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Maps are a primary method of displaying statistical data that comes from a geographical frame. Maps are esthetically appealing and make it easier to identify geographic patterns in a dataset. However, few introductory statistical texts and courses explicitly present maps as a way to display data. In this article, we will present examples of different types of statistical maps and illustrate how these maps can be used in the instruction of an introductory statistics course.

Although students make some epistemological progress during college, most graduate without developing meaning-making strategies that reflect an understanding that knowledge is socially constructed. Using a pre-test-post-test design and a within-subjects 2 × 2 mixed-design ANOVA, this study reports on empirical findings which support the Socratic method of teaching as effective in challenging and changing psychology capstone students' levels of epistemological maturity as measured by the Learning Environment Preferences survey and Perry's model of intellectual maturity.

The cyclic appearance and disappearance of nucleation was observed in the boundary layer of drops of 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-propanediol, and glycerol, close to the boiling point and exposed to a cooler airflow. Although continuous nucleation has previously been widely observed, the cyclic nature of the phenomenon observed here is unusual. It was observed in experiments with free-falling drops and fixed drops in an upflow of air. To investigate this unexpected phenomenon further, the phenomenon was reproduced in two finite volume models. The first model used 1D potential flow solutions to approximate the airflow around the spherical windward face of the droplet. The second model used CFD to model the airflow. Both models used classical nucleation theory, the Stefan–Fuchs model of droplet growth by condensation, mass transfer by evaporation, diffusion, convection, and heat transfer by diffusion and convection. Despite several simplifications, the most important being the assumption that the drop has a uniform temperature, both models predict the frequency of nucleation to be better than the order of magnitude. These models also predict the experimentally observed power law dependence of nucleation frequency on air speed. It is proposed that the cyclic nature of the phenomenon is caused by the following process: the depletion of condensable vapour around the freshly nucleated aerosol due to condensation onto the aerosol results in reduced supersaturation, which stops further nucleation, and then the replenishment of this vapour by diffusion and convection from the parent drop, with nucleation of aerosol recommencing when the supersaturation has recovered sufficiently—then, the repetition of these steps in a cycle. It is proposed that the process depends mostly on the maximum saturation ratio in the boundary layer, which itself is determined by four key dimensionless numbers: the Lewis number, the Peclet number, the Reynolds number, and the ratio of the vapour pressure of the condensable compound at drop surface temperature to the vapour pressure of the same species at ambient temperature. A practical application of the phenomenon may be as a means of validation of thermo-fluid models, which include nucleation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of vanity in its longstanding theoretical association with narcissism. This is particularly germane, as the conceptualization and measurement of narcissism have evolved in recent years. This is observed in the development of spectrum and/or dimensional models of narcissism, concomitant with the conceptual developments of vanity that have emerged since its original inclusion in the Narcissism Personality Inventory. Specifically, our research question evaluated whether vanity remains as traditionally construed, i.e., as a facet of narcissism, or is better conceptualized as a distinct construct separated from the earlier models of narcissism and therefore provide novel implications in understanding personality and social behavior. Based on the traits of pride, empathy, and several social behavior variables, it was hypothesized that a differentiation between narcissism and vanity would be observed. The participants were 441 undergraduate students from a large public midwestern university who participated in a self-report online survey. Correlation and regression analyses were conducted. The results revealed that the characterization of vanity is limited to pride and an absence of empathy and social behavior. Findings reaffirm behavior patterns of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism regarding selflessness, image management, and sensitivity to others. The core motivations of vanity are explicated as based on social comparison theory to assess one's subjective and/or objective value though it is not characterized as a "social" trait or by social behavior, in contrast to how narcissism is characterized. Based on our findings and an improved understanding of the narcissism model, we conclude that vanity is more closely related to the grandiose dimension of narcissism and discuss how the underlying motivations of vanity improve our understanding of grandiose narcissism. We discuss the implications that these findings provide to the developing, modern conceptualizations of narcissism and affirm and expand our understanding of vanity in personality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]