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Copyright of Orientation Scolaire et Professionnelle (OSP) is the property of Institut National d'Etude du Travail et d'Orientation Professionnelle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The iron and steel industry is a sector with very high energy consumption and also causing high emissions. It is difficult to imagine the development of modern sectors of the economy such as construction, transport or the machinery industry without the use of steel, so forecasts indicate that the demand for steel will increase in the future. Meanwhile, environmental concerns and concerns about climate change are growing, so the iron and steel industry faces a serious challenge related to reducing its emissions in order to achieve the goal set in the Paris Agreement, and this is even more true for this industry in the European nion. Currently, the most popular technology for steel production is the blast furnace process – basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF). This technology requires the use of coal, which is a source of emissions, so a radical technological change is needed. Decarbonising the steel industry requires changing from coal-based metallurgy to hydrogen-based and electricity-based metallurgy. Changing from primary to secondary steel production (using scrap steel) improves the situation but is not a solution to meet growing demand. There are two main technology paths that can achieve significant CO2 reduction. The first is Smart Carbon Usage (SCU), which is based on the gradual reduction of coal consumption, including the use of by-product gases for further conversion into valuable products. The second emerging technology path is Carbon Direct Avoidance (CDA). These and other developing methods of low-emission or zero-emission metallurgy are discussed in the article. Unfortunately, some of these methods are not mature and their final commercialisation requires overcoming a number of problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The delivery of ultra-high dose rates of radiation, called flash irradiation or flash-RT, has emerged as a new modality of radiotherapy shaking up the paradigm of proportionality of effect and dose whatever the method of delivery of the radiation. The hallmark of flash-RT is healthy tissue sparing from the side effects of radiation without decrease of the antitumor efficiency in animal models. In this review we will define its specificities, the molecular mechanisms underlying the flash effect and the ongoing developments to bring this new modality to patient treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Health History is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This doctoral thesis was developed at a time when the definition of work models of "the future" is intensifying, setting the need to make a "cut", through technology, with the current ways of doing work. The research aimed to introduce another point of view into the debate: that of the activity, of those who live the transformations in concrete contexts. By combining two studies, one in the context of the design of future automated vehicles and the other in the cork industry, the thesis sought to highlight the ways in which experience reveals criteria that can be used to (re)design work situations. The first study shows how the design of automated vehicles calls for consideration of issues that go beyond a technological dimension. In turn, the second study reveals how automated modes of production are dependent on a transpersonal legacy of each professional context. Still, this does come at a cost in terms of preserving oneself and the sustainability of know-how. These results trigger a reflection on the renewal of ethical, epistemological and political challenges in the work psychologists' action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This doctoral thesis was developed at a time when the definition of work models of "the future" is intensifying, setting the need to make a "cut", through technology, with the current ways of doing work. The research aimed to introduce another point of view into the debate: that of the activity, of those who live the transformations in concrete contexts. By combining two studies, one in the context of the design of future automated vehicles and the other in the cork industry, the thesis sought to highlight the ways in which experience reveals criteria that can be used to (re)design work situations. The first study shows how the design of automated vehicles calls for consideration of issues that go beyond a technological dimension. In turn, the second study reveals how automated modes of production are dependent on a transpersonal legacy of each professional context. Still, this does come at a cost in terms of preserving oneself and the sustainability of know-how. These results trigger a reflection on the renewal of ethical, epistemological and political challenges in the work psychologists' action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the question of technological disconnection in Jean-Philippe Toussaint's La Clé USB (2019). It shows how Toussaint's novel offers a vision of everyday life in which existence is tantamount to being logged on, so to speak, in perpetuity. I consider how La Clé USB testifies to the fraught process of technological disconnection. I offer an extended analysis of the novel's narrator, Jean Detrez, focusing specifically on his attempts to 'disconnect' from technological mediation, which result in paranoia, guilt and corporeal disembodiment. Ultimately, I argue that La Clé USB draws our attention to the affective, sensorial and relational dimensions of everyday life and compels us to reckon with their potential degradation in our hyperconnected digital age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Journal of Intellectual Property Law / Revista Română de Dreptul Proprietăţii Intelectuale is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Zeitschrift für Sozialpädagogik is the property of Julius Beltz GmbH & Co. KG Beltz Juventa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Journalism is a highly technology-dependent profession, and students, educators, and professionals must develop specific digital skills. This study uses the theory of disruptive innovation to examine how journalism educators adapt their programs in response to changing media environments. A survey of accredited journalism and mass communication programs identified three key challenges: the need for long-term investment, the ability to predict future change and demand, and difficulty in hiring faculty expertise. When asked which technologies will affect journalism curricula in the next 3 to 5 years, artificial intelligence (AI) topped the list, followed by drone journalism, virtual reality, and augmented reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article responds to three reviews of Philosophy of Christian Life, focussing on issues of heteronomy, abuse of power, the authority of the call, language, technology, and deliverance from self-hatred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue follows our conference, which was held in October 2021 and attended by beer historians and sociologists from the U.S., Europe and Australia. By taking beer as a lens to approach questions of knowledge transfer and circulation, we seek to refine our historical understanding of the global entanglements of the beer industry. This is all the more important as to-date the majority of historical beer studies have obscured transnational connections by solely focusing on the nation-state or smaller regional units.

Recent years have seen the acceleration of data- and evidence-based approaches in support of peace processes, creating a renewed confidence that conflicts can be predicted, known, and resolved, based on objective information about the world. However, new technologies employed by conflict parties, stakeholders, and those who aim to make or build peace have also made peace processes less ascertainable, intelligible, and predictable. Technology can thus create both more certainty and uncertainty in (and about) peace processes. This forum article presents a first collaborative attempt to explore how the use of technology by conflict parties and peacebuilding actors influences these dynamics. We examine various fields of engagement, ranging from conflict prevention to peace mediation, peacekeeping, and longer-term peacebuilding. Our discussion engages with a variety of related activities, including predictive analysis and foresight, conflict analysis, cease-fire monitoring, early warning and early action, and problem-solving and trust-building dialogues. We suggest approaching un-certainty as a spectrum between uncertainty and certainty that can be studied across epistemic, ontological, and normative dimensions, thus inviting further academic research and policy reflection. The article is coauthored by scholars and current or former practitioners and underlines the necessity, benefits, and feasibility of research–practice exchanges on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Body-worn cameras (BWCs) are increasingly permeating policing worldwide. Through a survey of all federal, provincial, municipal, and First Nations police services across Canada, we find that 36 of 172 Canadian police services reported using BWCs as of 2022. We also present a scorecard-style assessment of all available Canadian BWC procedures in use (N = 27), documenting the extent to which the procedures address core issues related to BWC regulation. Key themes of the procedures fall into six general categories: expectations of the BWC program, expectations of BWC users, expectations of BWC supervisors, data retention and storage expectations, video disclosure expectations, and additional considerations. The procedures conveyed a good deal of consistency. Almost all procedures provided activation instructions, required subject notification as soon as reasonably possible, did not allow BWC footage to substitute for other forms of evidence, and permitted users to view BWC footage. However, some topics are broached far less consistently, with a minority of procedures commenting on camera buffering, victim-sensitive practices, and making disclosures in the public interest. We advocate for the continued standardization of BWC procedures across Canada (and mechanisms of police governance more generally) to support consistent, high-quality policing across the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers some ways that encounters with everyday objects in a home can generate a feeling of intimacy. The emerging range of "smart" devices marketed to exploit personal connections with the appurtenances of domestic spaces, we argue, effectively make the home into a platform for such intimacy. That intimacy is often achieved through the implied animacy of objects that might otherwise be regarded as asignifying, thereby enabling meaningful narratives to be built up around the likes of toasters and floorboards. The article suggests that such platforms complicate the distinction between public and private spaces, as the makers of smart technologies seek not just to insert their devices into our daily lives, but to make them feel intimate while extracting data about us in return. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic forced therapists to embrace online sessions, creating a sudden shift in the therapeutic environment. However, the integration of technology into therapy was already underway, prompting the need to explore how the online environment impacts clients and the therapeutic process. Drawing upon Heidegger's philosophy of technology and Whitehead's process philosophy, this article argues that our environment and technologies shape our consciousness and subjectivity, and that both the therapist and the client are partly a product of the media ecologies of the digital age. This paper explores the concept of transitionality as proposed by Winnicott, which refers to the dynamic process through which individuals navigate between inner subjective experiences and external reality. It also examines Deleuze and Guattari's notion of faciality and the social construction of subjectivity through the screen/face as a territorializing force. By integrating these theoretical perspectives, this study seeks to shed light on the intricate relationship between individual subjectivity and online environments in shaping our experiences and identities on the screen. Overall, the article raises some questions about the use of technology in therapy and the implications for understanding the human psyche. It highlights the need to approach online therapy with awareness of the potential limitations and disturbances that may arise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this short response to the papers appearing in this special issue (Technology, AI Bots and Psychotherapy After Covid), psychotherapist and author Aaron Balick draws on the variety of themes that have arisen within the contributed papers to reflect on the wider issue of computer mediated human relations. In it he makes a distinction between the papers that focus on the therapeutic process mediated by technology and those that look more broadly at the paradigm of therapy practice in this context. Framing technology as a tool, the author pulls together both strands to explore what psychotherapy research may say about the broader issues of societies mediated by technology and how therapeutic research may contribute to these larger social issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adopting psychotherapeutic technique as a technological matter in which something is learnt, deployed and applied, the article considers how the relationship between therapist and client is increasingly dominated by thinking of a technical manner. By exploring this notion through an existential lens, the conversation is expanded beyond our usual practical use of technique as a technology of change, and instead considers the implications of systematising conversations to yield outcomes and maximise results. In essence, the paper explores how we condition inquiry, and how this inquiry may in turn condition us. Bringing to the forefront, the importance of acknowledging our relationship with method and technique, as part of an ethical engagement with our practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of European Review of Public Law is the property of European Public Law Organization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this article is to examine fictions surrounding AI, through utopian and dystopian representations produced in the field of visual arts. Starting with Stephan Degoutin and Gwenola Wagon’s film World Brain, the ethical, philosophical and political consequences of the application of artificial intelligence on several aspects of life will be studied. Furthermore, by drawing from the concept of cybernetic ecology introduced by the poet Richard Brautigan, the article seeks alternative practices and experiments that place nature, humans and AI in an egalitarian position. Through the work of the artist and writer James Bridle, AI will be contextualised within an ethic that is respectful of other-than-human intelligence forms, thus questioning the anthropocentrism of Western philosophy and history.

Hrnčíři při výrobě keramiky interagovali s řadou materiálů, které dokázali přetvořit v pevnou hmotu a výrobek s funkčními, formálními a stylistickými vlastnostmi. V různých fázích výrobního procesu (získávání surovin, příprava keramických hmot, tváření, sušení, výpal) zapojovali nebo využívali různé toky energií – zejména mechanickou (lidské tělo), kinetickou, vodní, sluneční a tepelnou. Užitné vlastnosti nádob často úzce souvisely s kvalitou materiálů (keramických hmot) a schopností vyrovnávat se s tepelnou energií nebo odolávat mechanickému namáhání. Příspěvek prozkoumává proměny energetických a materiálových toků v hrnčířské výrobě v delším časovém horizontu od 13. až do konce 19. století pomocí přístupu chaîne opératoire. Sledována je i celková bilance energetické náročnosti hrnčířské výroby a jsou diskutovány otázky týkající se efektivity, intenzity a investic ve výrobě.

Recent literature regarding how Ricoeur’s work relates to the philosophy of technology appears prima facie to be contradictory. In one established interpretation, Ricoeur’s contributions are merely indirect as he did not engage with the empirical turn of the discipline in the 1980s and maintained a suspicious view of technology based on a profound concern with the distinction between persons and things. In this view, Ricoeur’s work does not add anything new to the discipline but is still valuable to the philosophy of technology through other features of his corpus, such as his critical hermeneutics and narrative theory. In another interpretative approach, some argue Ricoeur adds to the field by directly thematizing technology when studying ethics and human capability–he cannot be thought of as merely ignoring the complex relationship between the social sphere and technology. The present paper offers a dialectical analysis of these interpretative approaches and argues that these positions are not mutually exclusive, but rather capture complementary aspects about the nature of Ricoeur’s hermeneutic and political projects. At one level, Ricoeur engages with core themes of philosophy of technology by exploring the ambiguity of specific technologies and techniques and their implications to social, cultural, and political spheres; in doing so, Ricoeur contributes directly to the field by avoiding the reduction of meaning into merely technical questions. On the other hand, it is also true that Ricoeur, particularly in the main thematic areas of his great works since the 1970s, has not been directly involved with specific questions of how different recent technologies are intertwined with social, political, and ethical aspects, and his emphasis against a reductionist type of technical mentality distanced him from a closer engagement with specific technological issues. In this sense, most of his contributions to the philosophy of technology are indirect. Nevertheless, this paper wants to emphasize that this dialectic analysis invites us to recognize the richness and potential of Ricoeur’s thought to understand how technologies are shaping our experiences in the world. The recently published volume Interpreting Technology, edited by Wessel Reijers, Alberto Romele, and Mark Coeckelbergh, is a powerful example of such potential.

L’interview de Stuart Selber réalisée par Jim Ridolfo dans ce numéro spécial intitulé « La rhétorique en-dehors des sentiers battus » donne un aperçu de la carrière innovante et marquante de Selber dans le domaine de la rhétorique numérique. De la monographie primée de Selber, Multiliteracies for a Digital Age, parue en 2004, à sa toute dernière monographie Institutional Literacies : Engaging Academic IT Contexts for Writing and Communication, nous discutons de la manière dont les littératies et les paysages de la rhétorique numérique ont changé de manière significative et continueront à changer alors que nous entrons dans une ère où se multiplient les préoccupations en matière de protection de la vie privée, de deep fakes et d’IA générative. Le travail du professeur Selber est un excellent exemple de la façon dont la recherche en rhétorique numérique contemporaine révolutionne le domaine de la rhétorique traditionnelle et l’enseignement de la littératie, en réélaborant ses notions de base et en élargissant ses applications futures.

Jüngere Entwicklungen in der Sexrobotik haben in den letzten Dekaden Kontroversen über die technologische und mediale Vermittlung sexueller Praxen und soziosexueller Beziehungen ausgelöst. Diese Debatten sind geprägt von normativen Positionen und utopischen oder dystopischen Wirkungsbehauptungen. Der Artikel sondiert den aktuellen Stand von Robotik und Künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) in diesen Kontexten und skizziert zentrale Positionen früherer Debatten. Im Gegensatz zu technizistischen und normativen Verkürzungen betont er Ambivalenzen in der Nutzung von und den Erwartungen an Sexrobotik innerhalb asymmetrischer Geschlechterverhältnisse. Sexrobotik zeigt Tendenzen, gegebene Sozialverhältnisse und Geschlechterbinaritäten dynamisch zu reproduzieren, aber auch Potenziale, diese herausfordern. Die konkreten Auswirkungen der Technologie hängen von ihrer Nutzung innerhalb widersprüchlicher gesellschaftlicher Verhältnisse und den fortlaufenden Kämpfen um deren Bewahrung oder Veränderung ab.

The deadliest peacetime railway accident in French history occurred at 7:52 p.m. on December 23, 1933, at Pomponne on the outskirts of Paris. Over two hundred people died as a result of the tragedy. This article explores the responses to the disaster. These drew on long‐standing fears over the power of modern technology, not to mention its potential destructiveness as witnessed over a decade previously during the Great War. Yet understandings of the accident and its causes also spoke to anxieties over the contemporary French sense of political crisis, a crisis that the crash at Pomponne helped nurture. The Right and extreme Right came to subsume the accident into its broader campaign against the Third Republic that would end in the violence of February 6, 1934. Study of the Pomponne disaster thus sheds new light both on French anxieties about "modernity" and on the emergence of right‐wing antiparliamentarianism in 1930s France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly disrupted the life of nations worldwide, leading to substantial changes in operational methods and actions. Nearly the entire world has been subjected to lockdown measures, restricting free movement between states, slowing down the operation of institutions, and even temporarily closing them. These states have been compelled to urgently find quick solutions to cope with the effects that the virus was beginning to produce in their daily lives. In this reflection, which takes Cameroon as a case study, we analyze how, during this pandemic, public and private actors in the education system attempted to develop agile practices to maintain the functioning of educational institutions. The analysis focuses on the implementation of an accelerated process of digitizing learning activities and dedicated spaces to ensure the continuity of public education services as most learners could no longer guarantee physical presence in traditional learning environments. The first step is to document the advent of COVID-19 and its immediate effects on educational bureaucracy, followed by a critical examination of emergency policies that resort to digital platforms, thereby generating agile practices that provide insights into the adaptability of institutions in resource-poor contexts. The data used are derived from an ethnographic survey that employs a qualitative method, attentive to the discourses of actors within the educational system in the city of Dschang and the meanings they attribute to their actions. This analysis underscores the need for African states to make technological infrastructure a sustainable means for building an agile education system capable of addressing crises that arise in an uncertain world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenges faced by teachers in Mathematics teaching are perceptible, with regard to students' interest in the subject and students' understanding of mathematical concepts. The justification for this work is given by the need to think about new possibilities for teaching mathematics, so that there is the development of critical and democratic thinking by the students. The question posed is: will the contextualization of mathematical concepts through soccer using technological resources contribute to a better understanding of the content being taught? The general aim of this article is to develop the construction of knowledge of statistics and percentage content through the lens of Critical Mathematics Education, contextualizing the ongoing challenge of combating racism in soccer. Discussing topics such as the history of Brazilian soccer in parallel with the fight against racism in mathematics classes is of paramount importance so that we can form critical and reflective citizens, thus being able to transform the society in which we live. It is hoped that the activities proposed here will make math teaching more meaningful for students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines a set of articulations of rap in Santiago, Chile, during the mid-1990s as an alternative to the predominant resistance-based interpretation in Latin America. In this sense, it challenges the dichotomy between the "underground" and the "mainstream," showing how underground rap artists played a key role in the construction of mainstream rap, establishing relationships with multinational record labels. Secondly, it explores the coexistence and connection between digital and analog technologies in the music production of that period, where emerging rappers combined the use of software and computers with traditional formats like cassettes. The study focuses on understanding the sociotechnical networks that enabled the configuration of rap in Chile during that decade, highlighting how these networks facilitated the formation of collectives dedicated to rap production. It emphasizes the importance of technology and the spatial circuits of Santiago, as well as the participation of multinational labels and self-management. The article proposes a symmetrical analysis methodology, utilizing semi-structured interviews and document analysis, framed within a sociology of mediations (Hennion, Born). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article works out the patterns of adolescence and its stand-offs in contemporaneity based on the concept of loneliness, aiming to understand what the possible destinations are for youthful subjective elaborations within the virtual technological context. Reflecting on the symptomatic effects originating from the different possible forms of relationship with technologies, the purpose is to demonstrate how the virtual experience may represent, for contemporary youth, on the one hand fertile, creative companionship as much as, on the other hand, solitary destination, summoning the actualization of radical traumatic subjective isolation. With this goal in mind and highlighting the importance of primordial relationships and the role of parents as active figures of relevance all along the process of adolescing of their offspring, concepts in psychoanalysis such as 'trauma', 'isolation', 'capacity of being alone' and 'creativity' are presented, and related to the hurdles and potentialities of virtuality as experienced by adolescents today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced manufacturing-a range of innovative, integrated, and controlled technological processes aimed at enhancing efficiency and optimizing outcomes-offers opportunities for rural economic development. However, the presence of advanced manufacturing and its related opportunities are not well understood in rural Canada, particularly at the local level. As part of a project exploring advanced manufacturing in the rural Kootenay region of British Columbia, researchers identified the need for a nuanced and rurally inclusive definition of advanced manufacturing and an accompanying assessment to assist in better understanding needs and opportunities. This article summarizes the case study and proposes the 'advanced manufacturing spectrum', a model illustrating and defining advanced manufacturing, with an accompanying assessment tool that aims to assist users to identify themselves within the advanced manufacturing sector and to better understand the current state of advanced manufacturing and potential for advancement. The application of the assessment tool to the case study demonstrates the potential of the spectrum as a diagnostic and planning tool, able to reveal placebased challenges and opportunities and to enable targeted action. However, given the range of rural contexts, we acknowledge potential limitations in the transferability of the spectrum and assessment tool. The purpose of this article is to share the proposed advanced manufacturing spectrum model for further discussion, testing, and refinement based on its application in other rural regions. We invite further testing of the proposed spectrum and assessment tool to better understand the size and scope of current advanced manufacturing activities across rural places, and to share observations and lessons around the transferability of the spectrum. This article highlights the complex dynamics between government policies, local capacities, and entrepreneurial initiatives in the context of rural development, offering valuable considerations for policymakers and researchers interested in advancing manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cadernos de Pesquisa is the property of Fundacao Carlos Chagas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Ricoeur Studies / Etudes Ricoeuriennes is the property of University of Pittsburgh, University Library System and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)