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In the severe weather such as heavy fog, there are car serial rear-end collision accidents in the expressway sometimes. In order to avoid such accidents, the expressway is often closed. The reason for the rear-end collision is that the drivers’ vision is limited in heavy fog and the vehicle ahead is not clear. There are many problems in the traditional street lighting system, such as the inability to intelligently control street lights according to the weather conditions, so it has been unable to meet the lighting needs of the highway. For this reason, this paper proposes a design scheme of intelligent street lamp control system for preventing heavy fog of Expressway Based on ZigBee technology. The system mainly uses CC2530 as the core device to collect the temperature and humidity on site in real time and automatically control the LED street lamp switch for lighting according to the collected data. The experimental results show that the system is easy to operate, responsive, energy-saving and emissions reducing, and can meet the needs of intelligent lighting in the expressway.

This paper introduces a study on using solar energy instead of fossil fuel energy to light the dark and gloomy streets. An intelligent smart street light system is implemented and the feasibility of SSL is evaluated using a case study of a remotely street located Real Estate Developer of Cairo University in Bolak Al Dakrour district in the state of Giza, Egypt. The main objective is to investigate the technical design feasibility of standalone solar systems, to evaluate cost–benefit analysis of solar LED luminaries compared to convention electrical luminaries for the outdoor street lighting system and to determine the sizing of system components as well as simulation of lighting arrangements is performed using DIALUX 4.12 software package. Results show that the integrated solar street light including motion sensor is used here in this study including LAMP of 15 W LED PHILIPS, 45 W Monocrystalline panel, 12 V 37.5 AH Lithium-ion battery and 10 A 12 V charge controller. This proposed system is designed according to 12 operation hours: 4 h with 100% efficiency, 4 h 75% with efficiency and 4 h with 50% efficiency. Luminaries' arrangements are two sides offset, pole height is 7 m and pole distance 32 m. It is found the cost benefit of using solar LED luminaries against normal electric luminaries reaches about 62% and payback period is 2 years. So, the proposed solar-powered LED street lighting system is technically feasible in Egyptian streets; LED lamps can save more than half of the total needed energy, allowing for the use of a small PV system as well financially viable and environmental impact of CO2 emissions. Furthermore, if the decreasing trend in PV system costs persists and electricity prices rise, solar lighting systems could be feasible in the future.

The development of civilization increases the usage of transportation. This tends to more CO2emission, which pollutes the air significantly. To overcome this issue an emerging technology called plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) was used which eliminates the consumption of fossil fuels. Instead of fueling, the vehicle is charged from electricity. The major issue in the implementation of PEV is the charging station to charge the batteries of the vehicles. Usage of conventional energies such as thermal and nuclear energy also pollutes the atmosphere. The renewable energies are the best alternatives for conventional energies. Nowadays the street lights are also converted as smart lights that is they are powered by solar energy which charges the battery of smart street lights. The capacity of the batteries installed for each light is more than enough to power it. So this excess energy is not used for any other purpose. In this paper, a new concept is introduced to utilize the excess energy from smart street lights, PEV is charged from series/parallel connection of all street light batteries. The entire process is monitored and controlled by using Internet of Things (IoT). This overall system is simulated by MATLAB/SIMULINK environment, and results are analyzed.

New technological developments modulate the light levels of LED street luminaires according to traffic volumes: light levels are increased given traffic and reduced in its absence. Such dimming of street lights reduces the level of artificial light at night (ALAN) and may thus contribute to mitigate light pollution. To quantify the impact of traffic-driven dimming of street lights on nocturnal insect abundance and bat activity in comparison to full light (i.e., dimming functions of luminaires switched off), we mounted 20 insect flight-interception traps and ten batloggers on street light poles along two dimmable street light sections. Insect abundance and bat activity were measured alternately with one week of full street lighting followed by a week with light levels modulated by traffic volumes. In total, 16 dimmed and 16 full-light days were investigated. Overall, traffic-driven dimming reduced light levels by 35%. Weather conditions (warm, dry nights) were the main drivers of insect abundance and bat activity, but traffic-driven dimming resulted in lower numbers of insects caught and reduced bat activity. Among insect groups, Heteroptera benefited most from dimming. For bats, urban exploiters (Pipistrellus spp.) benefited from increased availability of prey at brightly lit street lights, while less frequent species (Myotis spp.) did not benefit from street lighting. We conclude that street light dimming technology may contribute to mitigate negative effects of ALAN on nocturnal organisms, although the measure may not be efficient enough to support light-sensitive and threatened species.

Despite the acclaimed long-term benefits of solar PV systems, most stand-alone solar projects in Nigeria seem to fail within a short duration. In this work, an analysis is carried out to examine the factors that lead to such poor performance of solar projects in Nigeria. A case study of standalone solar street lights (SASSL) in Nsukka geographical region in Nigeria was explored. The field work was carried out from Dec 2016 - January 2018. Data from field indicate that in most cases, premature battery failure due to undercharging was responsible for the collapse of these stand-alone solar systems. Given that the PV module is the sole charge generator in SASSL, the energy yield of the PV modules used in the SASSLs were further investigated. Controlled experiments were carried out to determine the impact of specific environmental and installations conditions on the yield of the PV modules. The results of the experiments led to the development of a model. The weather and installation specific data were then inserted into the model and were used to determine the likely reasons for the premature failure of SASSLs. The results indicated that the within the period under review, the PV modules were capable of providing adequate energy to the battery for only 25% of the time. For another 25% of the time the energy provided were marginal while for 50% of the time the energy provided were grossly inadequate. Keywords: Failure, Battery, Dust, Solar, mechanism, Street light, Irradiance, PV Module.

Background: Artificial light at night (ALAN), has increased dramatically over the past two centuries and is linked to demonstrable shifts in a range of behaviours across diverse animal taxa. This systematic map will collate and synthesise the documented effects of ALAN on animal behaviour and fitness, identify gaps in the literature, inform future research and provide the basis for a decision-making tool for informing policy makers. Methods: This systematic map will summarise and examine all available evidence on the effects of ALAN on animal behaviour and ensuing fitness effects. All documented changes to behaviour in animals (excluding humans), will be included and both peer reviewed primary and grey literature will be searched. Searches will be conducted in academic journal databases, online search engines, and specialist websites. Articles will be screened for inclusion in the systematic map at title, abstract and full-text levels and will then be critically appraised for study robustness and validity. Data from studies included in the review will then be extracted and coded according to categories informed by consultation with Stakeholders. Data will be summarised, where possible, in a quantitative manner, accompanied with a descriptive overview. Future avenues for research and specific questions suitable for a systematic literature review will be formulated.

The importance of understanding crime in the United States assumed enhanced protrusion in the wake of the increased crime rates year by year in certain cities. Neighborhood social demographic variables have been largely used to measure their associations with crime. Other than those social factors, street lighting is a feature of urban and suburban settlement which is widely thought to be a necessary element in preventing crime. Previous research has drawn mixed conclusions about the relationship between street lighting and crime, and the effect of streetlights on neighborhood crime is not entirely definitive. To address this challenge, we examined the spatial associations between street light density, neighborhood social disorganization characteristics and crime (e.g., burglary, vehicle theft, weapons offenses, etc.) in Detroit, Michigan in 2014. Using the street lighting data from the Detroit Public Lighting Authority, crime data from the City of Detroit, supplemented with Census 2010 data, we conducted a Generalized Least Squares model of neighborhood crime in 879 census block groups to test the random effects of the spatial variables and different hours of day on crime. The results show an inverse relationship between street light density and crime rates across census block groups in Detroit and the effects of time period of a day vary according to different types of crime. These findings provided more credible evidence for researchers and policy makers to effectively optimize scarce public safety resources, such as improving street lighting in disadvantaged neighborhoods.

Nocturnal lighting systems account for 20% of the total global electricity consumption. The aim of this paper is to investigate and compare the following two street lighting technologies in Lebanon from an environmental perspective: i) traditional grid-connected system and ii) solar stand-alone system. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the methodology used to assess and compare the potential environmental impacts of the two systems from cradle-to-grave, i.e. from the raw material extraction until the end-of-life product stages. Two end-of-life scenarios are modeled: landfilling and recycling. The SimaPro software is used for modeling the Life Cycle Inventory and the IMPACT 2002 + method is used for the Life Cycle Impact Assessment. The traditional system includes a steel pole, a High-Pressure Sodium lamp, and aluminum cables. The stand-alone solar system includes a steel pole, a Light Emitting Diode lamp, a photovoltaic panel, a valve regulated acid battery, a controller, a dimmer, and copper cables. Results show that the traditional system has less environmental impacts than the solar stand-alone system when considering the life cycle stages from the raw material extraction to the production phase only. This is mainly due to the important environmental impacts of the lead and electronics used in the solar system. However, this difference is compensated during the entire life cycle from the raw material extraction to the end-of-life because the traditional system consumes a significant amount of energy from the Lebanese electricity grid during the use phase. The grid mostly relies on thermal power plants, imported fuel, and diesel generators. The results show that the solar system has less overall environmental impacts than the traditional system for both landfilling and recycling scenarios. In particular, it is shown that the recycling scenario for the solar system results in positive impacts on the environment.

Standalone street lighting as a preferred application for road lighting faces two important issues: supply performance and energy cost. According to past research, optimization of hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) in street light supply seems the best known approach to deal with these issues. However, the complex design of street light supply with non-linearity of power units and uncertainty of load pattern makes optimization a challenge. This study employs genetic algorithm (GA) optimization to deal with these complex and uncertain systems. In order to optimize streetlight supply, it takes into account the energy cost for a single-objective problem and both the energy cost and supply performance for a multi-objective problem. This study also integrates traffic-based lighting control to overcome the power consumption issue in the load side affecting the optimum design of the streetlight supply. The system including real weather data, real traffic conditions and optimization algorithm are simulated using MATLAB. Based on the results, the proposed method reduces the power consumption by around 47% for a one-year simulation study. Moreover, the optimal design of streetlight supply potentially minimizes power loss by approximately 39% and energy cost by about 29%.

To enhance driving safety at night, a new freeform-surface street light luminaire was proposed and evaluated in this study that meets the requirements of the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) M3 class standard for road lighting. The luminaire was designed using simulations to optimize the location of the bulb according to the requirements of the standard. The light source IES file was experimentally obtained for the optimized luminaire prototype with a 150 W ceramic metal halide lamp using an imaging goniophotometer. The trial road lighting simulation results computed by the lighting software DIALux indicated that the proposed luminaire provided an average road surface brightness of 1.1 cd/m2 (compared to a minimum requirement of 1.0 cd/m2), a brightness uniformity of 0.41 (compared to a minimum requirement of 0.4), a longitudinal brightness uniformity of 0.64 (compared to a minimum requirement of 0.6), and a glare factor of 7.6% (compared to a maximum limit of 15%). The findings of the image goniophotometer tests were then confirmed by the results of a certified mirror goniophotometer test conducted by the Taiwan Accreditation Foundation (TAF). The results of this study can be used to provide improved street lighting designs to meet enhanced international standards.

In this paper the rationale of the bioclimatic regeneration of part of the commercial triangle of Athens is presented. In this 11 ha area, identified by three streets in the form of a triangle, the most vivid commercial activities have been taking place, from the transformation of Athens into a capital city in the 19th century, up to late 20th century, when the upcoming of “malls” displaced consumption habits from small shops to large shopping centres. As it is a place that has been either within the city walls or at the outskirts since antiquity, its geometry is very much affected by ancient and medieval Athenian city planning, which is explored and highlighted in this regeneration project. The commercial triangle area today is characterised by a mixture of neo-classical and modern buildings, as well as simplexes of pedestrian streets. The landscape of the area is being reshaped as the old uses that reflect the former economic backbone of the city, are displaced or replaced by new ones which are more related to the industry of entertainment. In this paper, a brief spatial description and historical review of the area is presented, pinpointing to the political and municipal decisions that have affected the area, highlighting the conflicts that the area faces today. Existing land use is monitored in detail and compared to past ones. The sustainability rationale of the regeneration of the public spaces of this area is presented, taking into consideration environmental issues (pedestrianisation of narrow streets, environmental footprint of used or reused materials, recycling municipal waste, low energy consumption street light, construction site measures), bioclimatic issues (microclimatic considerations, surface materials, placement of vegetation in narrow streets), cultural issues (putting forward the area's historic footprint through the design) as well as social issues (conflicts that might arise from competitive or incompatible land uses), trying to achieve a holistic sustainable regeneration approach.

This paper is aimed to evaluate the performance of Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries as a storage for stand-alone photovoltaic system during charging and discharging. Monitoring has been conducted based on LabVIEW Interface for Arduino (LIFA). The results show that on the discharge condition during 12 hours, the average current was -1.2A - 1.0 A. In charge condition during 8 hours, the current range was 0.10 A - 1.95 A, and the optimal charging process was from 11 am- 2 pm. However, the findings indicated that the battery undergo energy deficit approximately 10% every cycle of operation.

With so much more to offer than just simple illumination, how far can smart lighting go? Anyone walking past New York's iconic Flatiron building last autumn might have spotted people talking to a street light. It's not the first time this has been seen in New York, but it would have been the first time the street light actually talked back. As part of GE's intelligent street lighting project, a demonstrator lamppost, equipped with a digital screen and speakers, surprised passersby with the latest weather forecast and tourist information. While this is unlikely to be exactly how `smart' street lighting will work in the future, the demonstrator gave an entertaining glimpse of what is coming. It is likely that through a network of LED (light-emitting diode) lights fitted with cameras and sensors, our future cities will be able to give us real-time updates on whereto park, how to avoid traffic jams and which parts of the city are overcrowded, as well as calling the emergency services when trouble arises.

This research proposes a simple but very effective method to determine faulty street lamps by utilizing a microcontroller associated with relay control technique to analyze the current consumption of the lamps. With such approach, the lighting system can automatically report the number and the position of the faulty street lamp to the operator in the control room. As a consequence, the faulty street lamp can be quickly repaired. The user interface and controller are programmed in LabVIEW software. The result is verified by modeling street light system using five 100 watts incandescent light bulbs connected in parallel. The results of this research can be applied to improve the existing street light system especially in Thailand. Furthermore, equipment used in this research is cost effective.

Badly lit roads lead to vehicle accidents and encourage crime. Therefore, it is important to rapidly detect and report faulty streetlights (FSLs) to the relevant authorities to keep roads safe. Currently, communities primarily depend on electrical inspectors to check streetlights regularly, which may result in long and unnecessary delays prior to repair. Recent studies have focused on adding a networking capability (i.e., a wireless sensor network) into street light poles to enable real-time status reports. However, a smart system that would incorporate sensors and network modules into every streetlight would be expensive; therefore, it would be nearly impossible to realize this system quickly. In this paper, we propose a noninvasive method for detecting faulty lights that involves designing special equipment, called the Hitchhiker, which could be installed on vehicles and would collect information about streetlights’ intensity. This system would not require the modification of conventional streetlights. The collected data would be used to create illumination maps ( IMaps ), the analysis of which could help identify changes in lighting intensity in specific regions. As far as we know, this is an unprecedented approach; no other approaches use IMaps to find FSLs and consider cost and invasiveness. The proposed system could be extended to a citywide scale with minimal cost, and could be used as a complementary system for electrical inspectors possibly identifying FSLs sooner and shortening the duration of poor lighting on streets.

© 2017 The Authors. Journal of Applied Ecology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Ecological Society Sodium street lights, dominated by long wavelengths of light, are being replaced by broad-spectrum, white lights globally, in particular light-emitting diodes (LEDs). These white lights typically require less energy to operate and are therefore considered “eco-friendly”. However, little attention has been paid to the impacts white lights may have upon local wildlife populations. We compared insect attraction to orange (high-pressure sodium, HPS) and white (metal halide, MH and LED) street lights experimentally using portable street lights and custom-made flight intercept traps. Significantly more (greater than five times as many) insects were attracted to white MH street lights than white (4,250K) LED and HPS lights. There was no statistical difference in the numbers of insects attracted to LED and HPS lights for most taxa caught. However, rarefaction shows a greater diversity of insects caught at LED than HPS lights. Policy implications. With the current, large-scale conversion to white light-emitting diode (LED) lighting, our results give insight into how changes to street light technology may affect wildlife populations and communities. We recommend avoiding metal halide light installations as they attract many more insects than competing technologies. We highlight the need to tailor LED lighting to prevent disturbances across multiple insect taxa.

This study investigates the use of university technology transfer reporting standards developed under the aegis of the US-based Association of University Technology Managers (AUTM) in Canada. Given the importance to policy-makers internationally of improving the contributions of universities in transferring technology to industry, these indicators are regarded as critical to informing the policy debate. We analyze federal science and technology policy and identify how these metrics have influenced the framing of policy problems and alternatives. Next, a micro-level analysis of Canada’s largest research university unveils several major weaknesses of the survey. Our study points to the need for a more critical use of the AUTM licensing data in the Canadian policy debate, and provides recommendations on the future development of these indicators and their use in public policy.

Street lighting is a fundamental aspect of security systems in homes, industrial facilities, and public places. To detect parking lot occupancy in outdoor environments, street light control plays a crucial role in smart surveillance applications that can perform robustly in extreme surveillance environments. However, traditional parking occupancy systems are mostly implemented for outdoor environments using costly sensor-based techniques. This study uses the Jetson TX2 to develop a method that can accurately identify street parking occupancy and control streetlights to assist occupancy detection, thereby reducing costs, and can adapt to various weather conditions. The proposed method adopts You Only Look Once version 3 (YOLO v3, Seattle, WA, USA) based on MobileNet version 2 (MobileNet v2, Salt Lake City, UT, USA), which is area-based and uses voting to stably recognize occupancy status. This solution was verified using the CNRPark + EXT dataset, a simulated model, and real scenes photographed with a camera. Our experiments revealed that the proposed framework can achieve stable parking occupancy detection in streets.

The authors report on a systematic ground-based validation of DMSP-OLS night lights imagery to detect rural electrification in Vietnam. Based on an original survey of village-level units in Vietnam, this study compares nighttime light output from the U.S. Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program’s Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS) against ground-based survey data on electrical infrastructure and electricity use in 200 electrified villages. Monthly and annual composites record a one-point increase in brightness along DMSP-OLS’s 63-point brightness scale for every 60–70 additional street lights or 240–270 electrified homes. Using a time series of 90 nightly images, the data show a one-point increase in brightness for every 125–200 additional streetlights, or 550–700 additional electrified homes. The results highlight the potential to use night lights imagery to support efforts to connect the 1.2 billion people who lack electricity around the world.

Automatic street light power saving system using the Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is a simple and powerful concept, to switch ON/OFF the street light system automatically. It automatically switches ON the streetlight when the sunlight goes below the visible region of our eyes and switches OFF the streetlight when ample amount of sunlight is available. From this work, it was observed that the implementation of LDR in streetlight circuit design would reduce the running cost of street lightning system by 51.7%. Keywords: Streetlight, Energy, Light, Dependent, Resistor

Since cities in general are focused on reducing their energy consumption, one of the largest areas of conservation has been through improved light emitting diode (LED) street lighting. LEDs promise to cut energy consumption for lighting by least 40% from current levels, and pay back the cost of new installations over a reasonable time. Additionally, the notion of controlling the new street light's output through wireless controls, monitor when lights are out, and save additional energy by dimming “after hours” is being tested or deployed to varying degrees of success. When well thought out and deployed, wireless street lighting controllers can save up to 30% more energy than simple on-off systems. Coupled with a good LED light engine (light source), a controllable, dimmable wireless system can save up to 70% of the current energy used by the old systems. This has caused a bit of a flurry of activity from some cities to test the feasibility of wireless controls. Digital banners can inform people of anything - from where to park and shop to a "drink Coke" advertisement.

High power light-emitting diodes (LEDs) lighting has drawn a great interest in the field of street light system in recent years. Key parameters for successful launching of LED street light in the commercial market are price and light efficiency, respectively, and they are greatly influenced by the materials and design factors used in high power LED package. This article presents a new design and materials processing technology to realize the solution of LED packaging with advantageous in price and performance. Cost effective materials and processing technology can be realized via thick film glass-ceramic insulating layer and silver conductor. Highly effective thermal design using direct heat dissipation to heat sink in LED package is demonstrated.

Generating power play's a vital role in today's world. The project discuss about the controlling of the street light using real time clock application, which enables both Dim and Bright. Depends on the day light timings the street lights can be controlled by ON/OFF condition with the help of Real Time Clock (RTC). If any over load occurs the load will be cut and the information is transferred through GSM to server. Any disconnect in power the information is sent to server through GSM. If any complaint raised the user needs enter the number in the keypad which will be fixed in the street lamp and the message will be sent to Server through GSM.

Street light systems are publicly accessible electrical pieces of equipment out of the physical control of who operates/owns them. Street lighting systems typically include low-voltage loads, distributed in a large area, and are collectively protected by the same device. Under fault conditions, hazardous potentials may appear on the metal enclosures of these systems, and expose people to shock hazards. To reduce the risk to an acceptable level, different solutions for the bonding and grounding are available. The Standard IEC 60364 and a current worldwide tendency seem to encourage the use of Class II equipment for the street light systems. Class II components, such as the wiring systems, the light fixtures, etc., have double or reinforced insulation. In this paper, these authors analyze technical alternatives to protect against indirect contact in light of the IEC standards. In order to elevate the level of safety offered by Class II metal poles, the adoption of special circuitry and bonding connections to continuously monitor the double insulation of metal poles is proposed.

Currently commercialised stand-alone street lighting systems based on the classical configuration coupling photovoltaic cells (PV) and battery cannot work all the year round in regions that are far from the equator. To improve the classical system, a hybrid system coupling a PV, a battery and a fuel cell is proposed. However, the sizing method of hybrid systems is a key issue in obtaining the cheapest system. To optimise the system, an original time-saving method is applied. Two optimization methods are used: first the genetic algorithms, then the simplex algorithms. A simulation model is used to evaluate the validity of the different hybrid configurations. After presenting the problem of stand-alone street lighting, the optimization methodology and the simulation model are detailed. Finally, an optimal configuration is obtained and shows that a 60 W street light would cost 7150€ with a lifetime of 25 years. The optimised parameters are also given and analysed.