Search

We present event-by-event simulations for central asymmetric light+heavy and Au+Au collisions to investigate the formation and evolution of vortex-ring structures in the longitudinal flow velocity profile. The production-plane polarization of $\Lambda$ hyperons, defined w.r.t. the $\Lambda$ momentum and the beam, can track the "vortex-ring" feature in the event, a characteristic vortical structure generated by longitudinal flow gradients. We make comprehensive model predictions for the rapidity-dependent vortex-ring observables for different collision system sizes at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} = 200$ and 72 GeV. Our predictions at the latter energy can be explored in the future LHCb fixed-target experiment at the Large Hadron Collider., Comment: 10 pages, 11 figures

We propose a new observable derived from a centrality-dependent scaling of transverse particle spectra. By removing the global scales of total particle number and mean transverse momentum, we isolate the shape of the spectrum. In hydrodynamic simulations, while the multiplicity and mean transverse momentum fluctuate significantly, the scaled spectrum is found to be almost constant even at an event-by-event level and after resonance decays. This universality survives when averaging over events in each centrality bin before scaling. We then investigate the presence of this scaling in experimental data from the ALICE collaboration in Pb-Pb, Xe-Xe, and p-Pb collisions. We find a remarkable universality in the experimentally observed scaled spectra at low transverse momentum, compatible with hydrodynamic predictions. The data show a minor breaking of universality at large transverse momentum and hints of evolution with the system size that are not seen in simulations. Our results motivate further theoretical and experimental investigations of this new observable to bring to light the collective and non-collective behavior encoded in the transverse particle spectrum of different collision systems., Comment: V1: 6 pages, 3 figures

Context. Ch-type asteroids are distinctive among other dark asteroids in that they exhibit deep negative polarization branches (NPBs). Nevertheless, the physical and compositional properties that cause their polarimetric distinctiveness are less investigated. Aims. We aim to investigate the polarimetric uniqueness of Ch-type asteroids by making databases of various observational quantities (i.e., spectroscopic and photometric properties as well as polarimetric ones) of dark asteroids.Methods. We conducted an intensive polarimetric survey of 52 dark asteroids (including 31 Ch-type asteroids) in the R$_\mathrm{C}$-band to increase the size of polarimetric samples. The observed data are compiled with previous polarimetric, spectroscopic, and photometric archival data to find their correlations. Results. We find remarkable correlations between these observed quantities, particularly the depth of NPBs and their spectroscopic features associated with the hydrated minerals. The amplitude of the opposition effect in photometric properties also shows correlations with polarimetric and spectral properties. However, these observed quantities do not show noticeable correlations with the geometric albedo, thermal inertia, and diameter of asteroids. Conclusions. Based on the observational evidence, we arrive at our conclusion that the submicrometer-sized structures (fibrous or flaky puff pastry-like structures in phyllosilicates) in the regolith particles could contribute to the distinctive NPBs of hydrated asteroids., Comment: 25 pages, 10 figures (Accepted for the publication of Astronomy and Astrophysics on May 30, 2024)

We resolve the nature of the quantum phase transition between a N\'eel antiferromagnet and a valence-bond solid in two-dimensional spin-1/2 magnets. We study a class of $J$-$Q$ models, in which Heisenberg exchange $J$ competes with interactions $Q_n$ formed by products of $n$ singlet projectors on adjacent parallel lattice links. QMC simulations provide unambiguous evidence for first-order transitions, with the discontinuities increasing with $n$. For $n=2$ and $n=3$ models, the first-order signatures are very weak. On intermediate length scales, we extract well-defined scaling dimensions (critical exponents) that are common to the models with small $n$, indicating proximity to a quantum critical point. By combining two $Q$ terms, the transition can be tuned from weak to more strongly first-order. The two coexisting orders on the first-order line scale with a large exponent $\beta \approx 0.85$. This exponent and others are close to bounds for an SO($5$) symmetric CFT with a relevant SO($5$) singlet. We characterize the emergent SO($5$) symmetry by the scaling dimensions of its leading irrelevant perturbations. The large $\beta$ value and a large correlation length exponent, $\nu \approx 1.4$, partially explain why the transition remains near-critical even quite far away from the critical point and in many different models without fine-tuning. In addition, we find that few-spin lattice operators are dominated by the SO($5$) violating field (the traceless symmetric tensor), and interactions involving many spins are required to observe strong effects of the relevant SO($5$) singlet. The exponent that had previously been identified with the divergent correlation length when crossing between the two phases does not have a corresponding CFT operator. We explain this emergent pseudocritical scale by a mechanism relying on a dangerously irrelevant SO($5$) perturbation., Comment: 57 pages, 36 figures

Context. Sunlight scattered from the surface of an airless body is generally partially polarized, and the corresponding polarization state includes information about the scattering surface, such as albedo, surface grain sizes, composition, and taxonomic types. Aims. We conducted polarimetry of two large airless bodies, the Dawn mission targets (1) Ceres and (4) Vesta, in the near-infrared region. We further investigated the change in the polarimetric phase curves over the wavelengths expected from previous works. Methods. We used the Nishiharima Infrared Camera (NIC) installed at the Nishi-Harima Astronomical Observatory (NHAO) to observe these objects at multiple geometric configurations in the J, H, and $\mathrm{K_s}$ bands ($ \lambda \sim 1.2\mathrm{-}2.3 \mathrm{\mu m} $). Results. Polarimetric parameters were determined and compared with previously reported experimental results. In particular, Vesta exhibits a characteristic change in the negative polarization branch as the wavelength increases to the $\mathrm{K_s}$ band, which we interpret as an indication of the dominant existence of $D \sim 10\mathrm{-}20 \mathrm{\mu m}$ particles. Our approach is supported by empirical reasoning and coincides well with an independent, theory-driven approach based on thermal modeling. Conclusions. This work demonstrates how near-infrared polarimetry can be utilized to quantitatively determine the particle size of airless objects. This finding will have important implications for asteroid taxonomy and regolith evolution., Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A

This work explores characteristics of the negative polarization branch (NPB), which occurs in scattered light from rough surfaces, with particular focus on the effects of fine particles. Factors such as albedo, compression, roughness, and the refractive index are considered to determine their influence on the NPB. This study compiles experimental data and lunar observations to derive insights from a wide array of literature. Employing our proposed methodology, we estimate the representative grain sizes on the lunar surface to be $D \sim 1 \mathrm{-} 2 \mathrm{\mu m}$, with $D \lesssim 2 \mathrm{-} 4 \mathrm{\mu m}$, consistent with observed grain size frequency distributions in laboratory settings for lunar fines. Considering Mars, we propose that the finest particles are likely lacking ($D\gg 10 \mathrm{\mu m}$), which matches previous estimations. This study highlights the potential of multiwavelength, particularly near-infrared, polarimetry for precisely gauging small particles on airless celestial bodies. The conclusions provided here extend to cross-validation with grain sizes derived from thermal modeling, asteroid taxonomic classification, and regolith evolution studies., Comment: 21 pages, 14 figures, Accepted for publication in A&A

Heavy-ion collisions, such as Pb-Pb or p-Pb, produce extreme conditions in temperature and density that make the hadronic matter transition to a new state, called quark-gluon plasma (QGP). Simulations of heavy-ion collisions provide a way to improve our understanding of the QGP's properties. These simulations are composed of a hybrid description that results in final observables in agreement with accelerators like LHC and RHIC. However, recent works pointed out that these hydrodynamic simulations can display acausal behavior during the evolution in certain regions, indicating a deviation from a faithful representation of the underlying QCD dynamics. To pursue a better understanding of this problem and its consequences, this work simulated two different collision systems, Pb-Pb and p-Pb at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 5.02$ TeV. In this context, our results show that causality violation, even though always present, typically occurs on a small part of the system, quantified by the total energy fraction residing in the acausal region. In addition, the acausal behavior can be reduced with changes in the pre-hydrodynamic factors and the definition of the bulk-viscous relaxation time. Since these aspects are fairly arbitrary in current simulation models, without solid guidance from the underlying theory, it is reasonable to use the disturbing presence of acausal behavior in current simulations to guide improvements towards more realistic modeling. While this work does not solve the acausality problem, it sheds more light on this issue and also proposes a way to solve this problem in simulations of heavy-ion collisions., Comment: 15 pages, 17 figures

We study the tractability of classically simulating critical phenomena in the quench dynamics of one-dimensional transverse field Ising models (TFIMs) using highly truncated matrix product states (MPS). We focus on two paradigmatic examples: a dynamical quantum phase transition (DQPT) that occurs in nonintegrable long-range TFIMs, and the infinite-time correlation length of the integrable nearest-neighbor TFIM when quenched to the critical point. For the DQPT, we show that the order parameters can be efficiently simulated with surprisingly heavy truncation of the MPS bond dimension. This can be used to reliably extract critical properties of the phase transition, including critical exponents, even when the full many-body state is not simulated with high fidelity. The long-time correlation length near the critical point is more sensitive to the full many-body state fidelity, and generally requires a large bond dimension MPS. Nonetheless, we find that this can still be efficiently simulated with strongly truncated MPS because it can be extracted from the short-time behavior of the dynamics where entanglement is low. Our results demonstrate that while accurate calculation of the full many-body state (microstate) is typically intractable due to the volume-law growth of entanglement, a precise specification of an exact microstate may not be required when simulating phases of matter of many-body systems (macrostates). We also study the tractability of simulation using truncated MPS based on quantum chaos and equilibration in the models. We find a counterintuitive inverse relationship, whereby local expectation values are most easily approximated for chaotic systems whose exact many-body state is most intractable., Comment: 6 sections, 4 appendices, 19 figures

Understanding and approximating extremal energy states of local Hamiltonians is a central problem in quantum physics and complexity theory. Recent work has focused on developing approximation algorithms for local Hamiltonians, and in particular the ``Quantum Max Cut'' (QMax-Cut) problem, which is closely related to the antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model. In this work, we introduce a family of semidefinite programming (SDP) relaxations based on the Navascues-Pironio-Acin (NPA) hierarchy which is tailored for QMaxCut by taking into account its SU(2) symmetry. We show that the hierarchy converges to the optimal QMaxCut value at a finite level, which is based on a new characterization of the algebra of SWAP operators. We give several analytic proofs and computational results showing exactness/inexactness of our hierarchy at the lowest level on several important families of graphs. We also discuss relationships between SDP approaches for QMaxCut and frustration-freeness in condensed matter physics and numerically demonstrate that the SDP-solvability practically becomes an efficiently-computable generalization of frustration-freeness. Furthermore, by numerical demonstration we show the potential of SDP algorithms to perform as an approximate method to compute physical quantities and capture physical features of some Heisenberg-type statistical mechanics models even away from the frustration-free regions.

Asteroid systems such as binaries and pairs are indicative of physical properties and dynamical histories of the Small Solar System Bodies. Although numerous observational and theoretical studies have been carried out, the formation mechanism of asteroid pairs is still unclear, especially for near-Earth asteroid (NEA) pairs. We conducted a series of optical photometric and polarimetric observations of a small NEA 2010 XC$_{15}$ in 2022 December to investigate its surface properties. The rotation period of 2010 XC$_{15}$ is possibly a few to several dozen hours and color indices of 2010 XC$_{15}$ are derived as $g-r=0.435\pm0.008$, $r-i=0.158\pm0.017$, and $r-z=0.186\pm0.009$ in the Pan-STARRS system. The linear polarization degrees of 2010 XC$_{15}$ are a few percent at the phase angle range of 58$^{\circ}$ to 114$^{\circ}$. We found that 2010 XC$_{15}$ is a rare E-type NEA on the basis of its photometric and polarimetric properties. Taking the similarity of not only physical properties but also dynamical integrals and the rarity of E-type NEAs into account, we suppose that 2010 XC$_{15}$ and 1998 WT$_{24}$ are of common origin (i.e., asteroid pair). These two NEAs are the sixth NEA pair and first E-type NEA pair ever confirmed, possibly formed by rotational fission. We conjecture that the parent body of 2010 XC$_{15}$ and 1998 WT$_{24}$ was transported from the main-belt through the $\nu_6$ resonance or Hungaria region., Comment: This article was published in ApJ. See https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ace88f

As a signal recovery algorithm, compressed sensing is particularly useful when the data has low-complexity and samples are rare, which matches perfectly with the task of quantum phase estimation (QPE). In this work we present a new Heisenberg-limited QPE algorithm for early quantum computers based on compressed sensing. More specifically, given many copies of a proper initial state and queries to some unitary operators, our algorithm is able to recover the frequency with a total runtime $\mathcal{O}(\epsilon^{-1}\text{poly}\log(\epsilon^{-1}))$, where $\epsilon$ is the accuracy. Moreover, the maximal runtime satisfies $T_{\max}\epsilon \ll \pi$, which is comparable to the state of art algorithms, and our algorithm is also robust against certain amount of noise from sampling. We also consider the more general quantum eigenvalue estimation problem (QEEP) and show numerically that the off-grid compressed sensing can be a strong candidate for solving the QEEP.

We performed a systematic study on the formation of vorticity rings as the process for jet thermalization in the medium created in high-energy nuclear collisions. In this work, we expanded our previous analysis to a more realistic framework by considering non-central events and fluctuations in the initial condition. We simulate the formation and evolution of the flow vortex structure in a relativistic viscous hydrodynamic model and study the sensitivity of the proposed ``ring observable'' ($\mathcal{R}^{t}_{\Lambda}$) that can be measured experimentally through the polarization of $\Lambda$ hyperons. We show that this observable is robust with respect to fluctuating initial conditions to capture the jet-induce vortex flow signal and further study its dependence on different model parameters, such as the jet's velocity, position, the fluid's shear viscosity, and the collision's centrality. The proposed observable is associated to the formation of vorticity in a quark-gluon plasma, showing that the measurement of particle polarization can be a powerful tool to probe different properties of jet-medium interactions and to understand better the polarization induced by the transverse and longitudinal expansions of the medium.

This study provides the results of simultaneous multicolor observations for the first Visorsat (STARLINK-1436) and the ordinary Starlink satellite, STARLINK-1113 in the $U$, $B$, $V$, $g'$, $r$, $i$, $R_{\rm C}$, $I_{\rm C}$, $z$, $J$, $H$, and $K_s$ bands to quantitatively investigate the extent to which Visorsat reduces its reflected light. Our results are as follows: (1) in most cases, Virorsat is fainter than STARLINK-1113, and the sunshade on Visorsat, therefore, contributes to the reduction of the reflected sunlight; (2) the magnitude at 550 km altitude (normalized magnitude) of both satellites often reaches the naked-eye limiting magnitude ($<$ 6.0); (3) from a blackbody radiation model of the reflected flux, the peak of the reflected components of both satellites is around the $z$ band; and (4) the albedo of the near infrared range is larger than that of the optical range. Under the assumption that Visorsat and STARLINK-1113 have the same reflectivity, we estimate the covering factor, $C_{\rm f}$, of the sunshade on Visorsat, using the blackbody radiation model: the covering factor ranges from $0.18 \leq C_{\rm f} \leq 0.92$. From the multivariable analysis of the solar phase angle (Sun-target-observer), the normalized magnitude, and the covering factor, the phase angle versus covering factor distribution presents a moderate anti-correlation between them, suggesting that the magnitudes of Visorsat depend not only on the phase angle but also on the orientation of the sunshade along our line of sight. However, the impact on astronomical observations from Visorsat-designed satellites remains serious. Thus, new countermeasures are necessary for the Starlink satellites to further reduce reflected sunlight., Comment: 31 pages, 9 figures, published in PASJ

A systematic way of data reduction for the Nishiharima Infrared Camera (NIC) polarimetry mode has been devised and implemented to an open software called NICpolpy in the programming language python (tested on version 3.8--3.10 as of writing). On top of the classical methods, including vertical pattern removal, a new way of diagonal pattern (Fourier pattern) removal has been implemented. Each image undergoes four reduction steps, resulting in "level 1" to "level 4" products, as well as nightly calibration frames. A simple tutorial and in-depth descriptions are provided, as well as the descriptions of algorithms. The dome flat frames (taken on UT 2020-06-03) were analyzed, and the pixel positions vulnerable to flat error were found. Using the dark and flat frames, the detector parameters, gain factor (the conversion factor), and readout noise are also updated. We found gain factor and readout noise are likely constants over pixel or "quadrant"., Comment: For the PyPI of the package NICpolpy, see https://pypi.org/project/NICpolpy/ ; For the development at GitHub, see https://github.com/ysBach/NICpolpy; http://www.nhao.jp/research/starsandgalaxies/05.html#2022J-4

We extend our previous investigation of the effects of pre-hydrodynamic evolution on final-state observables in heavy-ion collisions to smaller systems. We use a state-of-the-art hybrid model for the numerical simulations with optimal parameters obtained from a previous Bayesian study. By studying p-Pb collisions, we find that the effects due to the assumption of a conformal evolution in the pre-hydrodynamical stage are even more important in small systems. We also show that this effect depends on the time duration of the pre-equilibrium stage, which is further enhanced in small systems. Finally, we show that the recent proposal of a free-streaming with subluminal velocity for the pre-equilibrium stage, thus effectively breaking conformal invariance, can alleviate the contamination of final state observables. Our study further reinforces the need for moving beyond conformal approaches in pre-equilibrium dynamics modeling, especially when extracting transport coefficients from hybrid models in the high-precision era of heavy-ion collisions., Comment: 15 pages, 14 figures

We report on the first polarimetric study of (3200) Phaethon, the target of JAXA's DESTINY$^+$ mission, in the negative branch to ensure its anhydrous nature and to derive an accurate geometric albedo. We conducted observations at low phase angles (Sun-target-observer angle, alpha = 8.8-32.4 deg) from 2021 October to 2022 January and found that Phaethon has a minimum polarization degree $P_{min}$ = -1.3 +- 0.1 %, a polarimetric slope h = 0.22 +- 0.02 % deg$^{-1}$, and an inversion angle alpha$_0$ = 19.9 +- 0.3 deg. The derived geometric albedo is $p_V$ = 0.11 (in the range of 0.08-0.13). These polarimetric properties are consistent with anhydrous chondrites, and contradict hydrous chondrites and typical cometary nuclei., Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures, This article has been accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: 2022 Jooyeon Geem, Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. For the published version, please see https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl/article/516/1/L53/6639881

Young solar-type stars are known to show frequent "superflares", which may severely influence the habitable worlds on young planets via intense radiations and coronal mass ejections. Here we report an optical spectroscopic and photometric observation of a long-duration superflare on the young solar-type star EK Draconis (50-120 Myr age) with the Seimei telescope and $Transiting$ $Exoplanet$ $Survey$ $Satellite$ ($TESS$). The flare energy 2.6$\times$10$^{34}$ erg and white-light flare duration 2.2 hr are much larger than those of the largest solar flares, and this is the largest superflare on a solar-type star ever detected by optical spectroscopy. The H$\alpha$ emission profile shows no significant line asymmetry, meaning no signature of a filament eruption, unlike the only previous detection of a superflare on this star (Namekata et al. 2021, $Nat.Astron$). Also, it did not show significant line broadening, indicating that the non-thermal heating at the flare footpoints are not essential or that the footpoints are behind the limb. The time evolution and duration of the H$\alpha$ flare are surprisingly almost the same as those of the white-light flare, which is different from general M-dwarf (super-)flares and solar flares. This unexpected time evolution may suggest that different radiation mechanisms than general solar flares are predominant, as follows: (1) radiation from (off-limb) flare loops, and (2) re-radiation via radiative backwarming, in both of which the cooling timescales of flare loops could determine the timescales of H$\alpha$ and white light., Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures, 1 table. Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal Letters

In Markov-chain Monte Carlo simulations, estimating statistical errors or confidence intervals of numerically obtained values is an essential task. In this paper, we review several methods for error estimation, such as simple empirical estimation with multiple independent runs, the blocking method, and the stationary bootstrap method. We then study their performance when applied to an actual Monte-Carlo time series. We find that the stationary bootstrap method gives a reasonable and stable estimation for any quantity using only one single time series. In contrast, the simple estimation with few independent runs can be demonstratively erroneous. We further discuss the potential use of the stationary bootstrap method in numerical simulations., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures

Solar flares are often accompanied by filament/prominence eruptions ($\sim10^{4}$ K and $\sim 10^{10-11}$ cm$^{-3}$), sometimes leading to coronal mass ejections (CMEs) that directly affect the Earth's environment. `Superflares' are found on some active solar-type (G-type main-sequence) stars, but the association of filament eruptions/CMEs has not been established. Here we show that our optical spectroscopic observation of the young solar-type star EK Draconis reveals the evidence for a stellar filament eruption associated with a superflare. This superflare emitted a radiated energy of $2.0\times10^{33}$ erg, and blue-shifted hydrogen absorption component with a large velocity of $-510$ km s$^{-1}$ was observed shortly after. The temporal changes in the spectra greatly resemble those of solar filament eruptions. Comparing this eruption with solar filament eruptions in terms of the length scale and velocity strongly suggests that a stellar CME occurred. The erupted filament mass of $1.1\times10^{18}$ g is 10 times larger than those of the largest solar CMEs. The massive filament eruption and an associated CME provide the opportunity to evaluate how they affect the environment of young exoplanets/young Earth and stellar mass/angular-momentum evolution., Comment: 40 pages, 4 figures, 4 extended data figures, published in Nature Astronomy (2021)

The investigation of asteroids near the Sun is important for understanding the final evolutionary stage of primitive solar system objects. A near-Sun asteroid, (155140) 2005 UD, has orbital elements similar to those of (3200) Phaethon (the target asteroid for the JAXA's $DESTINY^+$ mission). We conducted photometric and polarimetric observations of 2005 UD and found that this asteroid exhibits a polarization phase curve similar to that of Phaethon over a wide range of observed solar phase angles ($ \alpha = 20 - 105^\circ $) but different from those of (101955) Bennu and (162173) Ryugu (asteroids composed of hydrated carbonaceous materials). At a low phase angle ($\alpha \lesssim 30^\circ$), the polarimetric properties of these near-Sun asteroids (2005 UD and Phaethon) are consistent with anhydrous carbonaceous chondrites, while the properties of Bennu are consistent with hydrous carbonaceous chondrites. We derived the geometric albedo, $ p_\mathrm{V} \sim 0.1 $ (in the range of 0.088-0.109); mean $ V $-band absolute magnitude, $ H_\mathrm{V} = 17.54 \pm 0.02 $; synodic rotational period, $ T_\mathrm{rot} = 5.2388 \pm 0.0022 $ hours (the two-peaked solution is assumed); and effective mean diameter, $ D_\mathrm{eff} = 1.32 \pm 0.06 $ km. At large phase angles ($ \alpha \gtrsim 80^\circ$), the polarization phase curve are likely explained by the dominance of large grains and the paucity of small micron-sized grains. We conclude that the polarimetric similarity of these near-Sun asteroids can be attributed to the intense solar heating of carbonaceous materials around their perihelia, where large anhydrous particles with small porosity could be produced by sintering., Comment: 15 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS)

We present comprehensive spectroscopic and photometric analyses of the intermediate luminosity Type Iax supernova (SN Iax) 2019muj based on multi-band datasets observed through the framework of the OISTER target-of-opportunity program. SN 2019muj exhibits almost identical characteristics with the subluminous SNe Iax 2008ha and 2010ae in terms of the observed spectral features and the light curve evolution at the early phase, except for the peak luminosity. The long-term observations unveil the flattening light curves at the late time as seen in a luminous SN Iax 2014dt. This can be explained by the existence of an inner dense and optically-thick component possibly associated with a bound white dwarf remnant left behind the explosion. We demonstrate that the weak deflagration model with a wide range of the explosion parameters can reproduce the late-phase light curves of other SNe Iax. Therefore, we conclude that a common explosion mechanism operates for different subclass SNe Iax., Comment: 37 pages, 22 figures, 6 tables, accepted for publication in PASJ

The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration (LVC) sent out 56 gravitational-wave (GW) notices during the third observing run (O3). Japanese collaboration for Gravitational wave ElectroMagnetic follow-up (J-GEM) performed optical and near-infrared observations to identify and observe an electromagnetic (EM) counterpart. We constructed web-based system which enabled us to obtain and share information of candidate host galaxies for the counterpart, and status of our observations. Candidate host galaxies were selected from the GLADE catalog with a weight based on the three-dimensional GW localization map provided by LVC. We conducted galaxy-targeted and wide-field blind surveys, real-time data analysis, and visual inspection of observed galaxies. We performed galaxy-targeted follow-ups to 23 GW events during O3, and the maximum probability covered by our observations reached to 9.8%. Among them, we successfully started observations for 10 GW events within 0.5 days after the detection. This result demonstrates that our follow-up observation has a potential to constrain EM radiation models for a merger of binary neutron stars at a distance of up to $\sim$100~Mpc with a probability area of $\leq$ 500~deg$^2$., Comment: 25 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables, published at https://academic.oup.com/ptep/article/2021/5/05A104/6122445