are associated with eradication rate and should be considered during the initiation of eradication therapy.

HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) presents a significant challenge to antiretroviral therapy (ART) success, particularly in resource-limited settings like Ethiopia. This cross-sectional study investigated viral suppression rates and resistance patterns among patients on second-line ART across 28 Ethiopian health facilities. Blood samples collected from 586 participants were analyzed to measure CD4 count and viral load and assess HIVDR in patients experiencing virological failure (VF) (viral load ≥ 1000 copies/mL). Demographic and clinical data were analyzed using logistic regression to identify factors associated with VF. Results showed that 13.82% of participants experienced VF, with 67.57% of genotyped samples exhibiting at least one drug resistance mutation. Resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), and protease inhibitors (PIs) was detected in 48.64%, 64.86%, and 18.92% of cases, respectively. Dual-class resistance was identified in 48.64% of patients, while triple-class resistance was detected in 18.92%. VF was more likely among students and those with CD4 counts below 200 cells/mm³, but less likely in patients on second-line treatment for 12 months or more. Our findings highlight a substantial HIVDR burden among patients on second-line ART with VF, emphasizing the need for comprehensive HIV care, including adherence support, regular viral load monitoring, and HIVDR testing.

Mitochondria‐associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAM) are specialized subcellular compartments that are shaped by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) subdomains placed side by side to the outer membrane of mitochondria (OMM) being connected by tethering proteins in mammalian cells. Studies showed that MAM has multiple physiological functions. These include regulation of lipid synthesis and transport, Ca2+ transport and signaling, mitochondrial dynamics, apoptosis, autophagy, and formation and activation of an inflammasome. However, alterations of MAM integrity lead to deleterious effects due to an increased generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) via increased Ca2+ transfer from the ER to mitochondria. This, in turn, causes mitochondrial damage and release of mitochondrial components into the cytosol as damage‐associated molecular patterns which rapidly activate MAM‐resident Nod‐like receptor protein‐3 (NLRP3) inflammasome components. This complex induces the release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines that initiate low‐grade chronic inflammation that subsequently causes the development of metabolic diseases. But, the mechanisms of how MAM is involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases are not exhaustively reviewed. Therefore, this review was aimed to highlight the contribution of MAM to a variety of cellular functions and consider its significance pertaining to the pathogenesis of inflammation‐mediated metabolic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the optimal nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate and planting density for the well-adapted upland rice cultivar NERICA_4 on the Fogera Plain. The primary objective was to evaluate the effects of varied planting densities and N-fertilizer rates on upland rice yield and other agronomic parameters. A two-year field study (2020 and 2021) was conducted at the Fogera Rice Research Field Station, testing nine plant densities (75, 87, and 98; 72, 82, and 91; 70, 79, and 89 plants per m2 and two N rates (115 and 138 kg N ha−1). The Crop Simulation Model Crop Environment Resource Synthesis (CSM-CERES-Rice) within the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) framework was calibrated and validated using site-specific weather, soil, crop, and agronomic management data from the experiment. Results on the subsequent RMSE, RMSEn, and d index values during the calibration phase were 0.074 t ha−1, 1.82 %, and 0.86 of grain yield; 0.307 t ha−1, 3.36 %, and 0.87 of by-product yield; 0.489 t ha−1, 3.74 %, and 0.79 of top dry biomass yield; and 0.28, 8.24 %, and 0.63 of leaf area index values, respectively. Whereas results on the corresponding RMSE, RMSEn, and d index values during the evaluation phase were: 0.58 t ha−1, 1.33 %, and 0.90 of grain yield; 0.69 t ha−1, 0.58 %, and 0.99 of by-product yield; 0.678 t ha−1, 4.36 %, and 0.67 of top dry biomass yield; and 0.75, 13.92 %, and 0.74 of leaf area index, respectively. The findings of the long-term simulation showed that a 23 % increase in grain yield was achieved with 138 kg N ha−1 and 87 plants per m2 of planting density, as compared to 115 kg N ha−1 and 75 plants per m2 of plant density. The recommended optimum plant density and N fertilizer rate were 138 kg N ha−1 with PD2 of plant density for upland rice production in the Fogera Plain.

As 6G networks proliferate, they generate vast volumes of data and engage diverse devices, pushing the boundaries of traditional network management techniques. The limitations of these techniques underpin the need for a revolutionary shift towards AI/ML-based frameworks. This article introduces a transformative approach using our novel Speed-optimized LSTM (SP-LSTM) model, an embodiment of this crucial paradigm shift. We present a proactive strategy integrating predictive analytics and dynamic routing, underpinning efficient resource utilization and optimal network performance. This innovative, two-tiered system combines SP-LSTM networks and Reinforcement Learning (RL) for forecasting and dynamic routing. SP-LSTM models, boasting superior speed, predict potential network congestion, enabling preemptive action, while RL capitalizes on these forecasts to optimize routing and uphold network performance. This cutting-edge framework, driven by continuous learning and adaptation, mirrors the evolving nature of 6G networks, meeting the stringent requirements for ultra-low latency, ultra-reliability, and heterogeneity management. The expedited training and prediction times of SP-LSTM are game-changers, particularly in dynamic network environments where time is of the essence. Our work marks a significant stride towards integrating AI/ML in future network management, highlighting AI/ML's exceptional capacity to outperform conventional algorithms and drive innovative performance in 6G network management.

Abstract Background While progressing towards universal health coverage, poor time management in the healthcare system had significant effect on an individual such as imbalance, job dissatisfaction, and work ineffectiveness and finally poor productivity of the organization will be resulted. Information about time management practice in the healthcare system is limited. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess time management practice and associated factors among employees working in public health centers, Dabat District, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A facility-based cross-sectional mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) study was conducted in Dabat District from May 27 to June 22, 2022. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 413 study subjects and for the qualitative data, six key informants were selected. Self-administered questionnaire was used for the quantitative study, and an interview guide was employed for the qualitative study. Epi-data version 4.6 and SPSS 26 software were used for data entry and analysis, respectively. Open Code 4.6 software was used for qualitative data analysis. Variables with p-value of

This study aimed to assess nutritional status and associated factors among adult tuberculosis patients in public health centres in Horro Guduru Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia, 2021. An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 334 randomly selected adult TB patients at public health centres from May 7, 2021, to June 21, 2021. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and anthropometric measurements. The nutritional status was measured by using body mass index (BMI). Data was entered into EpiData version 4.6 and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. A bivariate and multivariable multinomial logistic regression analysis was done to identify factors associated with nutritional status. The prevalence of under and overnutrition was found to be 48.2% and 8.7%, respectively. Female TB patients (AOR = 3.48, 95% CI: (1.918–6.314)), patients who didn’t receive dietary counselling (AOR = 2.51, 95% CI: (1.335–4.720)), TB patients on the initiation phase of treatment (AOR = 3.76, 95% CI: (2.072–6.852)), and meal frequency less than three times per day (AOR = 3.6, 95% CI: (1.942–6.676)) were significantly associated with under nutrition. The prevalence of undernutrition was high in the study area. Being a female, being in the initiation phase of treatment, lack of dietary counselling, and having meal less than three per day were independently associated with undernutrition. Hence, regular nutritional assessments, dietary counselling, and nutritional support should be encouraged at the facility and community level.

Objective To determine the distribution of ABO and Rh (D) blood group phenotypes among blood donors. Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study enrolled blood donors whose socio-demographic and blood group phenotype data were collected from blood bank donor records. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise the number and percentage distribution of categorical variables. To determine if the distributions of the ABO and Rh phenotypes differed, a chi-square test was employed. Results Of 14,887 blood donors with a median age of 20 years (interquartile range = 18–30 years), 72.8% were males, and young donors (age range = 18–24 years) accounted for 61.7%. Group O (45.6%) was the most prevalent ABO blood phenotype, followed by A (29.5%), B (20.2%), and AB (4.7%). The dominant blood group was O positive (42.4%), followed by A positive (27.4%), B positive (18.9%), AB positive (4.3%), O negative (3.2%), A negative (2.1%), B negative (1.3%), and AB negative (0.4%). The overall Rh (D)-negative distribution rate was 7.0%. Conclusion This study showed that blood group O was the most common ABO phenotype, followed by A, B, and AB. Overall, 93.0% of the donors were Rh (D)-positive. These findings may help guide blood transfusion programmes.

Introduction: Globally, over 90 % of newborns’ HIV infections occur through mother-to-child transmission. However, only 50 % of pregnant women living with HIV received effective antiretroviral regimens. So, this study aimed to assess poor adherence to option B+ care and associated factors for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission among pregnant and lactating mothers attending ART clinics in Southwestern Ethiopia. Methods and materials: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 284 HIV+ pregnant and lactating mothers who were on the PMTCT follow-up in ART clinics in southwest Ethiopia. The data were entered using EPI Data Version 3.1 and exported to SPSS Version 25 for further analysis. Binary logistic regression models were employed to identify associated factors for poor adherence to option B+ care of PMTCT using AOR with the corresponding 95 % CI. Result: The level of poor adherence to option B+ care in PMTCT was 12.6 %. The study showed that disclosure status [AOR: 0.16 [95 % CI; 0.05, 0.49]], forgetfulness [AOR = 10.5; 95 % CI [3.8, 29.5]], fear of drug side effects [AOR: 3.97 [95 % CI: [1.1, 10.4]], and fear of stigma and discrimination [AOR: 6.7, 95 % CI: [2.5, 17.7]] were significantly associated with adherence to option B+ care. Conclusions: The prevalence of poor adherence to option B+ care in this study was high. Fear of drug side effects, fear of stigma and discrimination, forgetfulness, and disclosure status were factors significantly associated with adherence to option B+ care. Proper counseling and awareness creation on drug adherence were strongly recommended.

Abstract Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections in women; about 50% of women get during their life time. Moreover, it is a common health problem in patients with gynecological pathologies, which increases the chance of acquiring infection. The aim of this study was to determine the bacterial profile that causes UTI and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern among admitted gynecological cases. A cross-sectional study was conducted in south west Ethiopia region. A total of 386 patients admitted with gynecological cases were recruited by sequential sampling technique and structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and risk factor-related data. About 10 ml freshly voided midstream and catheterized urine specimens were collected using sterile containers. Identification of isolate was done using culture characteristics, gram staining, and a series of biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed as per the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion technique. The data obtained were entered into EpiData Version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS Version 25. A P value of less than 0.05 was used as a level of significance. In this study, the overall prevalence of UTI was 25.4%. Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated bacteria, which accounted for 38 (37.6%), followed by Klebsiella species 22 (21.8%), CONS 14 (13.9%), Staphylococcus aureus 10 (9.9%), Enterobacter species 6 (5.9%), Citrobacter species 5 (4.9%), Proteus mirabilis 4 (4%), and Pseudomonas aeroginosa 2(2%). Histories of UTI (AOR = 1.977, 95% CI 1.06, 3.68, P = 0.032) and catheterization (AOR = 2.38, 95% CI 1.28, 4.45, P = 0.006) were found to be statistically associated with significant bacteriuria. Gram-negative isolates showed a high level of resistance, 88.3% for ampicillin and 66.2% for tetracycline, and a relatively low level of resistance against ceftazidime, 22.1%, and meropenem, 3.9%. Gram-positive uropathogens showed a high level of resistance to penicillin, 91.6%, whereas all isolates were sensitive 100.0% to nitrofurantoin. Furthermore, 80 (79.2%) of the isolates had multidrug resistance, and 16 (26.7%) of both E. coli and Klebsiella spp. produced Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). In this study, a high prevalence of uropathogenic bacteria and multidrug resistance for commonly prescribed drugs were observed with a significant number of ESBL producers. Therefore, screening admitted gynecological patients, especially for those who have history of catheterization and UTI, by urine culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing is important.

AbstractMaintaining human capital at an optimal level is among the important mechanisms for ensuring steady economic growth. This study aims to examine the impact of human capital on Ethiopia’s economic growth. The study used the ARDL model applying annual data for the period 1980 to 2020. The ARDL-bound test was used to evaluate the presence of con-integration between human capital and independent variables. The study also applied the augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Perron unit root tests to check the stationarity of the variables. The test result presented that almost all variables become stationary after the first difference. Accordingly, the result from the bound test indicated the existence of a long-run relationship between the dependent variable and independent variables entered into the model. The estimated error correction model with a − 0.9528 coefficient also confirmed the existence of co-integration with a high speed of adjustment towards the long-run equilibrium. In the long-run real GDP, education expenditure, health expenditure, labor force, gross capital formation, total government expenditure, official development assistance, secondary school enrolment, consumer price index, drought, and policy change have astable long-run connection. The finding indicates an increasing ratio of health expenditure and secondary school enrollment should be designed, among others, to contain improved human capital in Ethiopia.

ABSTRACTFabric is produced by the weaving process through the interlacement of warp and weft yarn or knitting process through the loop formation of yarn. During these processes, there is a possibility of fabric defect formation which hinders the acceptability by the fabric consumers. Ethiopian textile factories practiced a human inspection system, a traditional means of detecting fabric quality, for monitoring textile fabric defects. Manual fabric defect detection helps to instantly correct small defects, but it is time-consuming and results in human error due to fatigue and lack of concentration. Moreover, the accuracy of recognizing the defect highly depends on the mental status of the person that checks the defects. This initiated the development of a better fabric defect identification system that helps textile experts to detect fabric defects with better precision and speed. This study proposes a vision-based fabric inspection system for plain woven gray fabrics with a uniform texture. Accordingly, a comprehensive Fabric Defect Detection Database (FDDD) is constructed. The fabric significant features were calculated using a convolutional neural network (CNN) which is a state-of-the-art technology in image processing and task analysis. The experimental result of this study shows an average accuracy of about 89% in fabric defect recognition.

Abstract Since Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) outbreak was reported, many commercial Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAAT) have been developed all over the world, and it has been the standard method. Even though several assays were rapidly developed and applied to laboratory diagnostic testing, the performance of these assays was not evaluated in different contexts. Thus, this study aimed to assess the performance of Abbott SARS-CoV-2, Daan Gene, BGI and Sansure Biotech assays by using Composite Reference Standard (CRS). The study was conducted at the Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI) from December 1 to 30/2020. Of the 164 nasopharyngeal samples were extracted by using a QIAamp RNA mini kit and Abbott DNA sample preparation system. Out of 164 samples, 59.1% were positive and 40.9% were negative by CRS. Sansure Biotech positivity was significantly low compared to CRS (p

Background: To improve pregnancy outcomes, a pregnant mother living with HIV/AIDS requires a high level of social and emotional support. However, women from low-income countries were subjected to low social support status despite adequate counseling and health messages to increase their social support. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the predictors of the perceived poor social support status among pregnant women attending ART clinics in Southwest Ethiopia. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study with consecutive sampling was conducted to enroll 265 pregnant women on antiretroviral therapy (ART) from December 1 to 30, 2021. The data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Epidata was used for data entry and analyzed after it was exported to a statistical package for the social sciences. Binary logistic regression was used and the level of significance was declared at P-value

Daniel Beshah,1,2 Adey Desta,1 Gurja Belay,1 Tamrat Abebe,3 Solomon Gebreselasie,3 Tesfaye Sisay Tessema4 1Microbial Cellular Molecular Biology Infection Biology Stream, College of Natural and Computational Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 2Department of Diagnostic Laboratory, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 3Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 4Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Daniel Beshah, Microbial Cellular Molecular Biology infection Biology stream, College of Natural and Computational Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Tel +251 911151317, Email danibeshah@gmail.com; daniel.beshah@aau.edu.etBackground: Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia and worldwide. Alarming is the rapid global spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria.Objective: To determine the microbial profile, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, and associated risk factors for bloodstream infections in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH) Addis Ababa Ethiopia.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2018 and March 2019. Blood collected twice from each septicemia suspected patient were processed following standard bacteriological procedures. AST was performed by using the disk diffusion test according to CLSI 2017 and 2018 guidelines. Data captured in Epidata were cleaned and analyzed by SPSS version 21 software.Results: The prevalence of BSI was 28.06% and a higher proportion of pathogene detected were gram-negative bacteria (GNB) (54.5%) and gram-positive bacteria (GPB) (45.43%). The most abundant bacterial species were Klebsiella pneumoniae 17.6%, CoNS 15.2%, and Acinetobacter spp 11.0%. Culture positivity was associated with age below 6 years, neonates AOR p=< 0.001, infants AOR p=< 0.001, Pre-school P=0.002, ICU admission COR p=< 0.001, length of admission > 5 days COR P=0.016, temperature greater than 38°C, AOR p=0.013, instrument usage during medical care AOR, p=< 0.001, chronic illness AOR p=0.027, and neonatal incubation AOR p=0.013. GNB average drug resistance rate was 57.9% of the commonly used antibiotics and the most efficient and inefficient drugs were amikacin (10.8%) and ampicillin (94.6%). The gram-negative isolates showed a 95.3% rate of multi-drug resistance; and MDR, XDR, and PDR were observed at 55.8%, 32.2%, and 7.3%, of isolates respectively. This finding shows children especially neonates were highly affected by drug resistant BSI.Conclusion: Pediatric patients and ICU patients are more affected by BSI, and drug-resistant bacteria are a major problem. Therefore, appropriate intervention approaches need to be implemented.Keywords: bloodstream infections, bacterial isolates, antimicrobial resistance

Brhanu Teka,1,2 Muluken Gizaw,2– 4 Ededia Firdawoke,1 Adamu Addissie,3 Tesfamichael Awoke Sisay,3 Carola Schreckenberger,5 Anna Sophie Skof,5 Sarah Thies,5 Adane Mihret,1,6 Eva Johanna Kantelhardt,2,4 Tamrat Abebe,1 Andreas M Kaufmann5 1Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 2Department of Gynaecology Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany; 3School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 4Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics, Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany; 5Department of Gynecology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, 13353, Germany; 6Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Andreas M Kaufmann, Tel +49 30 450516499, Fax +4930 450-7 564958, Email Andreas.Kaufmann@charite.dePurpose: High-risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most important cause of cervical cancer. The highest burden of disease is seen in Low- and Low-Middle-Income Countries (LMIC). Several new HPV screening assays have been developed for high-risk HPV (hr-HPV) testing. We compared the performance and adequacy of three HPV genotyping assays on samples from a population of rural women in south-central Ethiopia.Patients and Methods: One hundred and ten cervical swabs from rural women screened for HPV were assayed. HPV DNA was tested using MPG-Luminex Assay, Anyplex II HPV HR Detection, and EUROArray HPV. MPG-Luminex Assay was used as a reference method to compute the sensitivity and specificity of the two commercial assays in detecting hr-HPV infections.Results: Of the 110 samples, MPG-Luminex Assay found 18.2% positive for the 14 hr-HPV and 7.3% for the probable hr-HPV genotypes. Anyplex™ II HPV HR Detection assay and EUROArray HPV Assay identified 21.82% and 12.7% samples, respectively, for the 14 hr-HPVs and both 7.3% for the probable hr-HPV genotypes (κ=0.734). Among the 14 hr-HPV genotypes, the genotype-specific agreement of the three HPV genotyping assays was moderate or better for HPV16, 31, 35, 39, 52, 56, 66 and 68. The aggregated sensitivity in detecting the 14 hr-HPV infections of Anyplex™ II HPV HR Detection and EUROArray HPV assays was high, 100% and 70%, respectively. The specificities of Anyplex™ II HPV HR Detection and EUROArray HPV were 95.6% and 100%, respectively.Conclusion: The three evaluated assays showed similar analytical performance in the detection of hr-HPV infections and moderate or better concordance in HPV genotyping. This study is part of the ongoing cluster-randomized trial that has been registered in clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03281135) on September 13, 2017.Keywords: analytical performance, HPV PCR test accuracy, HPV test complexity, HPV testing, LMIC

This study was conducted to assess variability among linear body measurements (LBMs), deduce components that describe these traits, and investigate the inter-relationship among them. For this purpose, seventeen LBM traits namely heart girth, body-length, wither-height, ear-length, forelimb-length, hindlimb-length, barrel-girth, face-length, hip-width, chest-width, chest-depth, tail-length, neck-length, hump-length, hump-circumference, forehoof-circumference and hindhoof-circumference were measured on 300 (51 males and 249 females) camels. PC factor analysis was used to describe the variation in LBM traits where extracted factors were varimax rotated to enhance interpretability. Pearson’s correlation coefficients among the traits were positive and very highly significant. From the factor analysis, two principal components (PCs) were extracted, which accounted for 63.2% of the total variance. PC1 accounted for 57.0% of the total observed variance and was loaded by EL, BL, FL, HL, FLL, WH, CD, NL, and HC; while PC2 contributed 6.1% of the total observed variance and had its loading on HG, BG, and HW. The results obtained from this study could be useful in designing appropriate husbandry, selection, and breeding programs for utilization of camel genetic resources.

Environmental pollution by organic pollutants because of population growth and industrial expansion is a global concern. Following this, the fabrication of single and efficient nanomaterials for pollution control is highly demanded. Under this study, highly efficient and stable copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized through the green method using Moringa stenopetala seed extract. XRD, UV–vis, FT-IR, and SEM were applied to characterize the synthesized material. From XRD data, the average particle size was found to be 6.556 nm, and the nanoparticles are crystalline in nature. The formation of CuO NPs was demonstrated by FT-IR spectra of Cu–O in different bending vibration bands at 535 cm-1 and 1122 cm-1, as well as stretching vibration of Cu–O at 1640 cm-1. From UV–visible spectroscopic measurements, the energy band gap of greenly synthesized CuO NPs was found to be 1.73 eV. The SEM result shows that the nanoparticles' surfaces are rough, with some of the particles having spherically random orientation. The photodegradation efficiency of green synthesized CuO NPs photocatalyst was found to be 98.35% for Congo red at optimum experimental parameters (initial concentration, 25 mg/L; exposure time, 120 min; catalyst dose, 0.2 g; and pH, 5) and 95.4% for Alizarin Red S at optimum experimental parameters (catalyst dose, 0.25 g; initial concentration, 40 mg/L; exposure time, 120 min; and pH, 4.6). The COD values determined for the degraded product strongly support the complete mineralization of the dyes toward nontoxic materials. Reusability of the catalyst was investigated for five cycles, and the results clearly indicate the green synthesized CuO NPs are highly stable, can be used for several times, and are cost-effective as well. The degradation of Congo red and Alizarin red S on the surface of the CuO NPs follows the MBG kinetic model.

Study was conducted during the main cropping season of 2016 in Fogera and Libo Kemkem District, South Gondar, Ethiopia to evaluate agro-morphological and physiochemical studies of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties for variability and their association with yield and their quality. A total of ten up land rice varieties namely NERICA13, NERICA12, NERICA4, SUPERICA1, HIDASE, ADET, ANDASA, TANA, KOKIT and GETACHEW laid down in a randomized complete block design with three replications were used. The study revealed significance (P

Background. Anemia is the most common hematologic abnormality associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients and affects 60% to 80% of patients in late-stage disease. It has a considerable impact on the progression of HIV to advanced stages. This study aimed at assessing the burden of anemia in adult HIV-infected patients who are on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and have follow-up at Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital (HUCSH) Antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinic. Methods. A hospital-based retrospective study was conducted among HIV-positive adults on HAART at Hawassa University Compressive Specialized Hospital. The systematic sampling method was used to choose a total of 244 study participants. Data on demographic characteristics, related factors of anemia, latest hemoglobin, CD4, and ART regimens were collected using a structured data abstraction format. The data were cleaned and analyzed using SPSS version 21.0 after being manually checked for completeness. Multivariable logistic regression was carried out to detect elements associated with anemia. A P value of

Abstract Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and became pandemic after emerging in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Several studies have been conducted to understand the key features of COVID-19 and its public health impact. However, the prognostic factors of COVID-19 are not well studied in the African setting. In this study, we aim to determine the epidemiological and clinical features of COVID-19 cases, immunological and virological courses, interaction with nutritional status, and response to treatment for COVID-19 patients in Ethiopia. Methods A multi-center cohort study design will be performed. Patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection admitted to selected treatment centers will be enrolled irrespective of their symptoms and followed-up for 12 months. Baseline epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and imaging data will be collected from treatment records, interviews, physical measurements, and biological samples. Follow-up data collection involves treatment and prognostic outcomes to be measured using different biomarkers and clinical parameters. Data collection will be done electronically using the Open Data Kit (ODK) software package and then exported to STATA/SPSS for analysis. Both descriptive and multivariable analyses will be performed to assess the independent determinants of the treatment outcome and prognosis to generate relevant information for informed prevention and case management. The primary outcomes of this study are death/survival and viral shedding. Secondary outcomes include epidemiological characteristics, clinical features, genetic frequency shifts (genotypic variations), and nutritional status. Discussion This is the first large prospective cohort study of patients in hospitals with COVID-19 in Ethiopia. The results will enable us to better understand the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Africa. This study will also provide useful information for effective public health measures and future pandemic preparedness and in response to outbreaks. It will also support policymakers in managing the epidemic based on scientific evidence. Trial Registration: The Protocol prospectively registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04584424) on 30 October, 2020.

Abstract Background Adult emergency department mortality remains high in resource-limited lower-income countries. The majority of deaths occur within the first 24 h of presentation to the emergency department. Many of these mortality’s can be alleviated with appropriate interventions. This study was aimed to assess the magnitude, cause, and factors related to very early mortality in patients presented to the emergency department of Tikur Anbesa Specialized Tertiary Hospital, Ethiopia from March 2018 to 2020. Methods This is a cross-sectional retrospective chart review. Retrospective data were collected from the records of all patients who died within 72 h of emergency department presentation from March 2018 to 2020. Data entered using Epi data 4.2.1 and analyzed using SPSS Version 23. Using the Chi-square test, binary and multiple logistic regression analysis were carried out to measure the association of variables of interest and very early emergency mortality. P-value 24–72 h). Shock (36.7%) and road traffic accidents (3.16%) were the major causes of death. Triage category red AOR 0.23 95% CI 0.1–0.55 and duration of illness 4–24 h AOR 0.47 95% CI 0.26–0.87 were significantly associated with decreased very early emergency department mortality. Meanwhile, co-morbid disease HIV AIDS AOR 2.72 95% CI 1.01–7.30 and residence Addis Ababa AOR 2.78 95% CI 1.36–5.68 and Oromia AOR 3.23 95% CI 1.58–6.54 were found significantly associated with increased very early emergency department mortality. Conclusions and recommendations The mortality burden of a road traffic accident and shock in the TASTH is significant and the magnitude of ED mortality differs between these groups. Residence Addis Ababa and Oromia, triage category red, co-morbid disease HIV AIDS, and duration of symptom 4–24 h were significantly associated with early emergency department mortality. Early detection and intervention are required to minimize emergency mortality.

The manganese dioxide nanoparticles (MnO2 NPs) were synthesized using Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract which was used as a reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents due to the presence of bioactive phytochemical compounds. Twenty five runs were designed to investigate the effect of V. amygdalina leaf extract ratio (A), initial potassium permanganate (KMnO4) concentration (B), pH (C), and reaction time (D) on the biosynthesized MnO2 NPs using 4-factor, 4-level D-Optimal Response Surface Quadratic Design Model approach. The relationship between physicochemical variables and absorption responses were established using transform second degree polynomial quadratic model. The effects of each absorption responses were analyzed by ANOVA principle using quadratic equations. A very low p-values (

The notion of social capital is noble in social science literatures and recently getting noteworthy attention in economics. Its economic relevance has also been well documentedin empirical studies. In this paper, we established relationshipsbetween the stock of household social capital and annual net income following approach for binary logit. Besides, we examined the relative economic importance of general viz special stocks of social capital. Statistical requirements with logistic regression were all tested robust. Consequently, the effectof social capital stock on household economy has found substantial. Of the two distinct forms, the special facet of social capital was found better and significant contributor to householdeconomy. However,the general aspect was suggested insignificantasit was not meaningfully interpreted in the household economic network.Thus, a wise household need to appropriate the general to special social capital establishment, since every additional stock of the later could be meant to considerablyhelp own welfare.

In Ethiopia coffee production is one of the most important sectors of livelihood, and the largest portion of coffee production comes from smallholder farmers. Small-scale coffee farmers producing for fair-trade market outlets are commonly considered to benefit from enhanced prices and established market channels. Nevertheless, some empirical studies are validating this conception adversely. This study, consequently, tried to assess the impact of fair-trade certification on the economy of small-scale coffee producers using both descriptive and econometrics techniques for the selected 383 respondents in Jimma zone of south west Ethiopia. According to the finding of the study; educational level, status of household head, fair-trade membership position, market and infrastructure access variables are statistically significant and determine income of smallholder coffee farmers positively. Logistic regression result indicates that, the coefficient (or parameter estimate) for the variable fair-trade membership position is 3.383. This means that for every one-unit increase in fair-trade membership, we expect a 3.383 increase in the log-odds of the income increment, keeping all other independent variables constant. Therefore, leeway of fair-trade certification ought to be reflected as one of poverty and susceptibility reduction implements among economic strategists and practitioners.

Poverty is acknowledged as multidimensional problem due to the fact that where there is poverty there are various deprivations experienced by poor people in their daily lives such as inadequate living standards, deprived health, and lack of education, among others. Employing the Alkire and Foster method of multidimensional poverty measures and the binary logistic regression model, this study examined determinants, incidence, severity and spatial dimension of multidimensional poverty in Jimma zone of south west Ethiopia. Results showed that multidimensional poverty among rural households is too severe (83.5%) while living standard dimension contributed most to the incidence and severity of multidimensional poverty among the given households. In the study area 82 % of the people are multidimensionally poor and the poor are underprivileged by 49 % of the weighted pointers. Sex of the household head, educational level, household size, working sector and place of resident significantly influenced multidimensional poverty. The study recommends implementation of relevant interventions counter to marginalization of women headed household in access to resource, and strengthening of incentives aimed at inspiring human capital development.

In Ethiopia, more than one third of foreign exchange is attributed to coffee product and the production process engages almost one fourth of the working population of the country. Small-scale coffee farmers producing for fair-trade market outlets are frequently considered to benefit from better prices and stable market outlets. Yet, some empirical studies are verifying this notion adversely. Therefore, this study tried to assess the impact of fair-trade certification on social responsibility and ethics of small-scale coffee farmers using both descriptive and econometrics techniques for the selected 383 respondents in Jimma zone of Ethiopia. The study investigated that the introduction of fair-trade certification among small-scale coffee producers matters the inquiry of social responsibility and development significantly. Logistic regression result indicates that, the coefficient for the variable fair-trade membership status is 3.412. This result implies that for every one-unit increase in fair-trade membership status, we expect 3.412 increase in the log-odds of the dependent variable employment creation. Also, the coefficient for the variable fair-trade membership status is 1.319. This shows that for every one-unit increase in fair trade membership, we expect a 1.319 increase in the log-odds of the dependent variable. Also, education level and family size affect child school enrollment significantly and positively. However, the coverage and development of fair-trade certification in the study area was very low. Therefore, extension of fair-trade certification should be well thought-out as one of sustainable development riding instruments among policy makers.

Tobacco use or cigarette smoking has predominantly unenthusiastic effects on human wellbeing causing diminished overall health welfare, minimized labour productivity and efficiency, and augmented health care cost. Recognized health and socio-economic outlays of smoking, countries began to intervene in the market of tobacco by the use of price and tax procedures with the intention of tumbling tobacco consumption and exposure. However, these interventions have featured some controversies on essential issues like freedom and utility concern from consumers and unemployment worries from producers and vendors. Therefore, to address these arguments the researcher developed intervention policies entitled “Policy Model of Tax and Subsidy to Achieve Sustainable Tobacco Control” well-thought-out tax and subsidy policies as a complement rather than substitute strategies to have a comprehensive campaign on controlling tobacco consumption and exploitation. Furthermore, the developed model can openly apply to other damaging products like khat, cocaine, etc.

In this study, a cost-effective and environmentally friendly polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) binder was studied by binding Polyaniline (PANI) on pencil graphite (PG) to form a PANI/PG electrode. The physicochemical properties of in-situ chemically synthesized PANI were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric-differential thermal analyzer (TGA-DTA), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (SEM-EDX). The electrochemical properties of PANI coated on PG with different PVOH binder ratios were addressed by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). In addition to power production and wastewater treatment, microbial fuel cells (MFC) are also a promising technology for biosensor applications. This study contributes to the MFC self-powered biosensor activity and its optimizations. For these optimizations, a two-factor, four-level Central Composite design model was performed for the optimization of PVOA binder loading influence on PANI-modified PG anode two-chambered MFC fed by glucose. From the statistically designed model, the two independent factors were developed to correlate them with MFC sensitivity. Thus, for this model, values of R-squared and adjusted R-squared were 0.9916 and 0.9776, respectively, and this demonstrates that the proposed model was significant. The optimum values of maximum glucose-fed MFC sensitivity were observed at a mass of PVOH and initial glucose concentration values of ~15.293 wt% and ~ 0.718 mM, respectively. The result shows the achievement of 4.464 μA mM−1 cm−2 sensitivity, which is significant compared with values of 4.443 μA mM−1 cm−2 of sensitivity obtained after four experimental runs. Their sensitivity difference was found to be 0.021 (2.1%), and the model prediction was adequate to sense glucose in MFC.

In this work, the biosynthesized α-MnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulated with a polyaniline (PANI) conducting matrix to form α-MnO2/PANI hybrid composite were fabricated by the in situ polymerization method. The prepared material was characterized through UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, TGA-DTA, DSC, SEM-EDX, cyclic voltammetry, and impedance spectroscopy. A double chambered microbial fuel cell (MFC) cell set up with the pencil graphite electrode (PGE) anode modified by α-MnO2/PANI nanocomposite was employed for simultaneous methyl red (MR) decolorization and bioelectricity generation. The influence of MR concentration and its co-substrate glucose under optimum temperature conditions (28 ± 2 °C) was studied. The high decolorization efficiency (DE) of 95.57 ± 2.26%, maximum power density of 820.02 ± 7.86 mW m−2, current density of 1990.34 mA m−2 with a chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 74.59 ± 1.57% were achieved using α-MnO2/PANI modified PGE. This was increased by 12.47 times compared to unmodified PGE due to the better surface structure modification of PGE by binary composites. So, the nanocomposite modified anode is capable of maximizing MR decolorization in MFC. As a result, this study provided a future path for renewable energy production and azo dye decolorization from wastewater effluents.

The use of nanotechnology in bioelectrochemical systems to recover bioelectricity and metals from waste appears to be a potentially appealing alternative to existing established procedures. This trend exactly characterizes the current renewable energy production technology. Hence, this review focuses on the improvement of the anode electrode by using different functional metal oxide-conducting polymer nanocomposites to enhance microbial fuel cell (MFC) performance. Enhancement of interfacial bioelectrocatalysis between electroactive microorganisms and hierarchical porous nanocomposite materials could enhance cost-effective bioanode materials with superior bioelectrocatalytic activity for MFCs. In this review, improvement in efficiency of MFCs by using iron oxide- and manganese oxide-based polypyrrole hybrid composites as model anode modifiers was discussed. The review also extended to discussing and covering the principles, components, power density, current density, and removal efficiencies of biofuel cell systems. In addition, this research review demonstrates the application of MFCs for renewable energy generation, wastewater treatment, and metal recovery. This is due to having their own unique working principle under mild conditions and using renewable biodegradable organic matter as a direct fuel source.

Producing renewable energy from renewable waste effluents are a promising and alternative way to reduce energy crises. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are thus a unique energy conversion devices capable of converting the stored chemical energy from waste matters which are pollutants in to renewable, reliable, and non-polluting energy sources through the action of electroactive microorganisms. It is an emerging and promising technology device to treat wastes with reducing energy crisis and global warming by producing green energy. It uses a wide variety of organic matters as a fuel and mostly do not use an expensive transition metal oxide (TMO) based biocatalyst. Newer concepts in manganese oxide based nickel oxide (NiO) nanocomposites in the presence of conducting polymers such as polypyrrole (PPy) and polyaniline (PANI) as a biocatalyst for the development of alternative electrode materials along with innovative bioremediations have been made MFCs very promising technology. Therefore, this article provides a brief review of recent biocatalyst developments that have been applied in MFCs so far, with their bioelectricity generation and wastewater utilization from different pollutant discharges.

In this article, a brief overview of manganese oxide nanomaterials (NMs) potential towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) for microbial fuel cell (MFC), bioremediations, and battery applications is discussed. It's known that using non-renewable fossil fuels as a direct energy source causes greenhouse gas emissions. Safe, sustainable and renewable energy sources for biofuel cell (BFC) and metal-air batteries hold considerable potential for clean electrical energy generators without the need for a thermal cycle. In an electrochemical reaction system, the four-electron reduction from molecular oxygen at the air-cathode surface to hydroxide ion or water at a reasonably low overpotential was the ultimate goal of many investigations and plays a vital role in metal-air batteries and fuel cell device systems. Different MnxOy nanostructured materials, from Biofunctional structural catalysts up to their electrocatalytic contributions towards ORR are discussed. Brief descriptions of ORR, principle strategy and mechanism, as well as recent developments of cationic dopants and electrolytic media, effect on the air-cathode surface of manganese oxide nanocatalyst are also discussed. Finally, challenges associated with platinum and carbon support platinum in improving electron and charge transfer between biocatalyst and air-cathode electrode are summarized. Keywords: Manganese oxide nanomaterials, Microbial fuel cell, Bioremediations, Batteries, Oxygen reduction reaction