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In fuzzy logic, the triangular norm (𝑡- norm) is an operator that represents conjunctions. The concept of 𝑡- norm turned out to be a basic tool for probabilistic metric spaces, but also in several areas of mathematics, including fuzzy set theory, fuzzy decision making, probability and statistics, etc. In the study of hybrid structures, we noticed that hybrid ideals play an important role. By using Tϒ - hybrid ideals in hemirings, the concepts of hybrid relations and the strongest Tϒ - hybrid relations are investigated in this paper. The notion of hybrid Tϒ - product and their relevant results are also discussed, and we prove that the direct Tϒ - product of two Tϒ - hybrid left ℎ-ideals in hemiring is also a Tϒ - hybrid left ℎ - ideal.

Plants remain a vibrant source of diverse bioactive phytochemicals that are secondary metabolites protecting them from infections and predations. Magnolia champaca is reported to possess a multitude of phytochemicals. In the present study, the phytochemical constituents of the methanolic extract of Magnolia champaca leaves were analysed qualitatively and with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis was performed to identify the chemical nature of the extract and to find structurally similar compounds. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, glycosides, phenols, steroids, tannins and saponins. FTIR spectroscopic analysis revealed structurally related compounds. GC-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of 99 diverse compounds with varied biological activities, among which 1,2,4-butanetriol, n-hexadecanoic acid, cis vaccenic acid, phytol, trans longipinocarveol and caryophyllene oxide were found predominantly. Thus, the identification and characterisation of the phytochemicals in the extract favour the development of novel therapeutic agents.

Plants have been in use in medicine from time immemorial. Sesamum indicum, an ancient seed crop, has been widely used mainly for its oil. It is regarded as highly beneficial for its nutritive value and therapeutic effect. It is known to have anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, analgesic and many other pharmacological activities. In this study, seeds of S. indicum were subjected to aqueous extraction followed by evaluation for the presence of phytochemical constituents. The aqueous extract of seeds of S. indicum after phytochemical testing, was found to contain alkaloids, phenols, steroids, flavonoids, diterpenes, glycosides and tannins. Following this, silver nanoparticles were biosynthesised from the extract, where the phytochemicals acted as reducing and capping agents for the nanoparticles formed. The synthesised nanoparticles were characterised by using UV-visible spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The synthesis of nanoparticles from plant extract is gaining importance now-a-days owing to the effectual activity elicited by them when compared to activity of plant compounds alone.

In this paper a new concept of neutrosophic closed sets called neutrosophic β generalized α closed set is introduced and their properties are thoroughly studied and analyzed and also discuss their relationship between basic closed sets in neutrosophic topological spaces. Some new interesting theorems are presented using newly introduced set.

The aim of this paper is to introduce the extension of intuitionistic fuzzy threshold graph to Neutrosophic field of approach. A new structure called Neutrosophic fuzzy threshold graph (NFTG) have been portrayed and the Neutrosophic fuzzy alternating 4-cycle have been explained using suitable examples. Two parameters namely, Neutrosophic fuzzy threshold dimension and Neutrosophic fuzzy threshold partition number have been illustrated with examples. Theorems based on proposed concepts were proved and one application has been discussed to insist the utility of Neutrosophic fuzzy threshold graph in resource management technique.

In this paper, some new connectivity concepts in neutrosophic labeling graphs are portrayed. Definition of neutrosophic strong arc, neutrosophic partial cut node, Neutrosophic Bridge and block are introduced with examples. Also, neutrosophic labeling tree and partial intuitionistic fuzzy labeling tree is explored with interesting properties.

The inhibition of efflux pumps plays a role in combating the antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli (E.coli) is caused by the AcrAB-TolC efflux system, which is a form of efflux pump. Mdf A is a putative membrane protein of 410 amino acids that belongs to the major facilitator superfamily of transport proteins. In this study capsaicin, a phyto-alkaloid was used as modulator of efflux pump in combination with tetracycline in tetracycline resistant E.coli. Antimicrobial sensitivity was carried out using standard disc diffusion method with appropriate controls. Tube dilution method was carried out for MIC and the turbidity was measured at 600nm. mRNA expression for the respective genes (Tol C, Mdf A, Nor E) were carried out by Real time PCR. There was no zone of inhibition for capsaicin and tetracycline when they were used alone, while there was significant increase in the zone of inhibition for tetracycline when it was combined with capsaicin. Turbidity of the culture decreased when tetracycline is used in combination with capsaicin. Use of phytochemicals like capsaicin, which is a known inhibitor of efflux pump, could interfere with efflux pumping of antibiotics in resistant bacteria. mRNA expression for Tol C is decreased, whereas for Mdf A and Nor E, it is increased when tetracycline is used in combination with capsaicin indicating the blocking of efflux pumps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive and indiscriminate use of antibiotics in treatment and control of mastitis may lead to emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria and transfer of resistant genes. Among various pathogens, E. coli and Staphylococcus contributes to major occurrence of mastitis in dairy animals and also show antimicrobial resistance. Combination of phytochemicals with antimicrobial agents is shown to be effective in overcoming antimicrobial resistance. Methanolic extracts of Tectona grandis and Biophytum sensitivum are phytochemicals used in this study in combination with tetracycline in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp and Staphylococcus aureus isolates from mastitis. In the present study disc diffusion antimicrobial assay by Kirby Bauer assay was conducted in E. coli, Klebsiella sp and S. aureus isolates from mastitis with tetracycline and methanolic extracts of Tectona grandis and Biophytum sensitivum combination at different doses and compared their efficacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]