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It has been postulated that the combination of intracavitary and interstitial brachytherapy (IC/IS) is effective and safe for large and irregularly shaped uterine cervical cancer patients. However, due to its invasiveness compared to conventional intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT), it has to be said that the implementation speed of IC/IS is slow. Until now, there have been no guidelines for required equipment, human resources, and procedural guide focusing solely on IC/IS. The purpose of this guideline is to provide radiation oncologists and medical physicists who wish to start IC/IS with practical and comprehensive guidance for a safe IC/IS introduction and to help accelerate the spread of the utilization of IC/IS nationwide. This is the English translation of the Japanese IC/IS Guidelines, and it was created in an effort to share the Japanese approach to the management of locally advanced uterine cervical cancer worldwide.

Cancer cachexia is a syndrome characterized by anorexia and decreased body weight. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of anamorelin, an orally active, selective ghrelin receptor agonist, in patients with cancer cachexia and a low body mass index (BMI).This multicenter, open-label, single-arm study enrolled Japanese patients with non-small cell lung cancer or gastrointestinal cancer with cancer cachexia (BMI 20 kg/mOne hundred two patients were eligible and enrolled. The means and standard deviations for age and BMI were 71.0 ± 8.2 years and 17.47 ± 1.48 kg/mAnamorelin improved body weight and anorexia-related symptoms in patients with cancer cachexia and a low BMI with durable efficacy and favorable safety and tolerability.Anamorelin is a drug that stimulates appetite and promotes weight gain. This clinical trial was aimed at determining its efficacy and safety in Japanese cancer patients with a low body mass index and cachexia, a syndrome associated with anorexia and weight loss. Anamorelin was found to improve body weight and anorexia-related symptoms in these patients, and these effects were durable for up to 24 weeks. Moreover, anamorelin was generally well tolerated. These findings suggest that anamorelin is a valuable treatment option for patients with cancer cachexia and a low body mass index.

The original difficulty scoring system was revised after discussion at the 2nd International Consensus Conference on Laparoscopic Liver Resection held in Morioka (Iwate Prefecture) in Japan and renamed the IWATE criteria (a 4-level classification system involving 6 preoperative factors). We used Japanese and French cohorts to validate the IWATE criteria by evaluating their association with the procedure-based difficulty classification proposed by the Institut Mutualiste Montsouris.Patients who had undergone laparoscopic liver resection at multiple Japanese multi-institutions or the Institut Mutualiste Montsouris were assigned to the multiple Japanese multi-institution (n = 1,867) or Institut Mutualiste Montsouris cohort (n = 433). We analyzed clinical characteristics and outcomes according to the 4-level IWATE criteria difficulties (low, intermediate, advanced, and expert) and evaluated their association with 11 laparoscopic liver resection procedures in the Institut Mutualiste Montsouris classification (low, intermediate, and high levels).We found significant differences in age, surgical indications, and the 4-level IWATE criteria difficulties between the cohorts (all, P.001). Operation time and blood loss were significantly different among the 4-level difficulties in both cohorts (all, P.001). The rates of conversion, postoperative complications, liver failure, and in-hospital deaths also increased significantly with increasing difficulty (all, P.001). The IWATE criteria classified the three low-level Institut Mutualiste Montsouris procedures in the low-to-intermediate levels, the two intermediate-level procedures in the intermediate-to-advanced levels, and the six high-level procedures in the advanced-to-expert levels.We observed associations between the IWATE criteria and intraoperative and postoperative outcomes in the Japanese multi-institution and Institut Mutualiste Montsouris cohorts and thus validated the IWATE system.

This report covers the first multi-institutional study of independent monitor unit (MU)/dose calculation verification for the CyberKnife, Vero4DRT, and TomoTherapy radiotherapy delivery systems.A total of 973 clinical treatment plans were collected from 12 institutions. Commercial software employing the Clarkson algorithm was used for verification after a measurement validation study, and the doses from the treatment planning systems (TPSs) and verification programs were compared on the basis of the mean value ± two standard deviations. The impact of heterogeneous conditions was assessed in two types of sites: non-lung and lung.The dose difference for all locations was 0.5 ± 7.2%. There was a statistically significant difference (P 0.01) in dose difference between non-lung (-0.3 ± 4.4%) and lung sites (3.5 ± 6.7%). Inter-institutional comparisons showed that various systematic differences were associated with the proportion of different treatment sites and heterogeneity correction.This multi-institutional comparison should help to determine the departmental action levels for CyberKnife, Vero4DRT, and TomoTherapy, as patient populations and treatment sites may vary between the modalities. An action level of ±5% could be considered for intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), non-IMRT, and volumetric modulated arc radiotherapy using these modalities in homogenous and heterogeneous conditions with a large treatment field applied to a large region of homogeneous media. There were larger systematic differences in heterogeneous conditions with a small treatment field because of differences in heterogeneity correction with the different dose calculation algorithms of the primary TPS and verification program.

To evaluate the usefulness of a novel contrast-injection protocol for high-resolution abdominal computed tomography angiography (CTA) using nitroglycerin (NTG). Abdominal CTA was performed in 80 patients using two 64-detector-row CT scanners. Forty patients were examined after administration of sublingual NTG (NTG group), while 40 were examined without NTG administration (non-NTG group). Arterial phase images were acquired with maximum intensity projection and volume rendering. Reduction rates: vessel cross-sectional areas ratio of 10 cm distal to origin at the superior mesenteric artery, contrast enhancements, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were assessed. Three reviewers evaluated degree of depiction of the peripancreatic vasculature using a four-point scale (1 = poor, 4 = excellent). Reduction rates were significantly lower in the NTG group (P

Highlights • 75% of pancreas transplantation is SPKT. • The optimal surgical management for graft perforation is still unknown. • Delayed graft duodenal perforation is very rare. • The omega loop may contribute to increased pressure by luminal congestion. • When delayed duodenal graft perforation occurs, graft excision may not be necessary., Introduction Pancreas transplantation is the best treatment option in selected patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Here we report a patient with a nonmarginal duodenal perforation five years after a simultaneous pancreas-living donor kidney transplantation (SPLKT). Presentation of case A 31-year old male who underwent SPLKT five years previously presented with severe abdominal pain. He had a marginal duodenal perforation four years later, treated by primary closure and drainage. Biopsy of the pancreas and duodenum graft at that time showed chronic rejection in the pancreas and acute inflammation with an ulcer in the duodenum. At presentation, computerized tomography scan showed mesenteric pneumatosis with enteric leak and ileal dilatation proximal to the anastomotic site. We performed emergent laparotomy and found a 1.0 cm perforation at the nonmarginal, posterior wall of the duodenum. Undigested fiber-rich food was extracted from the site and an omental patch placed over the perforation. An ileostomy was created proximal to the omega loop for decompression and a drain placed nearby. The postoperative course was unremarkable. Discussion There are only eight previous cases of graft duodenal perforation in the literature. Fiber-rich food residue passing through the anastomosis with impaction may have led to this perforation. Conclusion When a patient is stable, even in the presence of delayed duodenal graft perforation, graft excision may not be necessary. Intraoperative exploration should include Doppler ultrasound examination of the vasculature to rule out thrombosis as a contributor to ischemia. Tissue biopsy should be performed to diagnose rejection.

A graph G admits an H -covering if every edge in E ( G ) belongs to a subgraph of G isomorphic to H . Suppose G admits an H -covering. A bijection f from V ( G ) ∪ E ( G ) to { 1 , 2 , … , | V ( G ) | + | E ( G ) | } is called an H -magic labeling of G if ∑ v ∈ V ( H ′ ) f ( v ) + ∑ e ∈ E ( H ′ ) f ( e ) is constant for every subgraph H ′ of G isomorphic to H . An H -magic labeling f of G is called an H -supermagic labeling of G if f ( V ( G ) ) = { 1 , 2 , … , | V ( G ) | } . In this paper, we investigate C 4 -supermagic labelings of the Cartesian product of paths and graphs.

Oncolytic viruses engineered to replicate in tumour cells but not in normal cells could be used as tumour-specific vectors carrying the therapeutic genes. We previously developed a telomerase-specific oncolytic adenovirus, OBP-301, that causes cell death in human cancer cells with telomerase activities. Here, we further modified OBP-301 to express the wild-type p53 tumour suppressor gene (OBP-702), and investigated whether OBP-702 induces stronger antitumour activity than OBP-301. The antitumour effect of OBP-702 was compared to that of OBP-301 on OBP-301-sensitive (H358 and H460) and OBP-301-resistant (T.Tn and HSC4) human cancer cells. OBP-702 suppressed the viability of both OBP-301-sensitive and OBP-301-resistant cancer cells more efficiently than OBP-301. OBP-702 caused increased apoptosis compared to OBP-301 or a replication-deficient adenovirus expressing the p53 gene (Ad-p53) in H358 and T.Tn cells. Adenovirus E1A-mediated p21 and MDM2 downregulation was involved in the apoptosis caused by OBP-702. Moreover, OBP-702 significantly suppressed tumour growth in subcutaneous tumour xenograft models compared to monotherapy with OBP-301 or Ad-p53. Our data demonstrated that OBP-702 infection expressed adenovirus E1A and then inhibited p21 and MDM2 expression, which in turn efficiently induced apoptotic cell death. This novel apoptotic mechanism suggests that the p53-expressing OBP-702 is a promising antitumour reagent for human cancer and could improve the clinical outcome.

This study showed that hydrogenated palm oil was an effective conditioning agent for repair of damaged hair because it inhibits water-induced swelling of damaged hair. To understand the functional mechanism of hydrogenated palm oil, we conducted TOF-SIMS analysis of the penetration of this oil into damaged hair. TOF-SIMS analysis revealed that tripalmitin, a constituent of hydrogenated palm oil, penetrated into the cuticle and the outer cortex of damaged hair. This is considered as the mechanism responsible for inhibition of hair swelling by hydrogenated palm oil.

The bandwidth B(G) of a graph G is the minimum of the quantity max{|f(u)-f(v)|:uv∈E(G)} taken over all injective integer numberings f of G. The corona of two graphs G and H, written as G∘H, is the graph obtained by taking one copy of G and |V(G)| copies of H, and then joining the ith vertex of G to every vertex in the ith copy of H. In this paper, we investigate the bandwidth of the corona of two graphs. For a graph G, we denote the connectivity of G by κ(G). Let G be a graph on n vertices with B(G)=κ(G)=k⩾2 and let H be a graph of order m. Let c,p and q be three integers satisfying 1⩽c⩽k-1 and n-1=pk+q(1⩽q⩽k). We define hi=(2k-1)m+(k-i)(⌊(2k-1)m/i⌋+1)+1 for i=1,2,…,k and b=max{⌈(n(m+1)-qm-1)/(p+2)⌉,⌈(n(m+1)+k-q-1)/(p+3)⌉}. Then, among other results, we prove that B(G∘H)=k(m+1)ifn⩾k(2k-1)m+k+1(=h1+1)andm⩾k-1,k(m+1)-cifhc+1+1⩽n⩽hcandm⩾k-1,bifn⩽(2k-1)m+1(=hk)andm⩾2,kifn⩽2kandm=1.

Cancer gene therapy and oncolytic virotherapy have been studied extensively. However, their clinical application is hampered by their weak anticancer activity. We previously constructed a replicating adenovirus (OBP-301, Telomelysin), in which the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) promoter drives expression of the adenoviral E1 genes, and causes selective lysis of human cancer cells. We hypothesized that combination adenoviral therapy containing OBP-301 and a nonreplicating adenovirus expressing the proapoptotic Bax gene could overcome the weakness and augment the anticancer efficacy of each modality. Combination treatment resulted in marked Bax protein expression and enhanced efficacy in in vitro cell viability assay, when compared with either single treatment. However, combination treatment was not as effective in suppressing both subcutaneous and pleural disseminated tumors compared with OBP-301 treatment alone. Further investigation revealed that combination treatment resulted in suppressed E1A protein expression associated with reduced viral replication. Our results suggest that Bax gene therapy in combination with oncolytic adenovirotherapy potentially augments their antitumor activity, but further improvements may be required to maximize the combinatorial effect in vivo, for the Bax gene expression to avoid interference with production of the oncolytic virus. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

The bandwidth B(G) of a graph G is the minimum of the quantity max{|f(x)-f(y)|:[email protected]?E(G)} taken over all proper numberings f of G. The strong product of two graphs G and H, written as G(S"P)H, is the graph with vertex set V(G)xV(H) and with (u"1,v"1) adjacent to (u"2,v"2) if one of the following holds: (a) u"1 and v"1 are adjacent to u"2 and v"2 in G and H, respectively, (b) u"1 is adjacent to u"2 in G and v"1=v"2, or (c) u"1=u"2 and v"1 is adjacent to v"2 in H. In this paper, we investigate the bandwidth of the strong product of two connected graphs. Let G be a connected graph. We denote the diameter of G by D(G). Let d be a positive integer and let x,y be two vertices of G. Let N"G^(^d^)(x) denote the set of vertices v so that the distance between x and v in G is at most d. We define @d"d(G) as the minimum value of |N"G^(^d^)(x)| over all vertices x of G. Let N"G^(^d^)(x,y) denote the set of vertices z such that the distance between x and z in G is at most d-1 and z is adjacent to y. We denote the larger of |N"G^(^d^)(x,y)| and |N"G^(^d^)(y,x)| by @h"G^(^d^)(x,y). We define @h(G)=1 if G is complete and @h(G) as the minimum of @h"G^(^D^(^G^)^)(x,y) over all pair of vertices x,y of G otherwise. Let G and H be two connected graphs. Among other results, we prove that if @d"D"("H")(G)>=B(G)D(H)+1 and B(H)[email protected]?(|V(H)|[email protected](H)-2)/D(H)@?, then B(G(S"P)H)=B(G)|V(H)|+B(H). Moreover, we show that this result determines the bandwidth of the strong product of some classes of graphs. Furthermore, we study the bandwidth of the strong product of power of paths with complete bipartite graphs.

Let k be a positive integer and let G be a graph. For two distinct vertices \( x, y \in V (G) \), the k-edge-wide-distance de \( d _k ^e (x, y) \) between x and y is the minimum integer l such that there exist k edge-disjoint (x, y)-paths whose lengths are at most l. We define de \( d _k ^e (x, x) \). The k-edge-wide-diameter \( d _k ^e (G) \) of G is the maximum value of the k-edge-wide-distance between two vertices of G. We prove that for a fixed positive integer k, the k-edge-wide-diameter of a k-edge-connected graph with diameter d is bounded by a polynomial of d with degree k.

Malignant mesothelioma is an extraordinarily challenging disease to treat; however, locoregional virotherapy may be applicable for this aggressive disease because of the accessibility by intrapleural and/or intratumoral virus delivery. We previously reported that an attenuated adenovirus OBP-301 (Telomelysin), in which the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) promoter element drives expression of E1A and E1B genes linked with an internal ribosome entry site, could replicate in and causes selective lysis of human cancer cells. In the present study, we examined the antitumor effect of Telomelysin on human malignant mesothelioma cell lines in vitro and in vivo. The XTT assay demonstrated that Telomelysin could efficiently kill four human mesothelioma cell lines H2052, H2452, H28, and 211H, all of which expressed the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR), in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo antitumor effect was also evaluated in an orthotopic pleural dissemination model. Intrathoracic administration of 2 |[times]| 108 plaque forming units (PFU) of Telomelysin markedly reduced the size (1 |[plusmn]| 1.8 mg vs. 190 |[plusmn]| 75 mg, p < 0.01) of H2452 tumors intrathoracically implanted into BALB/c- nu/nu mice compared to mock-treated mice. These results suggest that locoregional administration of Telomelysin into the thoracic cavity may be efficacious in the prevention and treatment of pleural dissemination of human malignant mesothelioma.

Currently available methods for detection of tumors in vivo such as X-ray, computed tomography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging are noninvasive and are well studied; the images, however, are not specific for tumors. Direct optical imaging of tumor cells in vivo that can clearly distinguish them from surrounding normal tissues may be clinically useful. Here we describe a new approach to visualizing tumors whose fluorescence can be detected using telomerase-specific replication-competent adenovirus expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) (OBP-401, Telomelysin- GFP) and a charged-coupled device (CCD) imaging system. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is the catalytic subunit of telomerase, which is highly active in cancer cells but quiescent in most normal somatic cells. OBP-401 contains the replication cassette, in which the hTERT promoter element drives expression of E1A and E1B genes linked with an IRES, and the GFP gene driven by the cytomegalovirus promoter for monitoring viral replication. Quantitative real time PCR analysis targeting the viral E1A sequence in vitro showed that OBP-401 replicated 5|[ndash]|6 logs by 3 days after infection in human cancer cell lines and coordinately induced GFP expression under fluorescence microscopy; OBP-401 replication, however, was attenuated up to 2 logs in normal human lung fibroblasts without GFP expression. We also found that established subcutaneous tumors could be visualized after intratumoral injection of OBP-401. Three weeks after treatment, tumors expressed strong green signals under a three-chip color cooled charged-coupled device camera. Tumor sections diffusely expressed GFP, suggesting in vivo viral replication and spread throughout the tumors. Finally, we examined whether OBP-401 might be useful for detection of lymph node metastasis in an orthotopic rectal cancer model. OBP-401 was intratumorally injected into HT29 tumors orthotopically implanted into the rectum in BALB/c nu/nu mice. Five days after injection, para-aortic lymph node metastasis could be visualized at laparotomy. Histological examination confirmed that GFP-positive lymph nodes contained microscopic metastasis. Our results indicate that intratumoral injection of OBP-401 causes viral spread into the regional lymphatic area and selectively replicates in neoplastic lesions, resulting in tumor-specific GFP expression. These observations suggest that intratumoral injection of OBP-401 might be a useful diagnostic method that provides a foundation for future clinical application.

Objectives: Although Gelatin-Resorcin-Formalin (GRF) glue is widely used in surgery for acute aortic dissection, late complications possibly due to the glue, such as late aortic root redissection, have also been reported. We have experienced similar complications, some of which required redo surgeries, and these cases are reviewed.Methods: Twenty-six consecutive patients who underwent surgery for acute type A aortic dissection using GRF glue, from December 1996 to February 2001, were retrospectively studied, with a special focus on any late complications and any reoperation.Results: Of the 21 patients who survived and were followed as outpatients, false aneurysms were found in 5 patients (21%) at 24–42 (mean 34) months following the initial surgery. Of these, 2 patients required resternotomy because of the increasing aneurysm diameter. In both cases, the aortic root was redissected at the site of the GRF glue use where the anastomosis between the aortic root and the prosthesis had widely opened and had become the aneurysm entry point. Significant aortic regurgitation was noticed in 3 patients (14%, 1 of whom showed a false aneurysm), and 2 of these underwent reoperation for aortic root redissection.Conclusions: A high incidence of aortic root redissection with false aneurysm and/or aortic insufficiency was found following the surgery for acute aortic dissection using GRF glue. These patients should be carefully followed for years after surgery.

Cancer gene therapy and oncolytic virotherapy have been studied extensively. However, the clinical application is hampered by its weak anticancer activity. We constructed a replicating adenovirus (OBP-301, Telomelysin), in which the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) promoter drives expression of the adenoviral E1 genes, could replicate in and causes selective lysis of human cancer cells. We hypothesized that combination adenoviral therapy containing OBP-301 and a non-replicating E1-deleted adenovirus expressing the proapoptotic Bax gene (Ad/Bax) could overcome the weakness and augment anticancer efficacy of each modality.

Gene therapy was investigated as a promising treatment for cancer. However, low transduction efficiency limits the efficacy of gene therapy in clinics. We previously demonstrated that telomerase- specific replication-competent adenovirus (Telomelysin, OBP-301), in which the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) promotor element drives expression of E1A and E1B genes linked with an IRES, induced selective E1 expression and efficient antitumor effect in human cancer cells, but not normal human fibroblasts. In this study, we evaluated the anticancer effect of the combination therapy of E1-deleted replication-deficient adenovirus expressing the wild-type p53 tumor suppressor gene (ADVEXIN, Ad-p53) and OBP-301 in human H1299 non-small cell lung cancer cells and SW620 colon cancer cells by using cell proliferation assay, immunoblotting, and cell-cycle analysis. We found that E1-deficient Ad-p53 could replicate in human cancer cells in the presence of OBP-301 and kill infected cells more efficiently than Ad-p53 alone or OBP-301 alone. Western Blotting Analysis demonstrated that OBP-301 plus Ad-p53 induced high levels of p53 protein expression, leading to cleavage of caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). In addition, flowcytometry showed that the sub-G1 population was dramatically increased with OBP-301 and Ad-p53 infection. The in vivo combination effect of intratumoral injection of Ad-p53 and OBP-301 in a human tumor xenograft model will be also reported. Our data demonstrate that OBP-301 in combination with Ad-p53 efficiently enhances antitumor activity, and provide the potential to affect the development of oncolytic virotherapy and gene therapy.

The bandwidth B ( G ) of a graph G is the minimum of the quantity max{| f ( x )− f ( y )|: xy ∈ E ( G )} taken over all injective integer numberings f of G . The cartesian product of two graphs G and H , written as G × H , is the graph with vertex set V ( G )× V ( H ) and with ( u 1 , v 1 ) adjacent to ( u 2 , v 2 ) if either u 1 is adjacent to u 2 in G and v 1 = v 2 or u 1 = u 2 and v 1 is adjacent to v 2 in H . In this paper we investigate the bandwidth of the cartesian product of two connected graphs. For a graph G , we denote the diameter of G and the connectivity of G by D ( G ) and κ ( G ), respectively. Let G and H be two connected graphs. Among other results, we show that if B ( H )= κ ( H ) and | V ( H )|⩾2 B ( H ) D ( G )−min{1, D ( G )−1}, then B ( G × H )= B ( H )| V ( G )|. Moreover, the order condition in this result is sharp.

Highlights • Secondary aortoduodenal fistula is one of life-threatening complication after surgical treatment for abdominal arterial aneurysm. • The most important factor for acute management is controlling the bleeding from the fistula. • Intra-aortic balloon occlusion may be one option for management of secondary aortoduodenal fistula., Introduction Secondary aortoduodenal fistula (SADF) is a rare but life-threatening complication after aortic reconstruction. Although a number of reports describing treatments for SADF have been published, the optimal management is unclear. A review of the literature suggested methods of reconstruction, control of bleeding, and reduction of infection in the management of SADF. The most important factor for acute intervention is controlling the bleeding from the fistula. We report one case treated using intra-aortic balloon occlusion (IABO) for SADF. Presentation of a case We describe a case of secondary aortoduodenal fistula that occurred seven years following aortobifemoral reconstruction for abdominal aortic aneurysm. Discussion Early control of bleeding is essential for survival of the patient. Emergency laparotomy or endovascular stenting frequently have been chosen as interventions, although each approach has significant limitations. Emergency laparotomy for patients with hemodynamic instability may create excessive physiologic stress, and endovascular stenting may not be available at every surgical facility. The use of IABO for cases of intraperitoneal bleeding due to trauma has been previously described. IABO is relatively easy to implement, and enabled us to control the bleeding from the aorta more rapidly than other strategies. Conclusion Based on a review of the literature and our own experience, IABO should be considered as one option for the management of SADF.

The bandwidth B ( G ) of a graph G is the minimum of the quantity max {|f(x)−f(y)| : xy∈E(G)} taken over all proper numberings f of G . The composition of two graphs G and H , written as G [ H ], is the graph with vertex set V ( G )× V ( H ) and with ( u 1 , v 1 ) is adjacent to ( u 2 , v 2 ) if either u 1 is adjacent to u 2 in G or u 1 = u 2 and v 1 is adjacent to v 2 in H . In this paper, we investigate the bandwidth of the composition of two graphs. Let G be a connected graph. We denote the diameter of G by D ( G ). For two distinct vertices x , y ∈ V ( G ), we define w G ( x , y ) as the maximum number of internally vertex-disjoint ( x , y )-paths whose lengths are the distance between x and y . We define w ( G ) as the minimum of w G ( x , y ) over all pairs of vertices x , y of G with the distance between x and y is equal to D ( G ). Let G be a non-complete connected graph and let H be any graph. Among other results, we prove that if | V ( G )|= B ( G ) D ( G )− w ( G )+2, then B ( G [ H ])=( B ( G )+1)| V ( H )|−1. Moreover, we show that this result determines the bandwidth of the composition of some classes of graphs composed with any graph.