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We present a 4.7σ detection of the [OIII] 88 μm line in a gravitationally-lensed Lyman break galaxy, RXC J2248-ID3, using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). We did not detect [CII] 158 μm and rest-frame 90 μm dust continuum emission, suggesting that the bulk of the interstellar medium (ISM) is ionized. Our two-component SED model combining the previous Hubble Space Telescope (HST) data and new photometry obtained from Very Large Telescope (VLT), Spitzer and ALMA suggests the presence of young (∼2 Myr) and mature (∼600 Myr) stellar components with the metallicity of Z = 0.2Z⊙. Our findings are in contrast with previous results claiming a very young, metal-poor stellar component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a 4.7σ detection of the [OIII] 88 μm line in a gravitationally-lensed Lyman break galaxy, RXC J2248-ID3, using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). We did not detect [CII] 158 μm and rest-frame 90 μm dust continuum emission, suggesting that the bulk of the interstellar medium (ISM) is ionized. Our two-component SED model combining the previous Hubble Space Telescope (HST) data and new photometry obtained from Very Large Telescope (VLT), Spitzer and ALMA suggests the presence of young (∼2 Myr) and mature (∼600 Myr) stellar components with the metallicity of Z = 0.2Z⊙. Our findings are in contrast with previous results claiming a very young, metal-poor stellar component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a new observing method for single-dish millimeter and submillimeter spectroscopy using a heterodyne receiver equipped with a frequency-modulating local oscillator (FMLO). Unlike conventional switching methods, which extract astronomical signals by subtracting the reference spectra of off-sources from those of on-sources, the FMLO method does not need to obtain any off-source spectra; rather, it estimates them from the on-source spectra themselves. The principle uses high-dump-rate (10 Hz) spectroscopy with radio frequency modulation achieved by fast sweeping of a local oscillator of a heterodyne receiver. Because sky emission (i.e., off-source) fluctuates as |$1/f$| and is spectrally correlated, it can be estimated and subtracted from time series spectra (a timestream) by principal component analysis. Meanwhile, astronomical signals remain in the timestream since they are modulated to a higher time-frequency domain. The FMLO method therefore achieves (1) a remarkably high observation efficiency, (2) reduced spectral baseline wiggles, and (3) software-based sideband separation. We developed an FMLO system for the Nobeyama |$45\:$| m telescope and a data reduction procedure for it. Frequency modulation was realized by a tunable and programmable first local oscillator. With observations of Galactic sources, we demonstrate that the observation efficiency of the FMLO method is dramatically improved compared to conventional switching methods. Specifically, we find that the time to achieve the same noise level is reduced by a factor of 3.0 in single-pointed observations and by a factor of 1.2 in mapping observations. The FMLO method can be applied to observations of fainter (⁠|$\sim$| mK) spectral lines and larger (⁠|$\sim$| deg |$^{2}$|⁠) mapping. It offers much more efficient and baseline-stable observations compared to conventional switching methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present 0.8-mm band molecular images and spectra obtained with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) toward one of the nearest galaxies with an active galactic nucleus (AGN), NGC 1068. Distributions of CO isotopic species (13CO and C18O) J = 3–2, CN N = 3–2, and CS J = 7–6 are observed toward the circumnuclear disk (CND) and a part of the starburst ring with an angular resolution of ∼ 1${^{\prime\prime}_{.}}$3 × 1${^{\prime\prime}_{.}}$2. The physical properties of these molecules and shock-related molecules, such as HNCO, CH3CN, SO, and CH3OH, detected in the 3-mm band were estimated using rotation diagrams under the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium. The rotational temperatures of the CO isotopic species and the shock-related molecules in the CND are, respectively, 14–22 K and upper limits of 20–40 K. Although the column densities of the CO isotopic species in the CND are only from one-fifth to one-third of that in the starburst ring, those of the shock-related molecules are enhanced by a factor of 3–10 in the CND. We also discuss the chemistry of each species, and compare the fractional abundances in the CND and starburst ring with those of Galactic sources such as cold cores, hot cores, and shocked molecular clouds in order to study the overall characteristics. We find that the abundances of shock-related molecules are more similar to abundances in hot cores and/or shocked clouds than to cold cores. The CND hosts relatively complex molecules, which are often associated with shocked molecular clouds or hot cores. Because a high X-ray flux can dissociate these molecules, they must also reside in regions shielded from X-rays. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Sensitive observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) allow astronomers to observe the detailed distributions of molecules with relatively weak intensity in nearby galaxies. In particular, we report distributions of several molecular transitions including shock and dust related species (13CO J = 1–0, C18O J = 1–0, 13CN N = 1–0, CS J = 2–1, SO JN = 32–21, HNCO JKa,Kc = 50,5–40,4, HC3N J = 11–10, 12–11, CH3OH JK = 2K–1K, and CH3CN JK = 6K–5K) in the nearby Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068 observed with the ALMA early science program. The central ∼ 1′(∼ 4.3 kpc) of this galaxy was observed in the 100-GHz region covering ∼ 96–100 GHz and ∼ 108–111 GHz with an angular resolution of ∼ 4′′ × 2′′ (290 pc × 140 pc) to study the effects of an active galactic nucleus and its surrounding starburst ring on molecular abundances. Here, we present images and report a classification of molecular distributions into three main categories: (1) molecules concentrated in the circumnuclear disk (CND) (SO JN = 32–21, HC3N J = 11–10, 12–11, and CH3CN JK = 6K–5K), (2) molecules distributed both in the CND and the starburst ring (CS J = 2–1 and CH3OH JK = 2K–1K), and (3) molecules distributed mainly in the starburst ring (13CO J = 1–0 and C18O J = 1–0). Since most of the molecules such as HC3N observed in the CND are easily dissociated by UV photons and X-rays, our results indicate that these molecules must be effectively shielded. In the starburst ring, the relative intensity of methanol at each clumpy region is not consistent with those of 13CO, C18O, or CS. This difference is probably caused by the unique formation and destruction mechanisms of CH3OH. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]