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Objective: To investigate the impact of Medicaid expansion on state expenditures through the end of 2022. Data Sources: We used data from the National Association of State Budget Officers (NASBO)'s State Expenditure Report, Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF)'s Medicaid expansion tracker, US Bureau of Labor Statistics data (BLS), US Bureau of Economic Analysis data (BEA), and Pandemic Response Accountability Committee Oversight (PRAC). Study Design: We investigated spending per capita (by state population) across seven budget categories, including Medicaid spending, and four spending sources. We performed a difference‐in‐differences (DiD) analysis that compared within‐state changes in spending over time in expansion and nonexpansion states to estimate the effect of Medicaid expansion on state budgets. We adjusted for annual state unemployment rate, annual state per capita personal income, and state spending of Coronavirus Relief Funds (CRF) from 2020 to 2022 and included state and year fixed effects. Data Collection/Extraction Methods: We linked annual state‐level data on state‐reported fiscal year expenditures from NASBO with state‐level characteristics from BLS and BEA data and with CRF state spending from PRAC. Principal Findings: Medicaid expansion was associated with an average increase of 21% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 16%–25%) in per capita Medicaid spending after Medicaid expansion among states that expanded prior to 2020. After inclusion of an interaction term to separate between the coronavirus disease (COVID) era (2020–2022) and the prior period following expansion (2015–2019), we found that although Medicaid expansion led to an average increase of 33% (95% CI: 21%–45%) in federal funding of state expenditures in the post‐COVID years, it was not significantly associated with increased state spending. Conclusions: There was no evidence of crowding out of other state expenditure categories or a substantial impact on total state spending, even in the COVID‐19 era. Increased federal expenditures may have shielded states from substantial budgetary impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study wants to determine whether government public relations have implemented communication collaboration in good shape, especially in conveying the advantages of the State Budget to the broader community. The study used a qualitative approach through semi-structured interviews with public relations in several government institutions in Indonesia, namely the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing, and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology. The results of the interviews show that the four government institutions have built good communication and collaboration with other government institutions, including the Ministry of Finance. Four informants have also amplified government messages and policies regarding the advantages of the State Budget to the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The local government has the right and the ability to regulate and administer an essential part of public affairs under their responsibility and in the interest of the community and the right to plan, finance and organize the exercise of a function. One of the main aspects is the support of local government in finding possible solutions for the financing and implementation of capital investment projects, also through policy improvements at the local level advocated by local government associations. In our legal framework, it is provided that the financing of the local self-government units is made from the revenues provided by taxes, fees and other local revenues, from funds transferred from the State Budget and funds that come directly from the allocation of taxes and national taxes, local borrowing, donations, as well as other sources provided for in the law. On the other hand, this paper will highlight the importance of implementing the principle of equality from the central to the local level, so that the latter can fulfill its functions where one of these functions is the expansion of financing sources. The implementation of local government investment projects depends on their ability to find the necessary funds by combining their own resources and external financing. Debt financing enables municipalities to carry out more infrastructure projects in a short period of time compared to financing from their own funds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vast contest literature disregarded the possibility of optimal contest design with simultaneous attainment of various objectives. The main goal of the current article is to illustrate the potential usefulness of a navigation tool that allows the designer to achieve, simultaneously, multiple objectives in contests between companies (competing for resources/patents/market‐share, etc), based on a unit tax and a lump‐sum subsidy. Our proposal is illustrated applying the most common simple setting of two contestants whose winning probabilities are determined by the simple lottery contest success function (CSF). We focus on seven main objectives: reducing the competition's intensity in terms of efforts: increasing profit for the state treasury; promoting equality between the players in terms of gap between the contestants' efforts, winning probabilities and expected payoffs, and budget and expenditure balancing. We also analyze the possible negative external effects of achieving a particular objective. Our main insight is that a complete differential policy can be used to attain, simultaneously (with two exceptions), all the objectives of the designer. In contrast, the use of a uniform policy, subject to a balanced budget objective, cannot ensure complete equality or maximize profit. It nevertheless guarantees a Pareto‐superior outcome relative to the situation before the designer's intervention. Future research may generalize the findings to any type of contest or CSF and multiple contestants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the impact of one dimension of administrative task configuration, task complexity, on organizational performance of government agencies. While task complexity allows greater specialization and thus positive returns to productivity, it often increases inter-task coordination costs. We argue that one can improve performance by designing heterogeneous tasks in small agencies and homogeneous tasks in large ones. We find empirical support for this proposition using panel data on 13 tasks of state budget agencies and fiscal management performance between 1986 and 2008. This study helps understand the performance impact of task complexity, a significant yet overlooked feature of agency structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to assess and analyse the shadowing of the national economy, as well as to determine the impact of its shadowing on the reduction of tax revenues to the state budget. The research employed general scientific, economic, and mathematical assessment methods, such as regression analysis, correlation analysis, interval forecasts, as well as econometric models of Lacko's household electricity approach, as well as modelling of the shadowing level using the multiple indicators-multiple-causes (MIMIC) model. The calculations and analysis gave grounds to determine the level of the shadow economy of Ukraine based on the state statistics of shadowing trends. There is currently an upward trend estimated to be 37.1% of GDP in 2022 compared with international data, which indicates a rapid growth of the shadow economy from 27% in 2019 to 44% in 2022. An alternative method of assessing the shadowing level was proposed in order to level the peculiarities of calculating the level of shadowing of the economy. According to the calculations, it was 43% in 2022. It was determined that the rapid growth of the shadow economy is an indicator of a reduction in tax revenues, especially in 2022 — by almost 8%. The correlation analysis proved that the increased shadowing level is an indicator of the reduction of tax revenues to the budget of Ukraine. The conducted analysis has certain limitations, therefore it is advisable to further test the hypothesis regarding the indicator of tax revenue reduction on a larger range of data and to apply an alternative method of assessing the shadowing level for developed economies, such as the countries of the European Union (EU). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thomas P. Lauth, a highly influential figure in public administration, particularly in public budgeting and finance, passed away last year. His scholarship was characterized by its depth, qualitative methods, and practical relevance. Lauth's impact can be seen through his extensive publication record, collaborations with colleagues and practitioners, and his mentorship of numerous students. His research covered a wide range of topics, including subnational governments, public management, fiscal federalism, and gubernatorial-legislative relationships. Lauth's legacy is marked by his caring and patient approach to teaching and mentoring, as well as his dedication to connecting students with professionals in the field. The testimonials in the text highlight Lauth's impact as a mentor and leader in the field of public administration. Lauth is praised for his knowledge, guidance, and support, with many expressing gratitude for his mentorship throughout their careers. His leadership style is described as consultative, fair, and focused on excellence. Lauth's legacy is seen as enduring and influential, with his impact reaching beyond his students to the wider field of public administration. [Extracted from the article]

This paper highlights the need to fight corruption in developing economies to ensure a better allocation of public resources in a context of institutional failure with the discretionary power of budgetary authorities. The study uses a panel of 48 Sub-Saharan African countries by combining several databases (WDI, WGI, SPEED BASE DATA and PWT), estimate by generalized moment method in system, the bias-corrected estimation linear dynamic panel data [6] and the type of error correction (Driscoll–Kraay). The results indicate that the phenomenon of corruption in the form of rent capture has two effects on public resources. One effect is linked to the level of public spending and the other to the distribution of public resources. Thus, corruption leads to an increase in the overall level of public spending. Corruption reduces spending on education, mining and communications, but increases spending on the military, health and transport. The study recommends that political leaders in developing countries strengthen and rigorously enforce anti-corruption laws, and raise public awareness of the underground economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial stability appears more and more often in discussions of money and capital market analysis, the financial banking system and financial education in Eastern EU countries. The uncertainty hanging over the national economy due to the war on the eastern border, as well as the increase in the total debt of the country as a result of the state budget imbalances influenced by the increases in budget expenditures, the energy crisis, poor financial education and the increase in the inflation rate are only part of the causes. which periodically creates problems for the monetary authority regarding the financial stability of Romania. Financial stability and price stability are two sides of the same coin. We must always consider both sides. In this sense, the statistical information provided by the banking financial system has an important role in the analysis of financial stability and price stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Italian Journal of Health Education, Sport & Inclusive Didactics is the property of Edizioni Universitarie Romane and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Effective management of the state budget is an important factor of the country's financial stabilization and correct forecasting, its basis is the introduction of modern management principles of the budget system, the formation of an institutional and legal base corresponding to European standards. The article discusses the role of the budget system in the unified process of managing the economy of Georgia and certain features of its functioning, the issues of optimization of vertical budget segmentation and proper coordination. On the basis of the Law on Budgetary Systems, government reserve funds have been created within the state budget of Georgia since 2005 to cover unforeseen expenses. The operation of this fund is one of the important issues of the state budget, as, along with the fiscal burden, the Reserve Fund plays a significant role in financial support for the main priorities of the state's social policy. Despite the compliance of the budget system of Georgia with the European standards, the issue of reserve funds still involves a certain problem. The issues of structuring and targeting of reserve funds, its legal and institutional provision require special attention. The problems of formation and effective management of reserve funds are discussed in the presented report. The foundation for the formation of Georgia's modern budget system was placed by the public financial management reform (2004), which was based on the principles of the Open Government Partnership (OGP) and on the international standards of GFSM-2001. The compliance of the legal norms of the budget system of Georgia with European standards was ensured by the Organic Law "On Economic Freedom" (2011). An important legal basis for the effective administration of the budget structure and public finance management was created by the government decree - "Public Administration Reform" (2019). The legal basis for the process of harmonizing the functions of budgets at individual levels in Georgia is made up by the following regulations: Organic laws "On Local Self-Government and Management" (1997) and "On Local Self-Government" (2007), Laws "On the Budget of Local Self-Government Units" (2006), "On local government bodies "On Property" (2006) and others. According to the budget transparency, which was published in 2021, Georgia was on the first place from 120 countries in the whole world [20]. According to the future forecasts, this success will be further consolidated by the implementation of 85% of the legislative obligations provided for the agreement on a deep and comprehensive free trade zone with the European Union in 2024, in addition to it, all the obligations in the field of public procurement will be fully implemented, as well, as on customs and technical barriers to trade. In accordance with the IMF, the fiscal system of Georgia today is normal and its indicators do not exceed the threshold level of sustainability. The international standards of fiscal security are also observed, while it has identified a number of problems, which are necessary to be considered for the stability of the financial sector and the effective functioning of fiscal mechanisms for regulating the economy. Here is the list of the following problems, such as: * Long-term provision of financial stability * Effective use of reserve funds * Financial management of state-owned enterprises. The IMF has given priority for assessing long-term factors of fiscal sustainability, which are reflected in the international regulatory document - "Multi-year Indicative Program - MTP" (2020). This document about the delegation of powers between government and fiscal institutions, provides the formation of the optimal economic ties, which is only possible while using the conditions of an effective policy of decentralization of public administration. The reserve fund of the Georgian government is subordinate to the executive branch and its volume. According to the state budget for 2024, is set at 80 million laris (an increase of 33.4%). The fund's expense structure contains: * Unforeseen expenses -- 28% * Carrying out events of national importance -- 26% * Uninterrupted functioning of budgetary organizations -- 13% * Social expenses - 7% * Electoral process services -- 3% * Financing of European integration events and political parties -2% and others. According to the Georgian legislation, money from the government's reserve is only allocated to finance expenses. But, not provided for the budget, so, in our days, there is a high risk of inefficient use of funds and instability caused by multiple changes in the distribution of the reserve's fund, which prevents propering the budget planning and effective control of its execution. The process of managing reserve funds of the state budget, is especially problematic. Similar as to justify the intended purpose of expenses; therefore, it is necessary to develop a unified standard, which helps us to control the fund funds instead of unforeseen expenses . In addition to it, it is only recommend to use it in a force majeure situation and finances such an emergency expenses that could not be predicted in advance, this will significantly increase the responsibility of spending organizations for taking into account all the expected expenses when drawing up the budget, which will eliminate the bad practice of requesting additional funds from the reserve fund during the year. Also, in emergency situations, it will be allowed to finance from the reserve fund such unplanned expenses when leaving them without financial support from the state could cause irreparable damage to the country's international reputation or its propert. The issue of targeting transfers transferred from the reserve fund to local government also requires legal revision, since in some cases, they do not correspond to the purpose of the targeted, capital or special transfers which are existing today. To summarize, strictly formulated targeting system will help departments to plan the budget correctly and determine the exact size of the reserve fund itself, which is an important condition for the sustainability of Georgia's budget system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green or environmental management, which is often referred to as eco-management, is a component of management theory and practice, the ultimate goal of which is the rational use of resources without harming the natural environment. In the development plans of the country or its regions developed at the beginning of the transition period to Soviet-era and market relations in Georgia, the main attention was shifted to economic and social aspects, and less attention was paid to environmental measures. Currently, the situation in this regard has changed radically, almost no important program or project is developed without environmental impact assessment (EIA), strategic environmental assessment (SEA) and other necessary studies. The amount of funding for environmental measures has also increased, for example, 189.4 million GEL has been allocated from the state budget of Georgia to finance environmental protection programs in 2024, while only 30.9 million GEL was allocated for this purpose in 2013, i.e. approximately 6 times less. It should also be noted that in the 2013 budget there were no allocations at all for environmental protection, such as waste collection and disposal, wastewater management, pollution control, etc. This is undoubtedly a step forward. It should be noted here that the development and full implementation of state targeted programs in any area (for example, in the field of employment) is an effective tool for overcoming existing problems, and it is gratifying that the fourth national program of environmental measures for 2022-2026 is currently being implemented in Georgia and after summing up its results, the implementation of the fifth national program (2027-2031) is expected. The Georgian Environmental Action Program for 2022-2026 is presented in 6 chapters and 3 annexes. The program presents its goals and objectives, performance indicators, key indicators, time frames for implementation and coordination of planned actions, as well as monitoring and evaluation mechanisms based on a detailed situational analysis carried out across 13 sectoral priorities. In overcoming environmental problems in any country, the involvement of all parts of the state is of particular importance, but in achieving overall success, the participation of business and the population is equally important, and this is evident from the abovementioned program. It is a fact that in this regard, in Georgia, the situation is improving year by year, both business and the population increasingly share the need to implement environmental actions. The management mechanism of the above program deserves attention. It is mentioned that the main coordinating body for the implementation of the program is the Ministry of Environment Protection and Agriculture of Georgia, and the policy coordination and analysis department of the same ministry performs the function of the secretariat. Due to the fact that the program involves services under the jurisdiction of various ministries, non-governmental organizations, municipalities, as well as the population, by order of the Minister of Environment and Agriculture of Georgia, a working group for the implementation of the program was created, which includes representatives of the Ministry environment and agriculture, as well as other departments. A fiveyear action plan for the implementation of the program has been written (Anex 1), which facilitates its management. In view of the complexity, diversity and versatility of the management system, in our opinion, it would be advisable to entrust the overall management of this program to a government group or commission, the head of which would be the country's Deputy Prime Minister. The fact is that neither the aforementioned secretariat, nor the working group, nor even the minister, unlike the deputy prime minister, have any levers of direct influence on ministries, municipalities, and non-governmental organizations. When carefully developing and successfully implementing five-year targeted environmental protection programs, it is important to effectively monitor the progress of annual planning tasks and fully evaluate their results. From the relevant information it is clear that the current practice in Georgia in this regard is not bad, but we believe that if an external audit is included in the summing up and evaluation of the results of monitoring the implementation of the environmental program, the final result will be better. The entire composition of municipalities (and not just a few) should participate in the development and realization of programs to be implemented in the environmental field, as well as in the preparation of the national report on the state of the environment, because this or that issue of environmental protection concerns almost all municipalities of greater or lesser size; In general, it should be noted that the successful implementation of the fourth national environmental protection action program of Georgia for the years 2022-2026 will, on the one hand, play an important role in the socio-economic and sustainable development of the country, and on the other hand, it will be a powerful step forward on the way to the integration of our country into the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ukrainian education system has demonstrated remarkable resilience, continuing to function even under the adverse circumstances of war. The government has introduced a wide range of measures to amend regulations and legislation, enabling educational institutions, teachers, and students to adapt to the conditions of martial law. New management, training, and budgetary tools have been implemented, which influence all aspects of the educational process due to their universality. The aim of this study is to develop new approaches to assessing the efficiency of budget funding for general secondary education at both the state and regional levels. Specifically, we explore the possibility of using the adapted method of Data envelopment analysis (DEA). We used this method to quantitatively assess the efficiency of budget funding during the pre-war period (2020-2021). For the war period (2022), we used statistical analysis due to significant changes in the information base. To assess the efficiency of budget financing of teachers' salaries in general secondary education institutions, we considered two input indicators: funds from the state educational subvention (transferred from the state budget to local budgets) and local budgets' own funds for education. Student's achievements in Ukrainian language and literature, history of Ukraine, mathematics, and English were used as performance indicators of the educational process in the national external independent evaluation of 2020-2021 in the regional context. A "thermal matrix" was created to display integral indicators of the efficiency of regional budget financing. This tool is used for risk-based management and helps to identify problems in education, enabling regional managers to formulate more effective education policies. In summary, the effectiveness of the adapted DEA method for assessing the efficiency of budget financing for general secondary education has been confirmed. The specific challenges of implementing the DEA method during the period of martial law will be the subject of our further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the conditions of Russian aggression, the state of funding of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is important in view of the direct impact on the outcome of hostilities, the future of European countries, and on the further advancement of Ukraine through European inte gration. The basis of the administrative and legal regulation of the financing of the security and defense sector, including the Armed Forces, is: the Military Security Strategy of Ukraine, the National Security Strategy of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine "On National Security of Ukraine", annual laws "On the State Budget of Ukraine". As a result of the conducted analysis, it was established that during 2016-2021, budget financing of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine amounted to 2.1-2.4% of GDP or 2.5-2.9 billion dollars. the USA, while the amount of expenditures for similar purposes in the USA is 600-650 billion dollars, in China - 215-250 billion dollars, in the aggressor country - 70 billion dollars. Only in 2022, the specified volume of expenditures in Ukraine reached 21%, approximately the same amount is planned to be financed in 2024 (1,693 billion UAH). Among the main problems in the field of financing the Armed Forces, the following are highlighted: the budget of Ukraine is not a development budget; the amount of budget expenditures depends on charity, humanitarian and international technical assistance; inefficient structure of defense budget expenditures; lack of objective opportunities for growth of own income sources. These shortcomings became one of the reasons for Ukraine's unpreparedness to protect its borders and significant losses during the Russian aggression during 2022-2023. This convinces of the need to comply with the current legislation of Ukraine, which combines the administrative-legal and financiallegal principles of regulation of the sphere of security and defense in Ukraine, including the Armed Forces. It is possible to achieve an increase in the volume of income sources in Ukraine through the modernization of the defense-industrial complex. Transfers from the EU remain important and necessary - this confirms the necessity of the European integration vector for the further development of our state. Another way to overcome the identified problems is the attraction of direct foreign investments for post-war reconstruction through the removal of regulatory levers. Along with state domestic financing and attracting private capital, Ukraine will need financing of infrastructure projects from relevant EU funds (as public funds), which requires maximum transparency, accountability and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia is the property of Wydawnictwo SGGW and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The extension of the review period is a crucial instrument for ensuring that lawmakers take an active role in the budget process. This article suggests that a longer deliberation period for a legislature can improve budget efficiency. Moreover, a more diverse legislature has a wider and more balanced range of perspectives, which further improves its decision efficiency. These results support the recent wave of legislative budget activism, which has been observed globally in both developed and developing countries. This article examines the influence of the length of the legislature's budget deliberation period on budget efficiency, using a novel dataset from South Korea, where the legislature's budgetary review period was extended from 60 to 90 days. Adopting the budgeted but unused funds as an indicator of budget inefficiency, the authors found that budget efficiency improved when the deliberation period by the legislature was lengthened. Furthermore, the positive relationship between the length of the deliberation period and budget efficiency was strengthened when the group of lawmakers reviewing the budget was more diverse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study contributes to the existing literature by investigating the relationship between structure of the State budget and fiscal deficit-to-GDP ratio in Egypt over the period 1981/1982–2020/2021. The dynamic relationship between the examined variables is tested using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to cointegration. The study finds an empirical evidence that supports the hypothesis that budget structure matters for fiscal deficit in Egypt. A higher share of investment expenditure in total government expenditure is correlated with a lower fiscal deficit-to-GDP ratio in the long- and short-run. The share of taxes in total government revenue is found to be negatively (positively) associated with the fiscal deficit-to-GDP ratio in the short-run (long-run). In addition, the current account balance is found to be negatively correlated with the fiscal deficit, in the long-run, which supports the 'twin deficits hypothesis' and the 'current account targeting hypothesis'. Furthermore, the study finds a unidirectional Granger causality relationship that runs from fiscal deficit to government investment expenditure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on recent developments in New York State's healthcare industry, including a new process for reporting "material transactions" by healthcare entities to the Department of Health. It mentions the law's ambiguous language raises questions about whether dental practice entities will be affected, but certain exceptions, such as "de minimis" transactions, might exclude many private dental practice transactions from reporting requirements.

The object of the study is the investment activity of railway transport enterprises. The purpose of the work is to forecast the investment activity of railway transport enterprises by using economic-mathematical methods and models, namely trend models. The information base of the study is the data of the State Statistics Service and the Ministry of Finance. It has been proven that the transport industry is one of the important branches of the national economy, which provides a logistic connection from the transportation of passengers to the transportation of goods. On the basis of economic-mathematical models (one-dimensional trend forecasting methods), a conceptual scheme for building forecast values of investment activities of railway transport enterprises has been suggested, with the help of which it is possible not only to forecast capital investments but also to propose measures for their increase. The results of investment forecasting by funding sources are given (at the expense of state budget funds, local budget funds, own funds of enterprises and organizations, bank loans and other loans, funds of foreign investors, funds of domestic investment companies, funds, etc., public funds for housing construction, other funding sources). Investments are distinguished by types of economic activity: "Transport, warehousing, postal and courier activities". The received forecast values of investment activity have been interpreted. Measures to increase the investment activity of railway transport enterprises are proposed. The results of the study can form the basis of the formation of the state strategy for the regional development of the country and, separately, in the development of plans and recommendations for the development of railway transport enterprises at different levels of management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at whether fiscal decentralization of welfare programs made state governments effective at alleviating poverty. We make use of the National Association of State Budget Officers' (NASBO) State Expenditure Report which publishes expenditure data in different areas by state and federal government. Using this data, we constructed expenditure ratios to demonstrate the moment when state governments took on more responsibility in funding compared to the federal government. Although we hypothesized fiscal decentralization to worsen poverty growth, we found the fiscal decentralization of Medicaid to reduce poverty rate growth. We believe this negative finding to be the result of the types of additional goods that are being offered to Medicaid beneficiaries beyond what is federally required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Public credit programmes – the state provision of direct loans or loan guarantees – are difficult to govern. The dominant approach to governing public credit provision involves estimating the cost of public credit programmes and including these estimated costs in the budget process. This, I argue, is a mistake. The legislature uses the budget to make informed decisions about which programmes to fund and not fund. Conventional budgetary accounting, however, is technically incompatible with credit – regardless of the cost estimation procedure adopted. Consequently, using the budget to govern the public provision of credit results in the legislature making choices about what to fund and not fund based on an incomplete and inaccurate picture of the state's fiscal capacity and the existing resource allocation. Instead, legislatures should govern the public provision of credit using an experimentalist architecture that controls credit provision through the regular reassessment of outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Utah's efforts to gain control of federal lands within its borders, exploring the historical tensions between the state and the federal government over land ownership. It discusses the potential benefits of such land transfers to Utah, particularly in terms of increasing revenue for education and other state needs. It highlights Utah's unique position regarding federal land ownership and its implications for the state's budget and policies.

The practice of transfer pricing for the purpose of fiscal optimization has become the center of attention in recent years due to the negative impact it has on the tax base, the state budget and competition. In this paper, we analyzed the functioning of transfer prices from two points of view, the value of fiscal optimization and the value of the market. The purpose was to determine the key indicators that address transfer prices in order to optimize the tax to come up with recommendations that could inhibit this practice. The results of the paper showed that the indicators are sales revenue, tax level and profit. So, the proposed recommendations considered the three indicators and the main recommendation regarding the profit involves the taxation of profit at the level of the value that would be realized under the conditions of the sale at the market price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Research in Finance & Accounting is the property of Journal of Research in Finance & Accounting and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is devoted to the analysis of the efficiency of higher education funding from the perspective of higher education applicants (cost of education) and from the perspective of the state (budget expenditures, investments in preparation of specialists). The article contains the main indicators of socioeconomic development of the OECD countries and Ukraine. The analysis has shown that in Ukraine the amount of higher education expenditures as a percentage of GDP has an average value compared to the OECD countries, while this amount in monetary terms is significantly lower than in other countries. The efficiency of higher education costs for the individual and expenditures for the state in the OECD countries and in Ukraine have been evaluated. The efficiency of individual costs of higher education is calculated using the discounted cash flow method, applied to the cost of education and the difference in wages between qualified and unqualified personnel. The efficiency of public spending on higher education (investment in the training of specialists) is calculated using the discounted cash flow method applied to the share of public spending on higher education and GDP growth generated by labor with better skills. The results of the calculations have shown that the efficiency of state expenditures on higher education is higher than the efficiency of individual costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Remote work arrangements were becoming increasingly available in the years leading up to 2020. At the same time, several states enacted rules taxing remote workers who earn their income outside of the states’ borders. During the COVID-19 pandemic, remote work arrangements increased exponentially and are now here to stay. Meanwhile, COVID-19 decimated state budgets, providing states with an incentive to attempt to aggressively tax income earned outside of state borders. However, these state tax schemes violate the Due Process and Commerce Clauses of the Constitution. This Comment examines the current landscape of remote work arrangements and state taxation of these arrangements. This Comment argues that the Supreme Court or Congress should step in to ensure state taxes are constitutionally apportioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A poviat is an independent entity with autonomy in the use of resources in the process of carrying out public tasks. Its local economic, financial and social resources, as well as information resources, determine the level of development. The basis for the proper and effective operation of poviats is the provision of appropriate financial resources. They consist of both the so-called own income as well as transfers from the state budget in the form of, inter alia, general subsidies and targeted subsidies. The main aim of the article is to assess the spatial differentiation of the level of financial independence of poviats in Poland in 2007-2019 using a synthetic measure. The empirical data on poviats in Poland was collected through information available from the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office. The financial independence of poviats is radically diversified. There are significant differences regarding its level between the east and west of Poland. The western part of the country is characterized by better independence and financial situation. The study showed that the level of financial independence was shaped primarily by own income, income from PIT (personal income tax) and CIT (corporate tax), transfers from the state budget, and investment expenditure. The development of poviats depends on financial independence. The possessed financial resources are the basis for the operation and the condition for the implementation of its current and investment tasks. The potential of the poviat is built, among others, by professional activity of inhabitants, local labor market, entrepreneurship, infrastructure, condition of the natural environment, financial situation, increase in the quality and scope of public services and investments. Financial independence is correlated with the level of local development. It translates into disproportions in terms of the possibilities of meeting local needs, meeting current and future obligations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the American strategy for developing non-treaty defence and security agreements with Canada and other partners? Kimball's 2017 Canadian–US defence and security agreement (DSA) data tested a rationalist institutionalist model of agreement institutionalization. This research examines DSA diffusion comparing US DS cooperation with competitors and partners from 1955 to 2005. Non-treaty cooperation via exchanges of diplomatic notes/letters, memoranda of understanding, etc., require legislative notification but not approval. Those arrangements permit the flexibility, speed, and adaptation necessary in defence project management (i.e. NORAD, Eurofighter, F-35). For states with limited budgets, bilateral defence contracting with the USA is more efficient economically, than unilateral provision, but partnering incurs risks (entrapment, abandonment, burden-sharing, etc.). This research contributes to the literature on transatlantic relations by reflecting upon patterns of US cooperation with Canada, other partners as well as main competitors. It closes with recommendations based on anticipated changes to polarity and the defence cooperation status quo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing bridge performance metrics are limited in their ability to objectively reflect the safety and serviceability of bridges and identify effective Maintenance, Repair and Replacement (MR&R) actions for a large number of bridges in the face of budget constraints. This study presents a comprehensive optimal budget allocation framework with an integer linear programing formulation for a portfolio of bridges based on element-level inspection data. Considering budget constraints, this method determines optimal MR&R actions at element-level such that agency and user costs of repair actions required to have bridges in their like-new state at the next budget allocation year are minimized. The framework incorporates structural safety risks via the probability that the designated structural functionality of a bridge is or deemed to be compromised. The approach is applied to 484 National Highway Systems bridges in district 3 of Ohio. Results indicate that the proposed method can identify work plans comprising the optimal set of MR&R actions that maximize the network-level performance of bridge portfolios, while satisfying budgetary constraints. It is observed that this method consistently assigns higher priority to work plans that reduce structural safety risks of bridges, and to bridges with high traffic demands and long detour lengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maintaining fiscal responsiveness to deteriorating environmental conditions is a critical concern for civil society and public managers. Drawing from multiple theoretical perspectives and panel data of state environmental agency appropriations, we add to the budgeting literature on this salient topic with an examination of the legal, political, institutional, and fiscal factors that drive, and condition, environmental budgets. Given the influence of environmental pollution on funding—as stressed by previous literature—we offer evidence that such impacts are moderated by business interests, political party control in government, and fiscal capacity. Findings from this investigation provide insights into fiscal responsiveness and environmental governance at the state level, which can help elucidate and guide other federal and state co‐funded programs. APPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Environmental agency budgets are positively responsive to deteriorating air quality when fiscal capacity is sufficient, underscoring the importance for environmental agency managers to engage public budgeting officials during the appropriations process.Business interests negatively moderate the relationship between air quality and appropriations, signaling an opportunity for public managers and elected officials to promote civic engagement and cultivate a plurality of interests in the budgeting process.Given the interaction of partisan ideology and air quality on appropriations, our findings argue for environmental agency officials to broker their knowledge of environmental quality with state elected officials across the partisan ideological spectrum.Budgeting officials interested in the influence of environmental pollution on appropriations may find it is more complex than previously presented and our results provide evidence of key interactions at play in contemporary US environmental governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is the event with the strongest short-term impact on socioeconomic life in recent decades. It caused an unprecedented shock that faced governments around the world with challenging decisions. Imposing physical distancing measures was necessary to prevent the spread of the virus. At the same time, the shutdown of entire sectors took a heavy toll on the economy. On the one hand, the contraction of GDP led to lower public revenue in the state budgets. On the other hand, governments introduced various measures to stimulate the economy. They were associated with both temporary tax relief and additional spendings on the social and healthcare systems. For the first time, the general escape clause was activated by the European Commission and temporary deviations from the fiscal rules were allowed. This empowered governments to take the necessary measures without considering these limitations. However, due to lower GDP growth and tax cuts, public revenues declined. At the same time, costs increased significantly - for hospital treatment, sickness and quarantine benefits, for business and household support. These circumstances led to the accumulation of significant deficits and accelerated debt. Several analyses of the numerical values of these deviations in the budget parameters have been carried out in accordance with the reported statistics. However, research on fiscal sustainability is more limited. It is an indicator that is also measured by different methods and takes a numerical value. However, fiscal sustainability can also be assessed through a more subjective approach. Such can be obtained with analysis of expert opinions. An empirical study was conducted among seventeen countries in the European Union. The respondents are representatives of expert or managerial level in independent fiscal institutions. These organizations are considered more objective than the ministries of finance. This is because the task of the former is to conduct independent monitoring, while the latter make decisions on fiscal policy. One of the various questions asked in the research is related to fiscal sustainability and real GDP growth. Using a scale of 1 to 5, experts provide an assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on fiscal sustainability in the short and in the long term, on real GDP growth and on minimizing the output gap. The results can be used as a basis for further research comparing the numerical values of indicators with the assessment of experts, which is considered more subjective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the latest literary sources and rich factual material, the scientific article consistently discusses topical issues of financial theory and practice, gender budgeting in the healthcare and social protection of Georgia. It has been established that the spheres of health care and social orientation have a high gender significance. At the same time, the study shows that the state budget programs of Georgia do not contain gender sensitivity. It is substantiated that the goals set in the health and social protection programs of the state budget of Georgia, and the indicators of intermediate and final results require more specification in accordance with the principles of the program budgeting methodology in general, as well as taking into account additional gender aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urgency of the state budget issue has no time limit. From the time of Ancient Rome to the present day, the question of how exactly to allocate and plan financial resources for the next 365 (366 in the case of a leap year) becomes every year in the country. The concept and structure of the State Budget of Ukraine are defined. The concept and structure of the state budget of Ukraine according to normative legal acts, the concept and structure of revenues of the state budget of Ukraine and the concept of expenditures of the state budget of Ukraine are analyzed and defined. The article analyzes the levels of revenues and expenditures of the State Budget of Ukraine from 2015 to 2021, as well as forecasts the amount of revenues and expenditures of the State Budget of Ukraine for 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polish Journal of Management Studies is the property of Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Community colleges serve the largest percentage of under‐represented, under‐prepared, and under‐resourced students yet they are often underfunded in state budgets. This article demonstrates challenges and opportunities for community college leaders in state and federal political advocacy from the perspective of a community college state system leader, a national community college trustee leader, a Washington, DC attorney advocating for community college consortium initiatives, and a university researcher. Drawing from the American Association for Community Colleges (AACC) third edition of the Competencies for Community College Leaders, the article frames discussion of advocacy within leadership development. The purpose of the article is to equip community college leaders with strategic knowledge for advocacy in local, state, and federal political contexts to expand fiscal resources. The article details recent developments in community college consortium building for targeted federal funding and a recent shift in federal policy allowing earmarks in federal appropriations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We test hypotheses about individual-level (partisanship and self-interest) and state-level (tax policy) factors that may shape public attitudes about raising taxes. Respondents were given a scenario where a state budget needed to be balanced with spending cuts or tax increases, and a scenario where either state sales or state income taxes would be increased. We find partisanship, ideology, and self-interest had substantial relationships with how people responded. Democrats, liberals, and those with fewer resources preferred tax increases over spending cuts, and preferred income tax increases over sales tax increases. Republicans (particularly wealthy Republicans), conservatives, and those with more resources preferred spending cuts to tax increases, and preferred sales tax increases over income tax increases. We also find income tax increases and higher tax burdens may correspond with preferences for cutting spending rather than raising taxes, but variation in the rates of a particular tax was not associated with attitudes about raising that tax. Our results suggest an electorate that may be somewhat more sophisticated about fiscal policy than what has been portrayed in several influential studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adopting a budget with a deficit in the modern world is not considered a negative phenomenon. However, it is imperative to identify sources of funding for such a deficit. In this regard, the use of market sources of financing the state budget deficit is the most optimal. The purpose of the article is to reveal the theoretical provisions and practice of financing the state budget deficit of Ukraine with the help of market sources. The article solves the following tasks: determining the place of financing the budget deficit in the process of equalization using different sources; characterization of existing sources of financing the budget deficit, and establishing criteria for classifying them as "market"; analysis of statistics on the preconditions for the state budget deficit in Ukraine; assessment of the use of market sources of financing the state budget deficit of Ukraine and the consequences of such financing. The existing sources of financing the state budget deficit are considered, among which: deficit financing emission, tax sources, budget sequestration, sale of budget assets, internal state loans, external state loans, free assistance. Market features identify the sources related to the use of debt financing instruments of the budget deficit, namely internal and external government loans. The advantages of using market sources of financing the state budget deficit are determined, namely: non-inflationary nature, efficiency of coverage, possibility to choose the most optimal offers on the market, wide opportunities for diversification, large base of risk reduction mechanisms, high liquidity. An assessment of the market sources use in terms of the state budget deficit financing in Ukraine allowed us to establish that external financing, which carries the greatest burden on the budget, accounts for the majority. In the structure of external financing, the largest share belongs to loans received by Ukraine from international financial institutions. Sold foreign government bonds also account for a large share of external debt. The domestic market for deficit financing is realized through the sale of domestic bonds. The increase in domestic and external debts poses a threat to Ukraine's debt security, which was analyzed using a number of indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Law of Ukraine / Pravo Ukraini is the property of Editorial Board of Journal "Law of Ukraine" and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the Great Recession and the start of the COVID‐19 pandemic, practitioners and scholars alike looked to fiscal reserves as a means to overcome fiscal pressure on state budgets. This study builds on the literature exploring the association between budget stabilization funds and unassigned and unreserved balances (UUBs) during economic booms and busts and under different institutional settings. We find that BSFs supplement UUBs during economic booms and substitute for them during economic busts. Institutional rules strongly influence the relationship between both saving instruments. Applications for practice: We find that budget stabilization funds supplement unassigned and unreserved balances during times of economic prosperity and substitute them during economic declines. We provide evidence that strict deposit and withdrawal rules enhance the relationship between the business cycle and savings. Strict caps on budget stabilization funds decrease supplementation effects.We introduce replenishment rules to the study of budget stabilization funds. These rules lead to strong supplementation effects after money has been transferred out of the stabilization fund, but decrease supplementation effects during all other time periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1980, the Federal Mining Act was introduced to govern the use of the German subsurface. By paying royalties, companies can get permission to exploit resources. Yet, there is no official report breaking down the payments for hydrocarbons and lignite, in particular regarding the effectively levied fees. Hence, the objective of this study is to provide an overview of the ownership and paid royalties, and to discuss the sustainable use and management of the German subsurface in the face of ecological, social, and economic impacts of resource exploitation. Our analysis shows that the subsurface is partly state- and partly company-owned. Lignite is almost exclusively privately owned by two companies. In contrast, hydrocarbons are predominantly state-owned. In 2017, on average 13% was paid in royalties for gas and 11% for petroleum. These royalties have minor impact on state budgets. For instance, in the concerned state of Lower Saxony, the levies amount to 189 million € or 0.6% of the state budget. Thus, the state income from royalties is low. However, local communities and property owners have no financial benefits. Finally, to obtain a more sustainable use of subsurface, the current Federal Mining Act must be adapted to account for environmental and social impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Law of Ukraine / Pravo Ukraini is the property of Editorial Board of Journal "Law of Ukraine" and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Throughout most of 2020, state and local governments faced severe budget crises as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Increased demand for state welfare services and rising state expenses related to controlling the spread of COVID-19 stretched state and local budgets to their breaking points. At the same time, layoffs, business closures, and social distancing measures reduced states' primary sources of tax revenues. The traditional practice of American fiscal federalism is for the federal government to step in to provide aid during a national emergency of this magnitude, because state and local governments lack the federal government's monetary and fiscal powers. But during the 2020 national emergency, the majority coalition in control of Congress was skeptical of this traditional practice, leaving federal aid limited and insufficient. Late in the day, and after a change of Presidents and in partisan control of the Senate, the federal government did eventually step in to provide substantial aid to state and local governments at the beginning of 2021. But, during 2020, it was not at all clear that this would occur. Regardless, due to heightened partisan polarization and related factors, it seems highly likely that future national emergencies will occur during times in which the federal government is again controlled by a majority coalition skeptical of the federal government's traditional role of providing aid to state and local governments during downturns. This Article thus proposes a series of innovative state tax reform measures and other related reform proposals for modernizing states' outdated tax bases and crisisproofing American institutions of fiscal federalism. These proposals were initially designed as reforms to mitigate the harmful state and local budget consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. But a central role of legal scholarship should be to develop law reform solutions for legislatures and for other policymakers to prepare for future emergencies when those solutions may be urgently needed. To that end, this Article elaborates on and memorializes proposals initially developed for the 2020 crises, so that these proposals might be further developed to be ready as potential responses for future crises in which the federal government might once again prove unwilling to act sufficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EU policies aim to overcome these barriers which affect rural areas and which must in most cases lead to a change in the status of disadvantaged regions. Therefore, the cohesion of the EU area, of all regions / areas is included in Community policies, environmental policy and climate change, as it is known that rural areas are extremely vulnerable to a number of negative and less controllable factors, namely: climate, birth rate, level of education, state of health, poor general infrastructure (supply of electricity and heat, sewerage, transport infrastructure, etc.). To this end, the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) is intended to support the EU's strategy by funding specific programs in the Member States. For efficiency, any investment program is developed by the European Commission in partnership with each Member State, pursuing the specific objectives of the rural development policy adopted by the Council. It should be noted that each program includes a set of strategic priorities related to those set at national level. The article analyzes the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development and makes comparisons between Member States on budget allocation and absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]