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Background: Combining Trastuzumab with chemotherapy for HER2-positive gastric cancer shows treatment promise but may raise costs. We aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of combining Trastuzumab with chemotherapy for HER2-positive gastric cancer treatment in Iran. Methods: We employed a partitioned survival model (PSM) to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of trastuzumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone. The PSM framework included three distinct health states: progression-free, post-progression, and death. Clinical data, including overall survival and progression-free survival rates, were derived from the ToGA trial, a randomized controlled study. A bottom-up approach was used to calculate costs by considering drug costs, adverse event management costs and other disease management costs separately for the progression-free and post-progression states. The analysis was conducted from the Iranian healthcare system's perspective, considering direct medical costs. We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis to determine the optimal strategy by comparing the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) to Iran's cost-effectiveness threshold, set at one to three times the GDP per capita. Additionally, we conducted sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of our findings. Results: Both FOLFOX-based regimens were strongly dominated. In comparison, the CAPOX regimen cost $2,811.11 for 0.75 QALYs. Adding Trastuzumab to CAPOX increased the cost to $6,128 and improved effectiveness to 0.92 QALYs, resulting in an ICER of $19,089.94 per QALY, which is between 2 and 3 times the GDP per capita in 2022. Conclusion: The addition of trastuzumab to chemotherapy regimens improved clinical outcomes in HER2-positive gastric cancer patients. From an economic perspective, the CAPOX regimen is the most cost-effective option when considering a cost-effectiveness threshold of up to two times Iran's GDP per capita. However, when the threshold increases to three times the GDP per capita, the CAPOX + Trastuzumab regimen becomes the preferred choice. These findings provide valuable insights for healthcare policymakers in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastric cancer (GC) is a malignancy with poor prognosis and high heterogeneity. For HER2-positive, PD-L1 negative metastatic GC patients, chemotherapy plus trastuzumab is the first-line therapy. However, such patients soon acquired resistance to treatment, especially to trastuzumab during the treatment. Improving the therapeutic resistance of HER2-positive, PD-L1 negative metastatic GC is still a dilemma. We present the case of a metastatic GC patient with HER2-positive and PD-L1-negative expression who suffered progression after a short remission with trastuzumab plus chemotherapy. The patient exhibited strong heterogeneity in the primary and metastatic lesions. His resistance to trastuzumab was overcome after the addition of a PD-1 inhibitor, after which he received a durable response for more than 8 months. In HER2-positive, PD-L1-negative metastatic GC, the addition of PD-1 inhibitors after first-line chemotherapy and trastuzumab treatment resistance may be an option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overall, gastric adenocarcinoma (GC) incidence rates have declined in recent years, but racial and ethnic disparities persist. Individuals who identify as Hispanic/Spanish/Latino are diagnosed with GC at younger ages and have poorer outcomes than non-Hispanic individuals. However, our understanding of GC biology across racial/ethnic groups remains limited. We assessed tumor genomic patterns by race/ethnicity among 1019 patients with primary GC in the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) Project GENIE Consortium. Hispanic individuals presented with significantly higher rates of ERBB2/HER2 amplification vs other racial/ethnic groups (Hispanic: 13.9% vs 9.8% non-Hispanic White, 8.1% non-Hispanic Asian, and 11.0% non-Hispanic Black; P  < .001, FDR adjusted q < 0.001). Hispanic patients also had higher odds of an ERBB2 amplification vs non-Hispanic Whites in adjusted models (OR = 2.52, 95%CI = 1.20 to 5.33, P  = .015). These findings underscore the important role of genomic factors in GC disparities. Ensuring equitable access to genomic profiling and targeted therapies, such as trastuzumab for HER2 -overexpressing GC, is a promising avenue to mitigate GC disparities and improve outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastric cancer remains a significant therapeutic challenge, highlighting the need for new strategies to improve treatment efficacy. This study investigates the potential of combined therapy with the novel Thiopyrano[2,3-d]Thiazole derivative LES-6400 and the anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab in AGS gastric cancer cells. The antitumor effects of the combined therapy were evaluated using various techniques, including the MTT assay for cell viability, [3H]-thymidine incorporation for DNA synthesis, and flow cytometry to assess apoptosis (Annexin V-FITC/PI staining), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and inflammatory cytokine levels. ELISA was employed to measure the levels of IL-6, p53, and cytochrome C. The combination of LES-6400 (1 µM) and trastuzumab (10 µg/mL) demonstrated superior antitumor activity compared to monotherapy with either agent in AGS gastric cancer cells. The combination therapy enhanced apoptosis, presumably by inducing oxidative stress in the cells and disrupting mitochondrial membrane potential. Additionally, a significant increase in p53 protein levels and modulation of interleukin levels, including a marked reduction in IL-6 levels, were observed, suggesting an impact on apoptotic and inflammatory responses. These findings indicate that the combined use of LES-6400 and trastuzumab is a promising therapeutic strategy for gastric cancer, warranting further investigation into the mechanisms of action and potential clinical applications of this combined approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecologic cancer. Although human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) overexpression, a poor prognostic molecular marker in ovarian cancer, is found in almost 30% of ovarian cancer cases, there are no established therapies for HER2-overexpressing ovarian cancer. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of combined samfenet, a biosimilar compound of trastuzumab, and natural killer (NK) cells in preclinical model of HER2-overexpressing ovarian cancer. Firstly, we screened the HER2 expression in three ovarian cancer cell lines and eight ovarian cancer patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) samples. Then, immunohistochemistry and silver in situ hybridization (SISH) were performed following clinical criteria. HER2-overexpressing cells exhibited the highest sensitivity to samfenet compared with low-HER2-expressing cells. In addition, the combination of samfenet with natural killer (NK) cells resulted in significantly enhanced sensitivity to HER2-overexpressing cells and showed a significant antitumor effect on PDTX mice compared with monotherapy. It is known that anti-HER2-humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibodies, including trastuzumab, induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Consequently, the combination of samfenet with NK cells demonstrated NK cell-mediated ADCC, as confirmed using an in vitro NK cytotoxicity assay and in vivo antitumor efficacy. A transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay using xenografted tumors further supported the ADCC effects based on the increase in the number of apoptotic cells in the combination group. Furthermore, high HER2 expression was associated with shorter progression-free survival and overall survival based on public mRNA expression data. In this study, we demonstrated that the combination of samfenet and NK cell therapy could be a promising treatment strategy for patients with HER2-overexpressing ovarian cancer, through ADCC effects. Therefore, this study supports a rationale for further clinical studies of the combination of samfenet and NK cells as a therapy for patients with HER2-overexpressing ovarian cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Fusion of Affibody molecules with an albumin-binding domain (ABD) provides targeting agents, which are suitable for radionuclide therapy. To facilitate clinical translation, the low immunogenic potential of such constructs with targeting properties conserved is required. Methods: The HER2-targeting Affibody molecule ZHER2:2891 was fused with a deimmunized ABD variant and DOTA was conjugated to a unique C-terminal cysteine. The novel construct, PEP49989, was labelled with 177Lu. Affinity, specificity, and in vivo targeting properties of [177Lu]Lu-PEP49989 were characterised. Experimental therapy in mice with human HER2-expressing xenografts was evaluated. Results: The maximum molar activity of 52 GBq/µmol [177Lu]Lu-PEP49989 was obtained. [177Lu]Lu-PEP49989 bound specifically to HER2-expressing cells in vitro and in vivo. The HER2 binding affinity of [177Lu]Lu-PEP49989 was similar to the affinity of [177Lu]Lu-ABY-027 containing the parental ABD035 variant. The renal uptake of [177Lu]Lu-PEP49989 was 1.4-fold higher, but hepatic and splenic uptake was 1.7-2-fold lower than the uptake of [177Lu]Lu-ABY-027. The median survival of xenograft-bearing mice treated with 21 MBq [177Lu]Lu-PEP49989 (> 90 days) was significantly longer than the survival of mice treated with vehicle (38 days) or trastuzumab (45 days). Treatment using a combination of [177Lu]Lu-PEP49989 and trastuzumab increased the number of complete tumour remissions. The renal and hepatic toxicity was minimal to mild. Conclusion: In preclinical studies, [177Lu]Lu-PEP49989 demonstrated favourable biodistribution and a strong antitumour effect, which was further enhanced by co-treatment with trastuzumab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: For several decades, a plant‐based expression system has been proposed as an alternative platform for the production of biopharmaceuticals including therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), but the immunogenicity concerns associated with plant‐specific N‐glycans attached in plant‐based biopharmaceuticals has not been completely solved. To eliminate all plant‐specific N‐glycan structure, eight genes involved in plant‐specific N‐glycosylation were mutated in rice (Oryza sativa) using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The glycoengineered cell lines, PhytoRice®, contained a predominant GnGn (G0) glycoform. The gene for codon‐optimized trastuzumab (TMab) was then introduced into PhytoRice® through Agrobacterium co‐cultivation. Selected cell lines were suspension cultured, and TMab secreted from cells was purified from the cultured media. The amino acid sequence of the TMab produced by PhytoRice® (P‐TMab) was identical to that of TMab. The inhibitory effect of P‐TMab on the proliferation of the BT‐474 cancer cell line was significantly enhanced at concentrations above 1 μg/mL (****P < 0.0001). P‐TMab bound to a FcγRIIIa variant, FcγRIIIa‐F158, more than 2.7 times more effectively than TMab. The ADCC efficacy of P‐TMab against Jurkat cells was 2.6 times higher than that of TMab in an in vitro ADCC assay. Furthermore, P‐TMab demonstrated efficient tumour uptake with less liver uptake compared to TMab in a xenograft assay using the BT‐474 mouse model. These results suggest that the glycoengineered PhytoRice® could be an alternative platform for mAb production compared to current CHO cells, and P‐TMab has a novel and enhanced efficacy compared to TMab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trastuzumab is a potent targeted therapy drug for HER2-positive cancer patients. A comprehensive understanding of trastuzumab's mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, and steady-state exposure in different treatment regimens and administration routes is essential for a thorough evaluation of the drug's safety and effectiveness. Due to the distinctive pharmacokinetics, indications, and administration methods of trastuzumab, this understanding becomes crucial. Drug exposure can be assessed by measuring trastuzumab's peak concentration, trough concentration, or area under the curve through assays like enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The dose-response (D-R) and exposure-response (E-R) relationships establish the correlation between drug dosage/exposure and the therapeutic effect and safety. Additionally, various covariates such as body weight, aspartate transaminase, and albumin levels can influence drug exposure. This review provides a comprehensive overview of trastuzumab's mechanism of action, data on steady-state concentration and PK parameters under multiple administration routes and indications, discussions on factors influencing PK parameters, and evaluations of the effectiveness and safety of E-R and D-R in diverse HER2-positive cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Trastuzumab has improved breast cancer (BC) prognosis and reduced anthracycline use. However, the characteristic changes of anthracycline-related cardiomyopathy (ARCM) in patients with BC remain unclear. We aimed to update our understanding of ARCM in the trastuzumab era. METHODS: This retrospective observational cohort study included 2959 patients with BC treated with anthracyclines at three regional cancer centers in Niigata City between 1990 and 2020. Seventy-five patients (2.5%) developed ARCM and were categorized into two groups: pre- 2007 (early phase) and post-2007 (late phase), corresponding to before and during the trastuzumab era in Japan. Results: ARCM incidence peaked at 6% in the 1990s, then decreased and stabilized at 2% until the 2010s. Survivors of anthracycline-treated BC increased more rapidly in the late phase, with four times as many patients with ARCM compared to the end of the early phase (26 and six, respectively). Although the rate of change in accumulation from the early phase to the late phase was slight in the anthracycline-treated BC group, it was more pronounced in the ARCM group (P < 0.001). Mean anthracycline use in the late phase was significantly lower than in the early phase (307 vs. 525 mg/m2, P < 0.001). Five-year survival rates in the late phase tended to be higher than early phase (45% and 28%, respectively. P = 0.058). Human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) positivity with trastuzumab therapy in the late phase was an independent predictor for mortality within 10 years (hazard ratio = 0.24, 95% confidence interval: 0.10–0.56; P = 0.001). Conclusions: HER2-positive patients with ARCM receiving trastuzumab therapy had a better prognosis than HER2-positive and HER2-negative patients with ARCM not receiving trastuzumab therapy, and this trend has been increasing in the trastuzumab era. These findings highlight the importance of HER2-targeted treatments in improving prognosis for BC patients with ARCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Rare coexistence of disease or pathology Background: Trastuzumab (Herceptin) is a recombinant DNA-derived humanized monoclonal antibody that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved in 1998 for metastatic human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)- positive breast cancer therapy. It selectively binds to the extracellular domain of HER2 and mediates an antibody-dependent cellular toxicity in various tissues. Trastuzumab use alone does not typically cause aggressive ocular complications. However, herein is a case report of a patient presenting with corneal ulceration in both eyes and perforation in the left eye after 2 months of trastuzumab therapy. Case Report: A 59-year-old woman with a history of metastatic breast cancer receiving chemotherapy was consulted for ophthalmic evaluation. She denied any history of ocular conditions and complained of eyelid crusting and sandy sensation in both eyes for 2 weeks. She had been using antibiotic eyedrops for presumed eye infection before her vision deteriorated 3-4 days prior to presentation. A thorough workup for autoimmune and infectious diseases was unyielding. Ophthalmologic examination revealed multiple epithelial defects with ulceration in the right eye and a corneal ulcer with perforation in the left eye. Corneal cultures were negative. Orbital imaging revealed metastases with optic nerve compression. In conjunction with the oncology team, further trastuzumab treatment was deferred. Therapeutic keratoplasty along with ocular surface therapy eventually stabilized both eyes. Conclusions: Ocular adverse effects such as corneal epithelial changes and melts have been reported with trastuzumab. We recommend ophthalmology consultation for any ocular symptoms in patients on trastuzumab treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Resistance to Trastuzumab is a significant challenge in the management of HER2-positive Metastatic Breast cancer (HER2-MBC), and a better understanding of the molecular causes of resistance is required to develop more effective treatment plans. While elevated plasma levels of miR-200 and FOXP3 have been linked to breast cancer progression and treatment response, no clinical studies have confirmed these results. Methods: The study involved 40 patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (HER2-MBC). The expression levels of miR-200c-3p and the FOXP3 gene were assessed in plasma samples at two time points: baseline (BL) and after the consent completion of one cycle of Trastuzumab, utilizing quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Clinical response to Trastuzumab was evaluated 12 months post-therapy and correlated with the time to progression (TTP) through Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results: Low plasma expression level of miR-200c-3p was detected before therapy in HER2-MBC, compared to healthy controls, and decreased dramatically in the follow-up sample at disease progression, while increased after one cycle of Trastuzumab therapy in patients who were sensitive to Trastuzumab. At baseline, a low expression level of miR-200c was significantly associated with overexpression of FOXP3, poor prognosis, and shorter time to progression. Conclusions: The findings suggest that miR-200c-3p may be a promising biomarker for predicting the response to Trastuzumab in HER2-MBC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Almost one in five patients with breast cancer have an aggressive subtype that expresses Human Epidermal Growth Factor-2 (HER2) receptor. The introduction of anti-HER2 therapy, like trastuzumab and pertuzumab, has dramatically improved treatment outcomes. However, such therapy is lengthy, costly, and can result in substantial cardiac toxicities. In this review, we discuss ways to de-escalate anti-HER2 therapy by shortening the treatment course to less than the 12-month standard, or minimizing companion chemotherapy. New molecular tools are emerging that should help physicians select which patients with HER2-positive breast cancer benefit most from aggressive and lengthy treatment regimens utilizing single or dual anti-HER2 therapy alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Almost one-fifth of breast cancer cases express Human Epidermal Growth Factor-2 (HER2), and such expression is associated with highly proliferative tumors and poor prognosis. The introduction of anti-HER2 therapies has dramatically changed the natural course of this aggressive subtype of breast cancer. However, anti-HER2 therapy can be associated with substantial toxicities, mostly cardiac, and high cost. Over the past few years, there has been growing interest in de-escalation of anti-HER2 therapies to minimize adverse events and healthcare costs, while maintaining the efficacy of treatment. Data from clinical observations and single-arm studies have eluted to the minimal impact of anti-HER2 therapy in low-risk patients, like those with node-negative and small tumors. Though single-arm, the APT trial, in which patients with node-negative, small tumors received single-agent paclitaxel for 12 cycles plus trastuzumab for 1 year, was a practice-changing study. Several other recently published studies, like the PERSEPHONE trial, have shown more convincing data that 6 months of trastuzumab is not inferior to 12 months, in terms of disease-free survival (DFS), suggesting that de-escalating strategies with shorter treatment may be appropriate for some low-risk patients. Other de-escalating strategies involved an adaptive, response-directed approach, and personalized therapy that depends on tumor genomic profiling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractTrastuzumab is primarily utilized in the treatment of patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positive breast cancer. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of cardiac toxicity associated with trastuzumab in HER2-positive breast cancer patients at Iran Hospital in 2023, as well as the factors influencing this toxicity. In this cross-sectional study, 200 patients diagnosed with HER2-positive breast cancer and receiving trastuzumab were included. The criteria for heart failure in this study were defined as an ejection fraction (EF) of less than 50% or a decrease of greater than 10% in EF. Descriptive statistics, the chi-square statistical test, Fisher’s exact test, and logistic regression analyses were employed to assess the variables. A p-value of less than 0.05 was deemed statistically significant. The mean age of the participants was 51.5 ± 2.5 years. The odds ratio (OR) for the variable of anthracyclines was 1.3 (95% CI: 1.2–1.4); for opium use, the OR was 2.7 (95% CI: 0.9–8.5); for diabetes, the OR was 2.7 (95% CI: 1.2–5.9); for ischemic heart disease, the OR was 3.5 (95% CI: 1.6–7.7); and for hypertension, the OR was 4.8 (95% CI: 2.1–10.7). The OR for obesity was 1.45 (95% CI: 1.01–2.18), and the OR for age was 1.10 (95% CI: 1.01–1.12). No statistically significant association was found between opium use and cardiotoxicity (p = 0.07). This research contributes to the identification of factors that may predict responses to anthracyclines and the potential for cardiotoxicities. Ultimately, this information could inform the development of more personalized treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immuno-positron emission tomography (immunoPET) enables imaging of specific targets that play a role in targeted therapy and immunotherapy, such as antigens on cell membranes, targets in the disease microenvironment, or immune cells. The most common immunoPET applications use a monoclonal antibody labeled with a relatively long-lived positron emitter such as 89Zr (T1/2 = 78.4 h), but smaller antibody-based constructs labeled with various other positron emitting radionuclides are also being investigated. This molecular imaging technique can thus guide the development of new drugs and may have a pivotal role in selecting patients for a particular therapy. In early phase immunoPET trials, multiple imaging time points are used to examine the time-dependent biodistribution and to determine the optimal imaging time point, which may be several days after tracer injection due to the slow kinetics of larger molecules. Once this has been established, usually only one static scan is performed and semi-quantitative values are reported. However, total PET uptake of a tracer is the sum of specific and nonspecific uptake. In addition, uptake may be affected by other factors such as perfusion, pre-/co-administration of the unlabeled molecule, and the treatment schedule. This article reviews imaging methodologies used in immunoPET studies and is divided into two parts. The first part summarizes the vast majority of clinical immunoPET studies applying semi-quantitative methodologies. The second part focuses on a handful of studies applying pharmacokinetic models and includes preclinical and simulation studies. Finally, the potential and challenges of immunoPET quantification methodologies are discussed within the context of the recent technological advancements provided by long axial field of view PET/CT scanners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To describe patient and treatment characteristics associated with bevacizumab BS-Pfizer, rituximab BS-Pfizer and trastuzumab BS-Pfizer and their reference products in Japan. Methods: This retrospective observational study used an administrative claims database to identify patients with ≥1 biosimilar or reference product prescription from 2019 to 2022 for approved indications. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Results: Overall, 14–39% of biosimilar-prescribed patients initiated therapy with reference products. Biosimilar utilization significantly increased from 2019 to 2022. The most-commonly prescribed concomitant class of therapy with biosimilars was antineoplastic therapy. Conclusion: Reference products were most frequently prescribed among the Japanese cohorts, but substantial and increasing proportions received biosimilars over time. Future studies should extend our initial insights to assess biosimilar clinical outcomes in Japanese settings. Plain Language Summary This study examines the adoption of cancer biosimilar therapies in Japan from 2019 to 2022. Cancer biosimilars are complex treatments that closely resemble established cancer therapies already available in Japan. We looked into the characteristics of patients receiving three specific biosimilars – bevacizumab BS-Pfizer, rituximab BS-Pfizer and trastuzumab BS-Pfizer. We also investigated where patients received biosimilar treatment, other therapies they received alongside biosimilars and the proportion of patients using these therapies each year during the study. Our analysis utilized data from the 'Medical Data Vision' database, which records care provided in hospitals across Japan. We analyzed patient demographics and treatment patterns, and compared different groups using statistics to identify significant differences. Notably, we observed that between 14 and 39% of patients initially started treatment with the original version of the drug on the market, known as the 'reference product,' before switching to the biosimilar. Furthermore, our findings revealed a significant increase in the use of biosimilars each year during the study period. Biosimilars were most-commonly used alongside chemotherapy drugs. These initial findings shed light on the patient population using cancer biosimilars in Japan and the treatment contexts in which they are utilized. Future research should delve deeper into aspects such as cost of care, patient survival, side effects and other pertinent factors related to the use of biosimilars in cancer care in Japan. Article highlights The use of oncology biosimilars in clinical practice in Japan is limited, at least partly, by the lack of evidence demonstrating real-world outcomes in Japanese patients. This retrospective observational study provides descriptive insights into the real-world use of bevacizumab, rituximab and trastuzumab biosimilars in Japan for colorectal cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer, B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and HER2-positive breast and gastric cancers, respectively. We observed significant increases in biosimilar utilization over time from 2019 to 2022. Across indications, from 14 to 39% of biosimilar-prescribed patients switched to the biosimilar after initiating therapy with the corresponding refence product. The most commonly prescribed concomitant class of therapy with biosimilars was antineoplastic therapy across each setting. This study has several limitations that should be noted, including that the Medical Data Vision hospital-based claims database has missing data for some variables, lacks detailed diagnosis and prognosis data (histology, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, disease severity, etc.) and does not record deaths that occur outside the hospital. Initial real-world insights in Japan demonstrate comparable patient characteristics, treatment patterns and treatment duration between bevacizumab, rituximab and trastuzumab biosimilar and originator-treated patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Survival for patients with biliary tract cancer (BTC) is poor, especially in the advanced stage, where curative treatments are not available. While chemotherapy and immunotherapy are used in standard practice, antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as a novel therapy option. ADCs potentially enhance cancer cell death and reduce side effects. The anti-HER2 ADC Trastuzumab Deruxtecan (T-Dxd) has shown survival benefit for patients whose tumours are HER2-positive, including a subgroup of BTCs. In April 2024, the regulatory authority FDA approved T-Dxd for adults with unresectable or metastatic HER2-positive solid tumours, including BTCs, lacking other treatment options. Ongoing trials are exploring other potentially actionable BTC molecular alterations. This review will discuss the current evidence and ongoing research in this subject area. Background: Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are aggressive in nature, often presenting asymptomatically until they are diagnosed at an advanced stage. Surgical resection or liver transplantation are potential curative options. However, a large proportion of patients present with incurable locally advanced or metastatic disease and most of these patients are only eligible for palliative chemotherapy or best supportive care. More recently, targeted therapies have proven beneficial in a molecularly selected subgroup of patients with cholangiocarcinoma who have progressed on previous lines of systemic treatment. However, only a minority of patients with BTCs whose tumours harbour specific molecular alterations can access these therapies. Methods: In relation to ADCs, studies regarding use of antibody–drug conjugates in cancer, particularly in BTCs, were searched in Embase (1974 to 2024) and Ovid MEDLINE(R) (1946 to 2024) to obtain relevant articles. Examples of current clinical trials utilising ADC treatment in BTCs were extracted from the ClinicalTrials.gov trial registry. Conclusions: Overall, this review has highlighted that ADCs have shown encouraging outcomes in cancer therapy, and this should lead to further research including in BTCs, where treatment options are often limited. The promising results observed with ADCs in various cancers underscore their potential as a transformative approach in oncology, warranting continued exploration and development and the need for education on the management of their specific toxicities. By addressing current challenges and optimising ADC design and application, future studies could potentially improve treatment outcomes for patients with BTCs and beyond, potentially in both early and advanced stage settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Gastric cancer has become the third leading cause of cancer deaths globally. It accounts for 5.7% of cancer around the world, with a rate of mortality around 8.2%. Evaluation of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)/neu overexpression for targeted therapies is presently the mainstay of treatment in gastric cancer. High Ki-67 index expression in gastric cancer is an indicator of poor prognosis. Objectives To study the prevalence of HER2/neu expression and Ki-67 index in various types, sites, grade, and stage of gastric adenocarcinoma and to determine the correlation between HER2/neu expression and Ki-67 index. Materials and Methods This is a prospective study in a tertiary care hospital, Kolkata from January 2019 to June 2020. Gastrectomy and endoscopic biopsy of gastric adenocarcinoma were studied for histopathology and immunohistochemistry (HER2/neu and Ki-67 index). Statistical analysis used: SPSS (version 21.0, IBM, Chicago, Illinois, United States) for windows software. Results Among 54 cases, most of them were intestinal type, antral, moderately differentiated, stage III cases. HER2 expression and high Ki-67 index were observed in 28.0 and 40.75% cases, respectively. Statistically significant correlation was found in both HER2 expression and high Ki-67 index with location of the tumor and pathological nodal (pN) stage. A positive correlation was found between HER2/neu score and Ki-67 index (p=0.007) (correlation coefficient=0.4). Conclusion A positive correlation was found between HER2/neu positivity and high Ki-67 index, both were associated with higher pathological tumor stage and pN stage. So, advanced cases may be considered for targeted therapy using trastuzumab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Due to their long circulation time in the blood, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) such as trastuzumab, are usually radiolabeled with long-lived positron emitters for the development of agents for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging. Manganese-52 (52Mn, t1/2 = 5.6 d, β+ = 29.6%, E(βave) = 242 keV) is suitable for imaging at longer time points providing a complementary technique to Zirconium-89 (89Zr, t1/2 = 3.3 d, β+ = 22.7%, E(βave) = 396 keV)) because of its long half-life and low positron energy. To exploit these properties, we aimed to investigate suitable bifunctional chelators that could be readily conjugated to antibodies and labeled with 52Mn under mild conditions using trastuzumab as a proof-of-concept. Procedures: Trastuzumab was incubated with S-2-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane tetraacetic acid (p-SCN-Bn-DOTA), 1-Oxa-4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-5-S-(4-isothiocyantobenzyl)-4,7,10-triacetic acid (p-SCN-Bn-Oxo-DO3A), and 3,6,9,15-tetraazabicyclo[9.3.1] pentadeca-1(15),11,13-triene-4-S-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-3,6,9-triacetic acid (p-SCN-Bn-PCTA) at a tenfold molar excess. The immunoconjugates were purified, combined with [52Mn]MnCl2 at different ratios, and the labeling efficiency was assessed by iTLC. The immunoreactive fraction of the radiocomplex was determined through a Lindmo assay. Cell studies were conducted in HER2 + (BT474) and HER2- (MDA-MB-468) cell lines followed by in vivo studies. Results: Trastuzumab-Oxo-DO3A was labeled within 30 min at 37 °C with a radiochemical yield (RCY) of 90 ± 1.5% and with the highest specific activity of the chelators investigated of 16.64 MBq/nmol. The labeled compound was purified with a resulting radiochemical purity of > 98% and retained a 67 ± 1.2% immunoreactivity. DOTA and PCTA immunoconjugates resulted in < 50 ± 2.5% (RCY) with similar specific activity. Mouse serum stability studies of [52Mn]Mn-Oxo-DO3A-trastuzumab showed 95% intact complex for over 5 days. Cell uptake studies showed higher uptake in HER2 + (12.51 ± 0.83% /mg) cells compared to HER2- (0.85 ± 0.10%/mg) cells. PET images of mice bearing BT474 tumors showed high tumor uptake that was consistent with the biodistribution (42.02 ± 2.16%ID/g, 14 d) compared to MDA-MB-468 tumors (2.20 ± 0.80%ID/g, 14 d). Additionally, both models exhibited low bone uptake of < 1% ID/g. Conclusion: The bifunctional chelator p-SCN-Bn-Oxo-DO3A is promising for the development of 52Mn radiopharmaceuticals as it was easily conjugated, radiolabeled at mild conditions, and illustrated stability for a prolonged duration both in vitro and in vivo. High-quality PET/CT images of [52Mn]Mn-Oxo-DO3A-trastuzumab were obtained 14 d post-injection. This study illustrates the potential of [52Mn]Mn-Oxo-DO3A for the evaluation of antibodies using PET imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer (BC) is a global concern, with Peru experiencing a high incidence and mortality. Trastuzumab, a crucial treatment for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive BC, is administered intravenously or subcutaneously (SC). This study evaluates the costs associated with both methods at Peru's Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas. Real data indicate that SC administration reduces treatment costs by approximately S/15,049.09. Cross-continental comparisons highlight a global trend favouring SC administration for efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The analysis provides insights for informed decision-making in resource-constrained healthcare settings like Peru, emphasising the need to consider local contexts in optimising oncology care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has important value for the monitoring of diseases such as sepsis and the impurity control of drugs. In this work, we prepared guanidinylated carbon dots (GQ-CDs) and used them to adsorb 5-carboxyfluorescein (FAM)-labeled single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to become GQ-CDs/FAM-DNA, resulting in quenched FAM. The quenching efficiency of the FAM-DNA by GQ-CDs in the GQ-CDs/FAM-DNA system was 91.95%, and this quenching was stable over the long term. Upon the addition of LPS, the quenched FAM-DNA in the GQ-CDs/FAM-DNA system regained fluorescence at 520 nm. The mechanism studies found that the addition of LPS promoted the dissociation of FAM-DNA adsorbed on GQ-CDs, thereby restoring fluorescence. The degree of fluorescence recovery was closely related to the content of LPS. Under optimized conditions, the fluorescence recovery was linearly related to LPS concentrations ranging from 5 to 90 μg/mL, with a detection limit of 0.75 μg/mL. The application of this method to plasma samples and trastuzumab injections demonstrated good spiked recoveries and reproducibility. This platform, based on GQ-CDs for the adsorption and quenching of FAM-DNA, enables the detection of LPS through relatively simple mixing operations, showing excellent competitiveness for the determination of actual samples under various conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: HER2 overexpression in breast cancer correlates with poor outcomes. The incorporation of Trastuzumab into the treatment regimen has notably improved patient prognoses. However, cardiotoxicity emerges in approximately 20% of patients treated with the drug. This study aims to investigate the association between the HER2 655 A > G polymorphism, Trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity, and patient survival. Methods: The study involved 88 patients treated with Trastuzumab. Cardiotoxicity, defined as a reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) from baseline or the emergence of clinical signs of congestive heart failure, was identified during treatment follow-up. Genotyping of HER2 655 A > G employed TaqMan SNP technology. Results: Genotype frequencies of HER2/neu 655 (53 AA, 32 AG, and 3 GG) were consistent with Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. No significant differences were observed in mean baseline LVEF between patients who developed cardiotoxicity and those who did not. Within these groups, neither AA nor AG genotypes showed an association with changes in mean baseline or reduced LVEF levels. Logistic regression analysis, adjusted for hormonal status and anthracycline treatment, revealed that AG genotype carriers face a significantly higher risk of cardiotoxicity compared to AA carriers (OR = 4.42; p = 0.037). No association was found between the HER2/neu 655 A > G polymorphism and disease-free or overall survival, regardless of whether the data was adjusted for stage or not. Conclusion: HER2 655 A > G polymorphism is significantly linked to an increased risk of Trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity but does not correlate with variations in disease-free survival or overall survival rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients with HER2-positive breast cancer can significantly benefit from HER2-directed therapy – such as the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab. However, some patients can develop therapy resistance or change HER2 status. Thus, we urgently need new, noninvasive strategies to monitor patients frequently. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted from tumor cells are emerging as potential biomarker candidates. These membrane-delimited nanoparticles harbor molecular signatures of their origin cells; report rapidly on changes to cellular status; and can be frequently sampled from accessible biofluids. Results: Using Single Extracellular VEsicle Nanoscopy (SEVEN) platform that combines affinity isolation of EVs with super-resolution microscopy, here we provide multiparametric characterization of EVs with ~ 8 nm precision and molecular sensitivity. We first interrogated cell culture EVs affinity-enriched in tetraspanins CD9, CD63, and CD81; these transmembrane proteins are commonly found on EV membranes. SEVEN robustly provided critical parameters of individual, tetraspanin-enriched EVs: concentration, size, shape, molecular cargo content, and heterogeneity. Trastuzumab-resistant cells (vs. trastuzumab-sensitive) secreted more EVs. Additionally, EVs from trastuzumab-resistant cells had lower tetraspanin density and higher HER2 density. We also evaluated EVs affinity-enriched in HER2; we found that these EVs (vs. tetraspanin-enriched) were larger and more elongated. We further optimized analytical sample processing to assess a rare population of HER2-enriched EVs from patient plasma. In breast cancer patients with elevated HER2 protein expression (vs. controls), HER2-enriched EVs had distinct characteristics including typically increased number of tetraspanin molecules and larger size. Importantly, these EVs were on average 25-fold more abundant compared to no cancer controls. Conclusions: SEVEN revealed unique characteristics of HER2-enriched EVs in cultured cells and complex biological fluid. In combination with current clinical approaches, this method is well poised to support precise therapeutic decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astatine-211 is a nuclide with a short half-life of 7.2 h, that show promise for targeted alpha therapy of disseminated cancer. Despite nuclide production being straight-forward using a medium energy cyclotron and an uncomplicated target, not many cyclotrons are currently producing the nuclide. In this work we propose a stream-lined method to produce astatine labelled antibodies that enable production of clinical doses at other sites, remote from the nuclide producing cyclotron. Preconjugating the antibody prior to labelling, quick and efficient astatine recovery from the irradiated target in combination with optimized nuclide production logistics and an efficient synthesis for labelling are all key components to produce a clinical amount, > 300 MBq, of astatinated Trastuzumab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The efficacy of a regimen combining Tegafur, Gimeracil and Oteracil Potassium Capsules (S-1), oxaliplatin (SOX) with trastuzumab and tislelizumab chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer (GC) has not been reported. Case summary: A 56-year-old male was diagnosed with GC combined with peripheral lymph node metastasis. The patient received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, including SOX, tislelizumab and trastuzumab. After 4 cycles of chemotherapy, the tumor shrank significantly, and radical surgery was performed with good clinical results. To date, the patient has been followed up for 6 months with no significant side effects. Conclusion: In this study, the patient received combination chemotherapy with SOX trastuzumab and tislelizumab and successfully underwent radical surgery with good clinical outcomes. Combined SOX with trastuzumab and tislelizumab may be an effective neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Neoadjuvant therapy, used before surgery, is an important part of breast cancer treatment. Not only can it shrink tumors, but it can also provide valuable information on how the cancer responds to treatment, which can help physicians tailor further therapy. For aggressive types of breast cancer, such as HER2-positive and triple-negative breast cancers, targeted therapies and immunotherapy are often added to standard chemotherapy. Achieving a complete response to treatment (i.e., total absence of viable tumor from tissue removed during surgery) is usually a good sign, but it does not always mean better long-term outcomes for every patient. This review examines the evolution of neoadjuvant therapy in high-risk breast cancer and discusses recent clinical trials focused on optimizing treatment. It also highlights the need for new approaches to improve outcomes, especially for patients whose cancer does not fully respond to initial treatments. The use of neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST) has become increasingly important in the treatment of breast cancer because of its various advantages. These include the ability to downstage tumors without compromising locoregional control and the potential to obtain valuable information about clinical and biological response to therapy with implications for individual prognoses. Surgical response assessment paves the way for response-adapted therapy, and pathological complete response (pCR; defined as ypT0/is ypN0) serves as an additional endpoint for drug development trials. Recommended NST regimens commonly consist of anthracyclines and taxane, with dose-dense anthracyclines and weekly paclitaxel often preferred, whenever feasible. For patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-positive tumors, dual anti-HER2 therapy (trastuzumab and pertuzumab) is indicated together with NST in case of elevated risk of recurrence. For patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), adding carboplatin to NST correlates with improved pCR and survival rates, as does the addition of immune checkpoint inhibitors. For hormone receptor (HR)-positive/HER2-negative cancers, emerging data on NST including immune checkpoint inhibitors may elevate the significance of NST in high-risk luminal breast cancer. Here, we present a synthesis of the results from neoadjuvant clinical trials that aim at optimizing treatment options for patients with high-risk breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Over the past years, the introduction of various anti-HER2 therapies has significantly improved the outcome for patients with HER2-positive breast and gastroesophageal carcinomas. HER2 protein overexpression is investigated using immunohistochemistry, gene amplification using fluorescence in situ hybridization, and gene mutation using next-generation sequencing. This review evaluated the predictive and prognostic role of HER2 status in various types of epithelial malignant cancers beyond breast and gastroesophageal cancers, focusing on the published studies, the scoring systems, and assays used and analyzing the clinical parameters and therapeutic approaches used. The evidence about prognostic and predictive roles of HER2 in carcinomas other than breast and gastroesophageal remains investigational but is increasing due to a tumor site-related prognostic and predictive value of the different types of HER2 alterations. The major limitation was that standardized and validated scoring system assays are not well-established for many organs. The oncogene ERBB2, also known as HER2 or c-ERB2, is located on chromosome 17 (q12). It encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor, the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), involved in neoplastic proliferation, tumor angiogenesis, and invasiveness. Over the past years, the introduction of various anti-HER2 therapies has significantly improved outcomes for patients with HER2-positive breast and gastroesophageal carcinomas. More recently, the introduction of a new antibody–drug conjugate, that is trastuzumab deruxtecan, expanded the therapeutic options to low-HER2 breast and gastroesophageal tumors. HER2 protein overexpression is investigated using immunohistochemistry, gene amplification using fluorescence in situ hybridization, and gene mutation using next-generation sequencing. This review evaluated the predictive and prognostic role of HER2 status in various types of epithelial malignant cancers beyond breast and gastroesophageal cancers. We critically analyzed the key published studies, focusing on utilized scoring systems and assays used, and analyzed clinical parameters and therapeutic approaches. Although the evidence about prognostic and predictive roles of HER2 in carcinomas other than breast and gastroesophageal has been widely increasing over the last decade, it still remains investigational, revealing a tumor site-related prognostic and predictive value of the different types of HER2 alterations. However, standardized and validated scoring system assays have not been well-established for many organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first example of sonodynamic therapy (SDT) with a cyanine dye–antibody conjugate is reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sonodynamic efficacy of a trastuzumab-guided diiodinated heptamethine cyanine-based sensitizer, 2ICy7–Ab, versus its non-iodinated counterpart, Cy7–Ab, in a human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+) xenograft model. In addition, the combined sonodynamic and photodynamic (PDT) effects were investigated. A single intravenous injection of 2ICy7–Ab followed by sonication or combined sonication and photoirradiation in mice resulted in complete tumor growth suppression compared with the nontreated control and showed no detectable toxicity to off-target tissues. In contrast, Cy7–Ab provided only a moderate therapeutic effect (~1.4–1.6-fold suppression). SDT with 2ICy7–Ab resulted in a 3.5-fold reduction in tumor volume within 45 days and exhibited 13-fold greater tumor suppression than PDT alone. In addition, 2ICy7–Ab showed more durable sonostability than photostability. The sonotoxicity of the iodinated versus noniodinated counterparts is attributed to the increased generation of hydroxyl radicals, superoxide, and singlet oxygen. We observed no significant contribution of PDT to the efficacy of the combined SDT and PDT, indicating that SDT with 2ICy7–Ab is superior to PDT alone. These new findings set the stage for the application of cyanine–antibody conjugates for fluorescently monitored targeted sonodynamic treatment of cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This single-arm phase II non-randomised trial (ACTRN12619001265167) evaluated trastuzumab emtansine in solid cancers with HER2 amplification or mutation detected by comprehensive genomic profiling. The primary objective was objective response (OR), while secondary objectives included the time to progression (TTP) on study to TTP on prior therapy ratio, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). The cohort included 16 tumours with HER2 mutations (group 1) and 16 with HER2 amplification (group 2). After 17 months median follow-up, ORs occurred in 19% of group 1 (1 salivary gland carcinoma (SGC), 2 lung cancers) and 25% of group 2 (3 SGCs, 1 uterine carcinoma). Fourteen of 29 TTP-evaluable patients achieved a TTP ratio ≥1.3, including 10 without an OR. Median PFS and OS were 4.5 (95% CI 2.1–7.0) and 18.2 months (95% CI 8.1-not reached) respectively. Trastuzumab emtansine showed modest ORs and a favourable change in disease trajectory in select HER2-altered solid cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Breast cancer (BC) is one of the leading causes of cancer and is the first cause of death from malignant tumors among women worldwide. New cancer therapies receive regulatory approval yearly and to avoid health disparities in society, the health systems are challenged to adapt their infrastructure, methodologies, and reimbursement policies to allow broad access to these treatments. In addition, listening to patients' voices about their therapy preferences is essential. We aim to investigate the administration route preferences [subcutaneous (SC) or intravenous (IV)] among patients diagnosed with HER2 positive BC and healthcare professionals (HCPs) and to investigate healthcare resources utilization (quality and quantity) for each route of administration (SC or IV) for treating those patients. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review focused on clinical trials and observational and economic studies, using PubMed (MEDLINE), Cochrane Library, Virtual Health Library (VHL), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS) databases based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. Results: The literature review included 25 studies in the analysis. Studies have reported that patients and HCPs prefer the SC route of administration to IV because it saves time in terms of chair time, administration, and preparation and is less painful. In addition, SC administration might be a more cost-saving option when analyzing direct and indirect costs. Discussion: As BC stands as a significant global health concern and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide, understanding and incorporating patient and HCPs preferences in the choice of administration route become paramount. The observed preference for SC administration not only aligns with the imperative of adapting health systems to facilitate broad access to new cancer therapies but also underscores the importance of considering patient experiences and economic implications in shaping treatment strategies. These insights are crucial for healthcare policymakers, clinicians, and stakeholders in optimizing healthcare resources and enhancing the overall quality of BC care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC) typically receive long-term trastuzumab treatment for several years. The aim of our study is to identify the incidence and characterize late-onset cardiotoxicity in patients with HER2-positive MBC receiving trastuzumab-based therapy. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed charts of HER2-positive MBC patients who received >1 year of trastuzumab-based therapy at the Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center over three-year period. The primary endpoint was development of trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity (TIC). Secondary endpoints included time to TIC development, incidence/duration of trastuzumab interruption due to TIC, incidence of permanent discontinuation of trastuzumab due to TIC, clinic visit, or hospitalization due to TIC. Results: Thirty-seven patients were included. Mean age was 56 years (range: 33–78 years, SD 9.5). Seven patients received prior doxorubicin and 14 patients received previous or concurrent breast irradiation. Mean duration of trastuzumab-based therapy was 57 months (range: 14–140 months, SD 39.3). Seven patients (18.9%) experienced TIC resulting in treatment interruption for two patients (28 and 78 days). The median time from starting trastuzumab therapy to TIC was 14 months (interquartile range: 11–29.5 months). The mean number of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) assessment completed per year was 2.7 (range: 1.2–6.6, SD 1.1). Conclusion: Cardiotoxicity occurred in a minority of patients with HER2-positive MBC receiving trastuzumab-based therapy for more than one year. LVEF reductions to below the institutional lower limit of normal and therapy modifications were uncommon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies show increased expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in cervical cancer, but the efficacy of anti‐HER2 therapy remains under‐researched. Here, we present a case of recurrent HER2‐positive serous carcinoma, presumably arising in the cervix, diagnosed by comprehensive genomic profiling, which responded to trastuzumab. The patient underwent a radical hysterectomy with concurrent adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. One year after surgery, the patient experienced recurrence (multiple lymph node metastases). She underwent chemotherapy and subsequent comprehensive genomic profiling, which revealed HER2 positivity. Despite treatment, the lymph node and peritoneal metastases progressed. Therefore, combination chemotherapy with paclitaxel and trastuzumab was initiated. Subsequently, the patient's clinical symptoms improved considerably, and good health was maintained for 8 months. This report highlights the importance of comprehensive genomic profiling and targeted therapies when standard treatments fail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Mexico, breast cancer (BC) is the principal cause of death in women over 30 years old, with an annual mortality rate of 14.61 deaths per a 100,000 population. Chemotherapy, in combination with trastuzumab (TTZ), improves the survival of cancer patients; however, cardiotoxicity (CT) is the principal consequence. CT prevalence occurs between 10% and 30% of patients; however, there are no data about the prevalence of CT in the Mexican population. This study aims to establish the prevalence of CT in patients treated with anti-HER-2 therapy among BC women in southeast Mexico. A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out from January 2015 to July 2019. The records of 46 patients diagnosed with HER-2-positive BC who attended the Mexican Social Security Institute in the Ambulatory Care Medicine Unit were analyzed. The diagnostic criterion for CT was a decrease in LVEF > 10% from baseline or a final LVEF < 53%. CT prevalence was observed in 19 (41.3%) of women with cancer, with an average decrease in LVEF of 13%. In the population, we found an association between weight, surface area, and the loading dose of TTZ with CT. Nutritional follow-up and the administration of cardioprotective drugs are necessary to recover LVEF and avoid cardiovascular failure in women with BC and survivors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer metastasis remains the primary cause of mortality among women globally. Targeted therapies have revolutionized treatment efficacy, with Trastuzumab (Trast), a monoclonal antibody, targeting HER2-positive advanced breast cancer. The tumor-homing peptide iRGD enhances the intratumoral accumulation and penetration of therapeutic agents. Liposomes serve as versatile nanocarriers for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. Gefitinib (GFB) is a potential anticancer drug against HER2-positive breast cancer, while Lycorine hydrochloride (LCH) is a natural compound with anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. This study developed TPGS-COOH-coated liposomes co-loaded with GFB and LCH, prepared by the solvent injection method, and surface-functionalized with Trast and iRGD. The dual surface-decorated liposomes (DSDLs) were characterized for their particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), surface chemistry, surface morphology, and their crystallinity during in-vitro drug release, drug encapsulation, and in-vitro cell line studies on SK-BR-3 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC-50) values of single decorated liposomes (SDLs), iRGD-LP, and Trast-LP, as well as DSDLs (iRGD-Trast-LP) on SK-BR-3 cells, were 6.10 ± 0.42, 4.98 ± 0.36, and 4.34 ± 0.32 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the IC-50 values of SDLs and DSDLs on MDA-MB-231 cells were 15.12 ± 0.68, 13.09 ± 0.59, and 11.08 ± 0.48 μg/mL, respectively. Cellular uptake studies using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) showed that iRGD and Trast functionalization significantly enhanced cellular uptake in both cell lines. The wound-healing assay demonstrated a significant reduction in SDL and DSDL-treated MDA-MB-231 cell migration compared to the control. Additionally, the blood compatibility study showed minimal hemolysis (less than 5% RBC lysis), indicating good biocompatibility and biosafety. Overall, these findings suggest that TPGS-COOH-coated, GFB and LCH co-loaded, dual-ligand (iRGD and Trast) functionalized, multifunctional liposomes could be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salivary gland cancers (SGC) are rare tumours with limited availability of systemic therapies. Some SGC subtypes overexpress HER2, and this represents a potential therapeutic target, but the evidence base is limited. This study sought to analyse real-world data on the efficacy of HER2-directed therapies in SGC. This is a retrospective observational study using anonymised data from commercial compassionate-use access registrations and a privately funded pharmacy prescribing register. Treatment duration was defined as the time from drug initiation to treatment discontinuation. Kaplan–Meier analysis of treatment duration was performed using R for Windows (v4.3.2). A case report is also provided of an exceptional responder. Eighteen patients were identified who received HER2-directed therapies for HER2-positive recurrent/metastatic SGC, and complete data on treatment duration was available for 15/18. Histology was salivary duct carcinoma in 13/18 patients, adenocarcinoma NOS in 4/18, and carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma in 1/18. The median treatment duration was 8.3 months (95% CI: 6.41-not reached), and the range was 1.0–47.0 months. Choice of HER2-directed therapy varied, with ado-trastuzumab emtasine being the most common (9/18). At the time of analysis, HER2-directed therapy was ongoing for 9/15, discontinued due to disease progression for 4/15, discontinued due to toxicity for 1/15, and 1/15 was discontinued for an unspecified reason. An exceptional responder experienced a complete response with a treatment duration of 47.0 months. These real-world data are comparable to the median PFS observed with HER2-directed therapies in phase II trials and support the use of HER2-directed therapies in this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, therapy for early-stage human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+) breast cancer (BC) is based on the combination of trastuzumab and pertuzumab plus chemotherapy in a neoadjuvant regimen. The INMUNOHER study aimed to detect immunological markers in peripheral blood and their association with treatment response. Sixty-two HER2+ BC patients were recruited. Pre-treatment samples were obtained before the start of treatment, while post-treatment samples were obtained after completing therapy and before surgery and were analyzed by flow cytometry. The pathologic complete response (pCR) rate achieved was 82.3%. The expression of the NKp30, PD-1, and TIM-3 receptors was reduced in the Natural Killer (NK)-CD56dim subset of patients who did not achieve pCR. Following therapy, many changes were found in leukocytes, including alterations in T cell lymphocyte proportions. Also, the percentage of NK cells decreased, and several phenotypic changes were observed in this population. After treatment, IFN-γ production by NK cells against HER2+-cells with or without trastuzumab was significantly reduced. HER2-targeted therapy plus chemotherapy demonstrated high efficacy in most patients, reducing the statistical power for finding immunological markers. However, NK subset phenotypes correlated better with response groups, and numerous changes in the percentage of leukocytes and T and NK cells, as well as changes in the functionality of NK cells, were observed in most patients after treatment, encouraging further research into these immune populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overexpression of HER2 occurs in 25% of breast cancer. Targeting HER2 has proven to be an effective therapeutic strategy for HER2-positive breast cancer. While trastuzumab is the most commonly used HER2 targeting agent, which has significantly improved outcomes, the overall response rate is low. To develop novel therapies to boost trastuzumab efficacy, it is critical to identify the mechanisms underlying trastuzumab action and resistance. We recently showed that the inhibition of breast cancer cell growth by trastuzumab is not through the inhibition of HER2 canonical signaling. Here we report the identification of a novel non-canonical HER2 signaling pathway and its interference by trastuzumab. We showed that HER2 signaled through a non-canonical pathway, regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP). In this pathway, HER2 is first cleaved by metalloprotease ADAM10 to produce an extracellular domain (ECD) that is released and the p95HER2 that contains the transmembrane domain (TM) and intracellular domain (ICD). p95HER2, if further cleaved by an intramembrane protease, γ-secretase, produced a soluble ICD p75HER2 with nuclear localization signal (NLS). p75HER2 is phosphorylated and translocated to the nucleus. Nuclear p75HER2 promotes cell proliferation. Trastuzumab targets this non-canonical HER2 pathway via inhibition of the proteolytic cleavage of HER2 by both ADAM10 and γ-secretase. However, p75HER2 pathway also confers resistance to trastuzumab once aberrantly activated. Combination of trastuzumab with ADAM10 and γ-secretase inhibitors completely blocks p75HER2 production in both BT474 and SKBR3 cells. We concluded that HER2 signals through the RIP signaling pathway that promotes cell proliferation and is targeted by trastuzumab. The aberrant HER2 RIP signaling confers resistance to trastuzumab that could be overcome by the application of inhibitors to ADAM10 and γ-secretase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer and cardiovascular disease are the leading causes of death for Canadian women. One in eight Canadian women will receive the life-changing diagnosis of breast cancer (BC) in their lifetime, with 1 in 34 dying from the disease. Although doxorubicin (DOX) and trastuzumab (TRZ) have significantly improved survival in women diagnosed with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive BC, approximately one in four women who receive this treatment are at risk of developing chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity. Cardiotoxicity is defined as a decline in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of >10% to an absolute value of <53%. Current guidelines recommend the serial monitoring of LVEF in this patient population using non-invasive cardiac imaging modalities including transthoracic echocardiography or multi-gated acquisition scan; however, this will only allow for the detection of established cardiotoxicity. Recent studies have demonstrated that a reduction in global longitudinal strain by speckle tracking echocardiography can identify pre-clinical systolic dysfunction prior to a decline in overall LVEF. Implementation of early detection techniques would allow for the prompt initiation of cardioprotective strategies. In addition to the early detection of chemotherapy-mediated cardiotoxicity, the prophylactic use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, β-blockers, statins, exercise, and nutraceutical therapies have been studied in the setting of cardio-oncology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to describe couples' changes in sexuality after non-metastatic breast cancer from a longitudinal perspective. Our research question was: how do couples experience the cancer-induced change in sexual frequency and what are the reasons evoked to explain this kind of change over time? Forty heterosexual couples participated in a semi-structured interview three months and two years after surgery. A reflexive thematic analysis was conducted on a specific question about sexuality from a larger interview guide. The results showed that couples follow multiple trajectories regarding sexuality after the onset of oncological treatment. Most couples experienced temporary or more lasting changes, mainly associated with altered body image and pain. Some stopped having sexual activities at the beginning of treatment but resumed sexuality two years later; others were unable to restore sexuality. However, some couples stayed sexually active all along the cancer journey, showing that cessation of any sexual activity is not inevitable. Sexuality represents a significant long-term issue for breast cancer survivors and their partners. Prompt treatment can prevent sexual difficulties from crystallizing, while preserving the individual well-being and the quality of the couple's relationship. Health professionals should be aware of the need to screen early for sexual changes, while reevaluating the couple's situation regularly during care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 has been a pivotal biomarker for gastric cancer treatment strategies for many years. However, more than a decade after the ToGA trial demonstrated the efficacy of trastuzumab in improving survival, the development of treatments targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 remains challenging. Several large-scale clinical trials of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, non-trastuzumab anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 antibodies, and antibody–drug conjugates have failed to meet the primary endpoints. The concept of trastuzumab beyond progression and the complexity of resistance mechanisms to anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 therapy after trastuzumab treatment presented significant obstacles, leading to trastuzumab being the sole therapy for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive gastric cancer for some time. Nevertheless, the landscape has shifted in recent years, especially since the introduction of the antibody–drug conjugate trastuzumab deruxtecan in 2020. This has rekindled the interest in developing treatments targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 in gastric cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background No consensus has been reached regarding the optimal chemotherapy for metastatic extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD), a rare cutaneous adenocarcinoma, because of the lack of solid evidence from prospective trials. However, the immunohistochemical profile of EMPD reportedly resembles that of breast cancer, particularly in terms of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression, suggesting that HER2 is a promising therapeutic target for advanced HER2-positive EMPD. Methods In this phase II single-arm trial, 13 Japanese patients received intravenous trastuzumab (loading dose of 8 mg/kg and maintenance dose of 6 mg/kg) and docetaxel (75 mg/m2) every 3 weeks for up to 2 years. The docetaxel dose was reduced or discontinued according to its toxicity. The primary trial endpoints were objective response rate (ORR) after 3 cycles of treatment and safety throughout the study period. Results All 13 patients completed 3 cycles of combination therapy. The median follow-up was 27.9 months. The ORR was 76.9% (n = 10/13; 90% CI, 50.5-93.4). Frequently observed adverse events were neutropenia (100%), hypoalbuminemia (84.6%), and mucocutaneous infection (84.6%), all of which were well tolerated. Conclusion The combination of docetaxel and trastuzumab demonstrated a favorable clinical effect and acceptable tolerability, which makes it a good treatment option for HER2-positive metastatic EMPD (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: UMIN000021311, jRCTs031180073). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Trastuzumab is commonly utilized in the management of metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer. Our main goal was to examine the clinical outcomes and immune markers of patients who received trastuzumab and chemotherapy treatment. Methods: Between 1995 and 2012, a total of 98 patients diagnosed with metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer were retrospectively analyzed at Ege University Hospital and Tepecik Training and Research Hospital. The clinicopathological characteristics and clinical outcomes of the patients were assessed, and the associations between response rates, survival and the immune profiles of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes were statistically evaluated. Results: The average age of patients at the time of diagnosis was 50.1± 10.3 (ranging from 30 to 79) years. The mean follow-up period for all patients was 97.9± 53.8 months. Among the patients, complete response was observed in 24.5%, partial response in 61.2%, and stable disease in 8.2% of cases. The average progression-free survival was 50.3± 26.9 months (ranging from 1 to 163 months), and the average overall survival was 88.8± 59.4 months (ranging from 12 to 272 months). After analyzing all cases, it was found that patients who were younger (p=0.006), exhibited higher CD3-positivity (p=0.041), presented with higher FOXP3-positivity (p=0.025), showed complete or at least partial response to treatment (p=0.008), and experienced a long-term response to trastuzumab (and chemotherapy) treatment had longer survival (p=0.001). Conclusion: Patients with HER2-positive breast cancer, who initially respond positively to palliative trastuzumab and chemotherapy treatment, can achieve long-term tumor remission lasting for several years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Healthcare sustainability is a global challenge. Various value-driven healthcare strategies have been implemented by Singapore's national health technology assessment (HTA) agency, the Agency for Care Effectiveness (ACE). Considering the high and growing expenditure on biologics, strategies have been implemented to drive the use of biosimilars. As Singapore has reached the 5-year mark since the subsidy listing of the first monoclonal antibody biosimilar infliximab, this review aimed to evaluate the impact of these strategies on the changes in adoption rates, utilisation, spending and cost savings for biosimilars in the public healthcare sector. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using aggregated drug utilisation data from all public healthcare institutions. Five monoclonal antibodies with biosimilars, namely infliximab, adalimumab, trastuzumab, rituximab and bevacizumab, were included in this study. The outcomes evaluated were the monthly trends for utilisation volume, proportion attributed to biosimilar use, and drug spending up to December 2022. The simulated cost savings associated with biosimilar adoption were also reported. Results: After subsidy implementation, an upward trend in biosimilar use and proportion attributed to biosimilar adoption was observed, while spending reduced substantially. The adoption rate of most biosimilars reached more than 95% within 1 year of listing. Drugs with more than one approved biosimilar brand at the time of subsidy listing reported substantial price reductions of over 80%. Overall, spending for the five monoclonal antibodies have significantly reduced after biosimilar subsidy listing, with an estimated cumulative cost savings of $136 million over 5 years. Conclusion: Value-driven healthcare strategies implemented in Singapore's public healthcare institutions have contributed to high adoption rates of biosimilars and have improved affordable access through lower treatment costs. This in turn has led to significant cost savings to the healthcare system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In 2008, bevacizumab received accelerated Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for use in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Based on the pre-clinical and preliminary clinical activity of the trastuzumab and bevacizumab combination, ECOG-ACRIN E1105 trial was developed to determine if the addition of bevacizumab to a chemotherapy and trastuzumab combination for first-line therapy would improve progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with HER2-positive MBC. Findings: 96 patients were randomized to receive standard first-line chemotherapy and trastuzumab with or without bevacizumab between November 2007 and October 2009, and 93 began protocol therapy. Induction therapy was given for 24 weeks, followed by maintenance trastuzumab with or without bevacizumab. 60% (56/93) began carboplatin and 74% (69/93) completed 6 cycles of induction therapy. Primary endpoint was PFS. Median PFS was 11.1 and 13.8 months for placebo and bevacizumab arms, respectively (hazard ratio [HR] 95%, Confidence Interval [Cl] for bevacizumab vs. placebo: 0.73 [0.43–1.23], p = 0.24), and at a median follow-up of 70.7 months, median survival was 49.1 and 63 months (HR [95% Cl] for OS: 1.09 [0.61–1.97], p = 0.75). The most common toxicities across both arms were neutropenia and hypertension, with left ventricular systolic dysfunction, fatigue, and sensory neuropathy reported more frequently with bevacizumab. Conclusions: In this trial, the addition of bevacizumab did not improve outcomes in patients with metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer. Although the trial was underpowered due to smaller than anticipated sample size, these findings corroborated other clinical trials during this time. Clinical Trial Information: NCT00520975 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Dual human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) blockade with trastuzumab and pertuzumab combined with taxane-based chemotherapy (Cht) has been the standard first-line treatment for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (mBC) for years, due to the impressive results of the CLEOPATRA study. Real-world (RW) studies have become critical for assessing treatment effectiveness and safety in real-life circumstances. The aim of this study was to analyze the treatment outcomes of first-line therapy for HER2-positive mBC in RW clinical practice, specifically focusing on the use of maintenance endocrine therapy (ET) in hormone receptor positive (HR-positive) patients. Methods: This retrospective analysis included 106 HER2-positive mBC patients treated with trastuzumab and pertuzumab combined with taxane-based Cht from October 2015 to December 2020 at the University Hospital Centre Zagreb. Results: At a median follow-up of 30 months, median progression-free survival (PFS) was 25 months for the total population (95% confidence interval [CI] 16 - not analyzed). Patients with de novo mBC had longer median PFS than patients with recurrent disease (not reached vs. 18 months; hazard ratio 1.99; 95% CI 0.69–3.64, p<0.022). Age, hormone receptor positivity, visceral involvement, number of Cht cycles and previous adjuvant trastuzumab did not impact PFS. Most HR-positive patients (N=55, 88.7%) received maintenance ET after induction Cht. Conclusion: This retrospective study provides additional data on patient characteristics, treatment and outcomes of RW HER2-positive mBC patients treated with pertuzumab and trastuzumab as first-line therapy. In our institution, maintenance ET after induction Cht has become standard clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different targeted therapy options exist for treating HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer patients. This study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of the lapatinib plus capecitabine combination after TDM-1 in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer patients. We retrospectively evaluated the HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer patients' data. The patients who progressed after trastuzumab-based chemotherapy and TDM-1 were included in the study. We used the Kaplan–Meier for survival analysis. Eighteen patients were involved in the study. The average age was 48 (range 31–65). De novo metastatic patient's number was 5 (27.8%). The most common metastatic sites were liver (50%), lung (44.4%), and brain (44.4%), respectively. All patients were previously treated with trastuzumab + chemotherapy and TDM-1. Also, seven (38.9%) patients received hormonotherapy and twelve (66.7%) patients received palliative radiotherapy. The complete response ratio was 5.6%, partial response 11.8%, and stable response 29.4%. Median progression-free survival was found as 5.5 (95% CI, 3.2–7.7) months. The hematological and non-hematological toxicity ratio was 41.2% and 52.9%, respectively. Grade 3–4 toxicity (diarrhea, anemia, and mucositis) was observed in four (22.2%) patients. The median OS duration was 8.2 months (95% CI, 4.3–12.0). Treatment options are limited in heavily pretreated HER2-positive breast cancer patients. Despite a small number of patients, this study showed that the lapatinib plus capecitabine combination was effective and well-tolerated in heavily pretreated HER2-positive breast cancer patients after TDM-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data on rechallenges of HER2 targetted agents in breast cancer patients is limited. The goal of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of trastuzumab-based therapy in patients who progressed under trastuzumab emtansine (TDM-1). The study was designed as a retrospective observational study. Survival plots were performed with the Kaplan–Meier method. Fifteen patients were involved in the study. The average age was 45 (range, 30–66). De novo metastatic patient number was six (40%), and the average number of metastatic sites was 2 (range, 1–4) at diagnosis. Fourteen patients (92.3%) had undergone breast surgery (lumpectomy or mastectomy). All patients previously had been treated with trastuzumab-based chemotherapy and TDM-1. Also, nine (60%) patients had received endocrine therapy, and nine (60%) patients had palliative radiotherapy. After progression under TDM-1, patients received trastuzumab with chemotherapy (73.3%) or alone (26.7%). The overall response ratio was 66.7%. Median progression-free survival was 9.4 months (95% CI, 3.4–15.3). The median OS duration was 24.2 (95% CI, 13.5–34.9) months. Toxicity in all grades was observed in ten (66.7%) patients, and grade 3–4 toxicity (anemia and neutropenia) in two patients (13.3%). This study showed that rechallenge trastuzumab-based therapy was effective and good-tolerated in heavily pretreated patients who had progressed under TDM-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody which works against human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), possibly causes cardiotoxicity through mitochondrial dysfunction. The usefulness of isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in the assessment of trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity remains uncertain. This study aimed to determine the temporal changes in mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and cell death in the isolated PBMCs of HER2-positive breast cancer patients during breast cancer treatment and to compare the changes with HER2-negative breast cancer patients who did not receive trastuzumab therapy. Eighteen newly diagnosed HER2-positive breast cancer women who received sequential doxorubicin and trastuzumab were consecutively recruited. Age- and gender-matched controls with HER2-negative breast cancer were selected. Echocardiography was carried out, and blood samples for the study of cardiac biomarkers and PBMCs were collected periodically during treatment. Only one patient in our cohort developed asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction during trastuzumab treatment. However, trastuzumab following doxorubicin aggravated subclinical cardiac injury, determined by cardiac troponin and echocardiography. Cellular and mitochondrial oxidative stress in isolated PBMCs remained unchanged throughout breast cancer treatment. Regarding mitochondrial respiration, the maximal respiration and spare respiration capacity was significantly increased in controls after doxorubicin treatment but not in patients who received trastuzumab therapy. Moreover, the percentage of apoptosis and necroptosis in isolated PBMCs was dramatically decreased in the control, compared to patients with trastuzumab treatment. In conclusion, trastuzumab caused subtle myocardial injury and impaired mitochondrial respiration and cell viability in isolated PBMCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: HER2-targeted therapies have dramatically improved outcomes of patients with HER2-positive breast cancer (BC), as demonstrated in neoadjuvant trials. This study aims to provide real-world evidence on the use and effectiveness of combined pertuzumab, trastuzumab and chemotherapy (CT) in early-stage HER2-positive BC. Methods: A retrospective, multicentre study was conducted on patients diagnosed with HER2-positive early BC treated with neoadjuvant pertuzumab and trastuzumab plus CT at 13 Spanish sites. The primary endpoint was pathological complete response (pCR). Results: A total of 310 patients were included. Pertuzumab and trastuzumab were combined with anthracyclines and taxanes, carboplatin and docetaxel, and taxane-based CT in 77.1%, 16.5%, and 6.5% of patients, respectively. Overall, the pCR rate was 62.2%. The pCR was higher amongst patients with hormone receptor-negative tumours and with tumours expressing higher levels of Ki-67 (> 20%). After postoperative adjuvant treatment, 13.9% of patients relapsed. Those patients who did not achieve pCR, with tumours at advanced stages (III), and with node-positive disease were more likely to experience distant relapse. Median overall survival (OS) and distant disease-free survival (D-DFS) were not reached at the study end. The estimated mean OS and D-DFS times were 7.5 (95% CI 7.3–7.7) and 7.3 (95% CI 7.1–7.5) years, respectively (both were significantly longer amongst patients who achieved pCR). Grade 3–4 anti-HER2 related toxicities were reported in six (1.9%) patients. Conclusion: Neoadjuvant pertuzumab and trastuzumab plus CT achieve high pCR rates in real-life patients with HER2-positive early BC, showing an acceptable safety profile. Innovative adjuvant strategies are essential in patients at high risk of distant disease recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Resveratrol, a natural compound, may be an alternative to improving conventional breast cancer therapy. Thus, we assessed the capability of resveratrol at a low dose to enhance the in vitro effect of conventional theray in estrogen receptor (ER) and human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer cells. Methods: Cell viability of breast cancer cells was measured with neutral red uptake assay. Apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle progression and cell proliferation were detected through hypotonic fluorescent solution assay, formation of acidic vesicular organelles, flow cytometry, and bromodeoxyuridine assay, respectively. Western blotting was performed to study the expression of pro-apoptotic, anti-apoptotic and autophagic proteins, and estrogen receptors. Results: Resveratrol combined with tamoxifen metabolites or trastuzumab reduced cell viability of ER- and HER2-positive breast cancer cells, respectively. This effect was mainly associated with induction of apoptosis due to a greater formation of hypodiploid nuclei, reduced protein expression of procaspase-7, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and PARP; and increased expression of cleaved PARP. Resveratrol decreased the expression of ERα and increased that of ERβ, contributing to the reduced viability on breast cancer cells. Combined treatments induced autophagy, evidenced by increased levels of acidic vesicular organelles and degradation of p62/SQSTM1 protein. Nevertheless, on inhibiting autophagy with 3-methyladenine, cell viability was further reduced and apoptosis was induced, suggesting a pro-survival role of autophagy, impairing apoptosis. Conclusions: Resveratrol increasead the in vitro cytotoxic effect of conventional therapy in breast cancer cells. However, it was necessary to block resveratrol-induced autophagy to improve the therapeutic response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study evaluated the pharmacokinetic (PK) equivalence between BP02 (a proposed trastuzumab biosimilar) and the reference trastuzumab approved in the EU (EU-trastuzumab) and the US (US-trastuzumab). Methods: In this phase 1, double-blind, parallel-group trial, 111 healthy male volunteers were randomized 1:1:1 to receive a single 6-mg/kg intravenous infusion of BP02, EU-trastuzumab, or US-trastuzumab and were evaluated for 78 days. Serum drug concentration–time data were analyzed by non-compartmental methods. The PK similarity of BP02 to the two reference products, and between EU-trastuzumab and US-trastuzumab, was determined using the standard 80–125% bioequivalence criteria. Results: Baseline demographics for the 111 subjects with evaluable pharmacokinetics were similar across all treatment groups. PK profiles were similar for the three products. The 90% confidence intervals (CIs) for the ratios of area under the serum concentration–time curve (AUC) from the time of dosing to infinity (AUC0-inf), AUC from the time of dosing until the time of the last quantifiable concentration (AUC0-t), and peak serum concentration of trastuzumab (Cmax) were within 80% to 125% for all three pairwise comparisons. Adverse events (AEs) were similar across all arms, with treatment-related AEs reported by 73.0%, 73.0%, and 89.2% of the subjects in the BP02, EU-trastuzumab, and US-trastuzumab groups, respectively. The most common AEs were headache, infusion-related reactions, and upper-respiratory-tract infections. Four subjects—three in the US-trastuzumab group and one in the BP02 group—discontinued the study due to AEs. All post-dose samples except for two tested negative for anti-drug antibodies. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the PK similarity among BP02, EU-trastuzumab, and US-trastuzumab. The safety and immunogenicity profiles observed for the three products in this study are consistent with previous reports for trastuzumab. Trial Registration: ANZCTR number: ACTRN12621000573853. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]