Search

Introduction. Upper digestive tract endoscopy remains the gold-standard for detecting esophageal or gastric varices and assessment of bleeding risk, but this method is invasive. The aim of the study was to identify non-invasive factors that could be incorporated into an algorithm for estimating the risk of variceal bleeding.

This study investigates the relationship between periodontal disease and vitamin D deficiency by correlating clinical periodontal parameters with serum levels of vitamin D; (2) Methods: Data from the literature and the periodontal status of two patients diagnosed with both periodontal disease and vitamin D deficiency were evaluated. Clinical parameters were measured, including plaque index, bleeding on probing, and bone resorption (%). Serum levels of vitamin D were also analyzed. Additionally, the patients underwent initial periodontal treatment to improve the periodontal status; (3) Results: Both patients exhibited advanced periodontal disease with elevated clinical parameters and significant bone resorption. Serum levels of vitamin D were below normal; (4) Conclusions: The findings suggest a significant association between vitamin D deficiency and periodontal disease severity. Low serum levels of vitamin D may exacerbate periodontal tissue destruction and bone resorption. Early detection and management of vitamin D deficiency could play a crucial role in preventing and treating periodontal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition that can significantly impact the quality of life of those affected. As an autoimmune disease, it can lead to itchy, painful, and scaly patches on the skin. Although various treatments, including topical creams, phototherapy, and systemic medications, are currently available, they may not always offer effective relief and can have side effects. Researchers have thus been exploring the potential benefits of non-psychoactive compounds such as CBD, found in Cannabis sativa plants, for treating psoriasis. CBD treatment may reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, itching, abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes, and may increase hydration. This review aims to provide an overview of the existing literature on the potential uses of CBD for psoriasis treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Telemedicine has emerged as a critical technology to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 infection. We aim in this work to explore how general practitioners (GPs) perceived the use of telemedicine, recently recognized and reimbursed by the Public Health Insurance House (PHIH) for primary care (PC) provision. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in 2020 in one county of Romania using an anonymous questionnaire that assessed physicians' perceptions regarding teleconsultation, reliability in tele-decision, remote pathology management, pregnant women's surveillance, patients' satisfaction with telemedicine, the need for its further reimbursement. Bivariate correlation was used to measure associations between the investigated issues. Results: More than a quarter of GPs (28.6%) found it easier to address patients' healthcare needs remotely, while 60.7% considered time-consuming teleconsultations compared to face-to-face visits. Tele-diagnostic uncertainty was expressed by 64.3% of physicians, and a quarter were confident in tele-decisions. Almost half of GPs (43%) observed patients' satisfaction with tele-visits, while half said patients encountered difficulties using technology. A large percentage of doctors (62.5%) perceived that patients felt as well treated by virtual as in-person visit and 91.1% suggested post-pandemic reimbursement. The results of the bivariate correlation showed that physicians who perceived positive patient feedback on telemedicine were more supportive of subsequent reimbursement. Conclusion: This study showed the GPs' positive perception of the use of telemedicine. Its adoption in PC has shed light on the shadows of the pandemic. The time-consuming nature of teleconsultations, uncertainty in tele-decisions, patients' difficulties in using technology were seen as shadows of telecare. However, most of the GPs surveyed agreed with the need for further reimbursement. Future work should focus on innovative solutions for integrating telemedicine as complementary form of PC, the need for telemedicine-based training for GPs to improve capacity building, and patients' perceptions of virtual care, helping to build trust and satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anticoagulant treatment is necessary in various conditions, with curative or preventive purposes. Until recently, the only oral anticoagulants available have been vitamin K antagonists. To overcome the disadvantages of the antivitamin K oral anticoagulants, new oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have been developed and included in clinical trials. After more than 60 years of using vitamin K antagonists, the introduction of NOACs represent a medical breakthrough, with promising prospects. Due to their promising results and better safety profile, NOACs have become an appealing alternative to vitamin K antagonists in a short period of time. NOACs have been approved for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism and for the prevention of stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Starting with postoperative venous thromboprophylaxis after hip replacement surgery, NOACs have been approved also for other clinical situations. Rivaroxaban is the first oral anticoagulant approved to be used in combination with an antiplatelet agent to prevent atherothrombotic events in adults with coronary artery disease and/or peripheral artery disease. However, further investigation is needed to establish which group of patients would benefit most from this medical approach. Furthermore, preliminary studies have shown that NOACs seem to be a reasonable choice of anticoagulation for patients with cancer, but further studies are expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with type 2 diabetes exhibit higher cardiovascular risk than normal individuals. Optimal blood glucose levels are rarely achieved in diabetic patients. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have emerged as a new antidiabetic drug class with multiple metabolic effects. Some trials have evaluated their safety, but it has been recently demonstrated that this new class has cardiovascular benefits, through other mechanisms than glycemic control. The use of GLP-1RAs was associated with a significant reduction of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, with a safe profile related to pancreatitis or thyroid cancer, as compared with placebo. This review presents the cardiovascular and metabolic benefits of GLP-1 RAs versus placebo, in patients with type 2 diabetes. Semaglutide and liraglutide demonstrated a reduction in cardiovascular events, with similar rates on cardiovascular mortality. Ongoing trials assess the cardiovascular benefits and side effects of dulaglutide treatment. Exenatide and liraglutide demonstrated the decrease of blood pressure values, weight reduction and improvement of dyslipidemia. Liraglutide induced, both in vivo and in vitro, an improvement of blood circulation, increasing the nitric oxide level and inhibiting the adhesion and procoagulant factors. Also, liraglutide demonstrated beneficial effects on cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction, but more large trials are required. However, the international guidelines recommend using GLP-1 RAs as first-line therapy in type 2 diabetes patients with high cardiovascular risk or as first-line agents in patients intolerant to metformin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THERE ARE A FEW STUDIES WHICH LOOKED INTO THE OVERALL BENEFIT AND LONG TERM OUTCOME OF RADICAL OPEN PROSTATECTOMY VERSUS LAPAROSCOPIC PROSTATECTOMY, THE SECOND PROCEDURE BEING MORE AND MORE POPULAR WITH THE PATIENT BUT ALSO WITH THE UROLOGIST. THE PURPOSE OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO COMPARE THE BENEFITS TO THE PATIENT, THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES BETWEEN THIS TWO PROCEDURES REGARDING THE PROSTATE CANCER. IN MAKING THIS ARTICLE PUBMED DATABASE WAS RESEARCHED AMONG SPECIALTY LITERATURE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THE PRESENT ARTICLE IS A REVIEW IN THE MODERN MANAGEMENT OF THE RENO-URETERAL CALCULI. SEPARATE REVIEWS OF THE LITERATURE AND GUIDELINES WERE PERFORMED FOR EACH SEGMENT OF THE RENAL SYSTEM, REGARDING ONE OF THE MOST COMMON PATHOLOGY OF THIS SYSTEM: STONES. MOST IMPORTANT, ALL OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING THE TREATMENT OF THIS DISEASE WERE BASED ON THE GUIDELINES AND ON EXPERT REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. WE COMPARED THE TREATMENT OUTCOME AND THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF TREATMENT FOR RENAL AND URETERAL STONES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate cancer is the second most common form of cancer in men in Europe. The primary treatment of this type of cancer is radical prostatectomy, which has shown good oncological results. Radical prostatectomy (open, laparoscopic or robotic) has high success and low morbidity rates in patients with localized prostate cancer. The life expectancy is >10 years after radical prostatectomy. Studies have shown that ~20%-30% of the patients who have undergone radical prostatectomy can develop biochemical recurrence, which is monitored by using the value of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA). In some cases (patients with high-risk prostate cancer), adjuvant therapy after radical prostatectomy, such as radiotherapy or androgen deprivation therapy, can significantly reduce the risk of biochemical recurrence. The optimal management of recurrent disease remains uncertain. Recent literature was systematically reviewed regarding the management of biochemical recurrence and to compare clinical experience in literature studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of the trace elements in humans has increased during the last 20 years. It seems that they play a significant role in maintaining the healthy state of the organism. These minerals are present in small levels, but their role is vital. Although they account for only 0.02% of the total body weight, it has highlighted that they play significant roles, either as active centers of enzymes or as trace bioactive substances. Their excess or deficiency may influence the homeostasis and potentially can lead to several chronic diseases, including cancer. It is already known that certain elements in the free or combined state can be primary causative agents, or risk factors for human cancer. Nevertheless, it is important to underline that the carcinogenic elements are fewer than it was expected in studies. Copper, cobalt, chromium, zinc, selenium, are involved in many biochemical processes supporting life. However, their concentrations may play an important role in developing cancer, by influencing proliferation or apoptosis. Disruption of the balance between free radicals and antioxidants may cause a cellular damage and trigger carcinogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Correlations between alterations in the oral cavity and systemic conditions have been widely reported. A considerable number of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases of varied nature may produce lesions in the hard and soft oral tissues. Among the different types of manifestations of GI, oral lesions represent an important, if not a major component of the manifestation of these diseases. As a consequence, recognition and management of oral lesions accompanying the GI conditions, is mandatory for all clinicians, either gastroenterologists or dentists. The aim of this article is to underline useful data about the most common GI conditions (intestinal bowel diseases (IBD), gastroesophageal reflux, genetic diseases, malabsorption conditions, infections, metastatic tumors) and their link to oral pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION. HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV) IS A VIRAL INFECTION WHICH GENERATES EPITHELIAL TUMOURS OF THE MUCOUS MEMBRANES AND SKIN ESPECIALLY WARTS. THE DIMENSIONS OF THE WARTS COULD VARY AMONG INDIVIDUALS FROM A FEW MILLIMETRES TO A CONSIDERABLE SIZE BEING CALLED GIANT CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM (GCA). THIS GIANT CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM WAS FIRST DESCRIBED BY BUSCHKE AND LÖWENSTEIN IN 1925 ON PENILE FORESKIN, NOWADAYS KNOWN AS BUSCHKE -- LOWENSTEIN TUMOUR (BLT). MATERIAL AND METHODS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS PAPER IS TO REVIEW THE AVAILABLE DATA REGARDING THE ETIOPATHOGENY OF BLT DIAGNOSIS AND NEW LINES OF TREATMENT. WE USED PUBMED AND SCOPUS DATABASES FOR REVIEWS AND FULL ARTICLES. CONCLUSIONS. BUSCHKE -- LOWENSTEIN IS A RARE DISEASE CAUSED BY INFECTION WITH HPV, ESPECIALLY ASSOCIATED WITH "SEMI -- MALIGNANT " VERRUCOUS CARCINOMA OR SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA. COINFECTION WITH HIV ENHANCE THE ONCOGENIC ABILITY OF HPV, BUT THE ONCOGENIC PROCESS IS SLOW, SO AN EARLY REMOVAL OF THE LESION WHEN NOTICED BY THE PATIENT IS USEFUL TO PREVENT A GCA. PRE-EXPOSURE AND POST-EXPOSURE VACCINES ARE VERY IMPORTANT IN PREVENTING BLT AND REDUCING THE VIRAL LOAD IN THE INFECTED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast milk is recommended as an optimal and exclusive source of early nutrition for all infants from birth to at least 6 months of age. Despite all the benefits of breastfeeding, there are situations where breastfeeding is contraindicated. There are differences of opinion regarding the contraindications of breastfeeding, the current research bringing more knowledge in this area. It is important to know the differences of opinion for the correct approach of the breastfeeding patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccinations during pregnancy can protect the mother from several infections, thus blocking vertical transmission. Furthermore, through passive antibody transfer, the newborn can be protected against some infections in the first months of life until their own vaccination regimen is initiated and completed at the appropriate age. Pregnancy can be considered a high-risk condition that increases vulnerability to infectious diseases with potentially unfavorable evolution. We present the current knowledge on vaccination during pregnancy in Europe as a useful information source for different health workers involved in prenatal care. Many European countries implement vaccination policies specifically designed for pregnant women, but there is great heterogeneity among programs. Recommendations on vaccination during pregnancy must be based on current high-quality scientific data. The decisions must be made for each individual case, depending on the associated conditions or special circumstances, with a concomitant assessment of the potential benefits and risks to both the pregnant patient and the fetus. Many vaccines are well-tolerated in pregnant women, with no clinically meaningful injection site reactions, systemic symptoms, or vaccine-related serious adverse events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaphylactic reactions during pregnancy can range from subjective cutaneous symptoms to anaphylaxis and lethal anaphylactic shock. The fetal and maternal outcomes are unpredictable. This study is the first systematic review of the clinical presentation of severe anaphylaxis in pregnancy as defined by the World Allergy Organization to determine maternal and fetal outcomes. We searched PubMed, the Web of Science, and Scopus databases for articles published between 1 January 1985 and 15 April 2021 using the following terms (((anaphylactic shock) AND (pregnancy)) OR ((anaphylaxis) AND (pregnancy))). In 42 studies involving 47 patients, 36.17% of patients were 31–35 years old, and 74.47% of cases occurred peripartum, mostly during cesarean section. Accurate diagnosis with valid and reliable outcome measures was reported for 71.74% of cases. Twenty-two allergens were identified: antibiotics (penicillins and cephalosporins), anesthetic drugs (suxamethonium, mepivacaine), latex, oxytocin, sodium and sucrose iron, laminaria, misoprostol, rubber from Foley catheter, oral phytomenadione, ranitidine, chamomile, and ant sting. Two cases of maternal death related to latex and intravenous iron sucrose, and six infants with neurological disease were reported, mostly related to antibiotics. This review of the currently available literature shows that favorable outcomes are attainable with a high degree of observation, multidisciplinary cooperation, and rapid treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaphylaxis is an unpredictable systemic hypersensitivity reaction and constitutes a high risk of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality when occurring during pregnancy. Currently, the acute management of anaphylaxis is based on clinical parameters. A total serum tryptase is only used to support an accurate diagnosis. There is a need to detect other biomarkers to further assess high-risk patients in obstetrics. Our objective is to present biomarkers in this complex interdisciplinary approach beyond obstetrician and anaesthetic management. Candidate biomarkers derive either from mediators involved in immunopathogenesis or upcoming molecules from systems biology and proteomics. Serum tryptase is determined by singleplex immunoassay method and is important in the evaluation of anaphylactic mast cell degranulation but also in the assessment of other risk factors for anaphylaxis such as systemic mastocytosis. Another category of biomarkers investigates the IgE-mediated sensitization to triggers potentially involved in the etiology of anaphylaxis in pregnant women, using singleplex or multiplex immunoassays. These in vitro tests with natural extracts from foods, venoms, latex or drugs, as well as with molecular allergen components, are useful because in vivo allergy tests cannot be performed on pregnant women in such a major medical emergency due to their additional potential risk of anaphylaxis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory condition with genetic, immunological, and metabolic etiology. The link between psoriasis and diabetes mellitus has been shown in genetic predisposition, environmental influences, inflammatory pathways, and insulin resistance, resulting in end-organ damage in both conditions. Because comorbidities often accompany psoriasis, the therapeutic management of the disease must also take into consideration the comorbidities. Given that metformin's therapeutic role in psoriasis is not yet fully elucidated, we raised the question of whether metformin is a viable alternative for the treatment of psoriasis. We conducted this scoping review by searching for evidence in PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus databases, and we used an extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Current evidence suggests that metformin is safe to use in psoriasis. Studies have shown an excellent therapeutic response to metformin in patients with psoriasis and comorbidities such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and obesity. There is no clear evidence supporting metformin monotherapy in patients with psoriasis without comorbidities. There is a need to further evaluate metformin in larger clinical trials, as a therapy in psoriasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has a growing prevalence in recent years. Its association with cardiovascular disease has been intensively studied, and certain correlations have been identified. The connection between these two entities has lately aroused interest regarding therapeutic management. In order to find the best therapeutic options, a detailed understanding of the pathophysiology that links (NAFLD) to cardiovascular comorbidities is needed. This review focuses on the pathogenic mechanisms that are behind these two diseases and on the therapeutic management available at this time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of sleep disorders (SDs) on patients with chronic liver diseases (CLD) is tremendous. SDs are frequently encountered among these patients and interfere with their quality of life. This review aims to present the data available so far about the prevalence, phenotypes, and proposed pathophysiological mechanisms of SDs in CLD. Moreover, we proposed to search the literature regarding the most reliable methods to assess SDs and the possible therapeutic options in patients with CLD. The main results of this review show that when it comes to prevalence, the percentages reported vary widely between studies performed among populations from the USA or Europe and those coming from Asian countries. Furthermore, it has been proven that SDs may also be present in the absence of neurocognitive disorders attributable to hepatic encephalopathy (HE), which contradicts traditional suppositions where SDs were considered part of the clinical scenario of HE. Currently, there are no specific recommendations or protocols to assess SDs in CLD patients and data about the therapeutic management are limited. Taking into consideration their impact, a protocol for diagnosing and managing SDs should be developed and included in the daily practice of hepatologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D treatment is effective when applied topically to the skin for plaque-type psoriasis. Oral vitamin D supplementation might be effective as an adjuvant treatment option in psoriasis. This umbrella review aimed to highlight the current knowledge regarding the use of oral vitamin D for treatment of patients with psoriasis. We performed a literature search and identified 107 eligible full-text articles that were relevant to the research interest. Among these, 10 review articles were selected, and data were extracted. A data synthesis showed that only a few studies monitored oral vitamin D efficacy in patients with psoriasis. No studies investigated the optimal dose of systemic vitamin D in psoriasis. However, most studies did not observe side effects for doses within a relatively narrow range (0.25 to 2 μg/day). These results suggest that more large-scale studies are needed to determine the efficacy, optimal dose, and adverse effects of vitamin D administration in patients with psoriasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuroendocrine neoplasia (NEN), priory known as neuroendocrine tumours represent the modern approach of traditionally named "carcinoid" tumours. We shortly introduce benign and malign dermatological aspects that are linked to NEN field. This is a multidisciplinary perspective. The paper is a mini-review. 30 articles are included as references. NEN represents 2% of all cancers, being considered orphan disease. Skin and soft tissue are exceptional sites of NEN, the majority are actually secondary spreading of NEN of other locations. Little data have been published related to the topic. Some cases reports showed invasion of dermis and subcutis, probably more frequent in older adults. The entity has been named low-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin, also named primary cutaneous carcinoid tumour. As seen in NEN diagnosis, the immunohistochemistry is essential like chromogranin A, synaptophysin, neuron specific enolase which are classical neuroendocrine markers and non-neuroendocrine parameters are useful for differential diagnosis like estrogens, androgens and progesterone receptors, GATA3, carcinoembryonic antigen. Merkel cell carcinoma represents the high grade NEN. It has a poor prognosis, with a 30% risk of local metastasis. The risk factors are either viral infection like Merkel cell polyomavirus, either long time exposure to ultraviolet light. The prognostic is similar between the two factors. Surgical removal is the first line therapy and adjuvant treatment is radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Skin NEN represents an exceptional finding of aggressive profile. Their prompt recognition may help the prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cataract is one of the most common diabetes mellitus complication among the adult population worldwide. The purpose of this review is to describe how reactive oxigen species (ROS) are produced, the antioxidant enzymes involved in their neutralization, and the molecular mechanisms associated with hyperglycemia that contributes to cataract development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin metastases are not typical. Malignancies like mammary cancer (most frequent in females) and pulmonary neoplasia (most frequent in males) represent the majority and exceptional findings are in those originating from thyroid, prostate, ovaries and oesophagus, usually in advanced, generally disseminated stages, with a poor prognosis. It may be found more often in elderly patients. We aim to present some practical aspects of skin metastases in thyroid cancer that originates from follicular thyroid epithelium. This is a brief literature review. The level of evidence is poor since most data is provided from cases reports. Cutaneous malignant lumps are rarely the first sign of disease, mostly associating a cancer relapse. The location varies from neck and head (majority) to exceptional sites as chest wall and of variable rate for scalp. Underling neck muscle or Meckel's cave metastasis may be associated. The lesion is usually a lump of medium to small size, sometimes of papular appearance, without local pain (but depends on the site); it may associate erythema. The diagnosis is difficult unless an index of suspicion is positive (in which case whole body radioiodine scintigram may be useful). Biopsy and histological report are essential for diagnosis especially in cases without an evident connection to a prior/synchronous thyroid malignancy. Knowing the exceptional prevalence, the need for awareness in this particular topic is connected with a multidisciplinary daily practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. High prolactin may cause central hypogonadism including osteoporosis and breast secretion but also rare manifestations like increased androgens in females or galactocele. A part from high prolactin - related large cystic incidental mammary findings, the breast cysts may be associated with infections, local trauma and hemorrhage of priory benign cystic disease or solid tumors. Method. We introduce different clinical aspects of breast nodules with benign appearance, either symptomatic like painful large cyst with local inflammation elements or asymptomatic as an incidental finding. This is a cases series from a multidisciplinary perspective. Cases data. The patients' age is between 43 and 62 years. The youngest female presented a large left cyst after a potential local trauma with local inflammation signs which were released after liquid evacuation. The oldest patient had bilateral mammary micro-cysts with a good prognostic as incidental finding. Conclusion. Benign breast lesions of adult females may associate local skin changes as redness and increased temperature or they may be completely asymptomatic, being detected as incidental findings. Regardless the scenario, the index of malignancy suspicion is always necessary because of heterogeneous presentation and increased incidence of mammary cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce dermatological aspects from an endocrine point of view related to pituitary tumours that display active secretor activity. This is a short literature review. 40 papers are cited including narrative reviews and original studies. Acromegaly: GH overproduction causes the thickening of the skin and swelling of the soft tissues in addition to the enlargement of extremities (like nose, hands, feet, jaw), coarsening of facial features (as front head and naso-labial folds), excessive sweating, exaggerate skin wrinkles, oily skin, and acrochordons. Cushing's disease: cortisol overproduction has a severe protein catabolic effect at skin with collagen network disruption while immune effect of hypercortisolemia induces chronic skin infections and difficulties in wound healing. In females, consecutive androgens excess induces acne, hirsutism, and androgens-related alopecia. The classical phenotype includes: fragile skin or skin atrophy, red/purple striae, easy bruising, facial plethora. Skin changes represent the window to pituitary tumours for clinicians of different specialities, therefore contributing to final diagnosis of endocrinopathies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AKT or protein kinase B is a serine / threonine kinase that plays a crucial role in cell proliferation, survival, growth, and glucose metabolism. So far, there have been discovered 3 isoforms of AKT, the most widespread in the tissues is AKT1. All isoforms present similar structure being activated by the phosphorylation process at the level of 2 hydroxyl amino acids serine and threonine. After activation, AKT will phosphorylate a number of protein substrates which it will activate or inhibit, finally leading to lipids, proteins, glycogen or nucleotides synthesis. In this review, we will discuss the structure of these protein kinases, the molecular mechanism of activation and the phosphorylation effects on other cellular structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotics are considered to be "miracle" drugs responsible for controlling microbial infections. Over the years, multiple varieties of antibiotics have been used, both for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes, especially in the industrial and food sector. This has caused microorganisms resistant to different classes of antibiotics. The purpose of this article is to present the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance, but also the challenges that current society faces after the excessive use of these drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]