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The alkaline water electrolyzer (AWE) is the earliest and most mature water‐splitting technology. However, the conventional Raney Ni electrocatalysts dominantly used in AWEs are struggling to meet current demands for higher energy efficiency and cost‐effectiveness in green hydrogen production. Although many promising electrocatalytic materials have been developed using facile preparation methods in the laboratory, they have not received much attention in commercial AWE applications. It is due to the academic negligence on specific operational conditions, critical performance metrics, and material costs associated with industrial AWEs, as well as disregarding the impact of large‐scale electrode manufacturing processes on catalytic performance. Therefore, a timely review to bridge laboratory focus with industrial requirements is essential to guide the future development of water‐splitting electrocatalysts. Here, starting from the differences of operating and testing conditions between laboratory and industrial systems, the gaps in electrocatalytic equipment, evaluation methods, and preparation principles of electrodes are outlined. To narrow these gaps, some academic efforts in advancing industrially relevant electrocatalysts are highlighted and personal perspectives on future opportunities, research focus, and challenges in this field are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Probiotics, beneficial bacteria that contribute to the health of both humans and animals, play a crucial role in aquaculture by enhancing digestion and bolstering disease resistance in fish. However, the efficacy of probiotics can vary significantly, even among strains of the same species, based on their origin. This study focused on evaluating the effects of three different Bacillus subtilis strains, derived either from the host fish or external sources, on fish growth and disease resilience. Our findings indicate that the host-derived strain, 6-3-1, offered superior benefits in terms of growth enhancement and health improvement compared to the externally-derived strains. This research underscores the importance of the probiotic source, demonstrating that origin can significantly influence effectiveness. The outcomes suggest the potential for customized probiotic applications to advance aquaculture practices substantially. In the realm of modern aquaculture, the utilization of probiotics has gained prominence, primarily due to their ability to enhance growth, boost immunity, and prevent diseases in aquatic species. This study primarily investigates the efficacy of Bacillus subtilis strains, both host-derived and from other sources, in influencing fish growth, immunity, lipid metabolism, and disease resistance. Employing a 42-day feeding trial, we divided hybrid grouper into four distinct groups: a control group on a basal diet and three experimental groups supplemented with 1 × 108 CFU/g of different Bacillus subtilis strains-BS, 6-3-1, and HAINUP40. Remarkably, the study demonstrated that the 6-3-1 and HAINUP40 groups exhibited significant enhancements across key growth parameters: final body weight (FBW), weight gain rate (WGR), feed intake (FI), feed efficiency ratio (FER), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The investigation into lipid metabolism revealed that the 6-3-1 strain upregulated seven metabolism-related genes, HAINUP40 affected four metabolism-related genes, and the BS strain influenced two metabolism-related genes, indicating diverse metabolic impacts by different strains. Further, a notable reduction in liver enzymes AST and ALT was observed across all supplemented groups, implying improved liver health. Noteworthy was the BS strain's superior antioxidative capabilities, positively affecting all four measured parameters (CAT, GSH-Px, MDA). In the sphere of immune-related gene expression, the BS strain significantly decreased the expression of both inflammation and apoptosis-related genes, whereas the HAINUP40 strain demonstrated an upregulation in these genes. The challenge test results were particularly telling, showcasing improved survival rates against Vibrio harveyi infection in the BS and 6-3-1 groups, unlike the HAINUP40 group. These outcomes highlight the strain-specific nature of probiotics and their varying mechanisms of action within the host. In conclusion, this study reveals that probiotic strains, varying by source, demonstrate unique, strain-specific effects in promoting growth and modulating immunity in hybrid grouper. This research highlights the promise of tailored probiotic applications in improving aquaculture practices. Such advancements contribute to more sustainable and efficient fish farming methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intraflagellar transport is a motor‐driven trafficking system that is required for the formation of cilia. Intraflagellar transport protein 20 (IFT20) is a master regulator for the control of spermatogenesis and male fertility in mice. However, the mechanism of how IFT20 regulates spermatogenesis is unknown. Results: Spermatogenesis associated 1 (SPATA1) was identified to be a major potential binding partner of IFT20 by a yeast two‐hybrid screening. The interaction between SPATA1 and IFT20 was examined by direct yeast two‐hybrid, co‐localization, and co‐immunoprecipitation assays. SPATA1 is highly abundant in the mouse testis, and is also expressed in the heart and kidney. During the first wave of spermatogenesis, SPATA1 is detectable at postnatal day 24 and its expression is increased at day 30 and 35. Immunofluorescence staining of mouse testis sections and epididymal sperm demonstrated that SPATA1 is localized mainly in the acrosome of developing spermatids but not in epididymal sperm. IFT20 is also present in the acrosome area of round spermatids. In conditional Ift20 knockout mice, testicular expression level and acrosomal localization of SPATA1 are not changed. Conclusions: SPATA1 is an IFT20 binding protein and may provide a docking site for IFT20 complex binding to the acrosome area. Key Findings: Spermiogenesis; SPATA1; Intraflagellar transport 20 binding partner; Acrosome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a plasticizer of synthetic polymers, is a well-known endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) and reproductive toxicant. Addressing the unclear mechanism of DEHP-induced reproductive dysfunction, this study used GC-2spd cells to investigate the molecular mechanism involved in the DEHP-induced toxicity in the male reproductive system. The results indicated that the apoptotic cell death was significantly induced by DEHP exposure over 100 μM. Furthermore, DEHP treatment could induce oxidative stress in GC-2spd cells involving in the decrease of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (200 μM) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity (50 and 100 μM). In addition, DEHP induction also caused the elevated ratios of Bax/Bcl-2, release of cytochrome c and decomposition of procaspase-3 and procaspase-9 in GC-2spd cells. Taken together, our work provided the evidence that DEHP exposure might induce apoptosis of GC-2spd cells via mitochondria pathway mediated by oxidative stress. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1055-1064, 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical aptamer sensor has been designed for detecting tau381, a critical biomarker of Alzheimer′s disease in human serum. The aptasensor is obtained by immobilizing the aptamer on a carboxyl graphene/thionin/gold nanoparticle modified glassy-carbon electrode. As a probe and bridge molecule, thionin connected carboxyl graphene and gold nanoparticles, and gave the electrical signal. Under optimal conditions, the increment of differential pulse voltammetry signal increased linearly with the logarithm of tau381 concentration in the range from 1.0 pM to 100 pM, and limit of detection was 0.70 pM. The aptasensor reliability was evaluated by determining its selectivity, reproducibility, stability, detection limit, and recovery. Performance analysis of the tau381 aptasensor in 10 patients' serum samples showed that the aptasensor could screen patients with and without Alzheimer′s disease. The proposed aptasensor has potential for use in clinically diagnosing Alzheimer′s disease in the early stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]