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We investigate the impact of power MOSFET channel width on the power efficiency of a switch-mode power supply. With this analysis, we derive a circuit-specific criterion that minimizes the power dissipated by a power MOSFET, which is based on the ratio between on resistance and output capacitance of the MOSFET and is independent of its technological parameters. The effect of channel width on the power dissipation is illustrated by simulation-based analysis, which also provide an example of a published non-optimum selection of a power MOSFET and demonstrate the advantage of the newly proposed method for MOSFET selection.

Aims and Objective: To chart a normal testicular volume with standard deviation of north Indian male children for reference value. This study was done to prepare a tabulated data of testicular volume range. This will help in comparing the testicular volume of patients with undescended testes, ectopic testes, and other pathology of testes to rule out small or large testes. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital based cross-sectional prospective study conducted on 205 male child from 2016-2020 at our institution. Testicular volume was measured by ultrasonography by a single sonologist. Results: Average right and left testicular volume with standard deviation was 0.6161 ± 0.36159 ml and 0.6178 ± 0.35836 ml respectively. In this study mean testicular volume of both testes was found to be 0.4901 ml, 0.5648 ml, 0.6073 ml, 0.7946 ml, 0.8959 ml, 0.6900 ml, 0.9044 ml, 0.8055 ml, 0.5975 ml, 0.8511 ml for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 years respectively. Conclusion: We prepared a testicular normogram of north Indian paediatric population in relation with their age and weight. We found that there is no significant difference between right and left testicular volume.

Montgomery T-tube used to maintain a patent airway in post tracheostomised patients can act like a double edged sword. We report a case where a T-tube migrated into distal airway leading a precarious situation.

Intussusception in neonates is an exceedingly rare entity. The incidence of malrotation in cases of childhood intussusception is around 40%. However, there is no clear data on the incidence of such occurrence in a neonate. We describe a case of compound intussusception with intestinal malrotation in a neonate presenting as trans-anal prolapse. Keywords: Intussusception, Neonate, Prolapse

Background: Caesarean section is one of the most frequently performed surgeries in obstetrics. Optimal pain relief of the mother is possible with multimodal methods. Wound infiltration is one of the simplest and safe methods. The aim of the study was to compare the analgesic efficacy of wound infiltration of bupivacaine, with tramadol and bupivacaine mixture for postoperative pain. Materials and Methods: After obtaining Institutional Ethical Committee approval, 60 pregnant women of age group 18–35 years, undergoing elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia were included in the study. The patients were randomized into two groups of 30 each. Patients belonging to group B received bupivacaine 0.25% 0.7 mg/kg (diluted to 20 mL with normal saline), while those belonging to group T received tramadol 2 mg/kg mixed in bupivacaine 0.25% 0.7 mg/kg (diluted to 20 mL with normal saline). The time for first request of analgesia, numerical rating scale score, and cumulative consumption of diclofenac and tramadol in 24 h were compared. Results: The time for first request of analgesia in group T was 386.17 ± 233.84 min compared to group B which was 192.50 ± 134.77 (P < 0.0002). The total diclofenac consumption in the first 24 h was significantly reduced in group T when compared to group B (P < 0.0068). Conclusions: Subcutaneous wound infiltration with tramadol and bupivacaine prolongs the pain-free period and analgesic consumption after caesarean section, while it also enhances the patient satisfaction.

Background & objective: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of solid tumors is a minimally invasive procedure intended to treat primary and/or metastatic, benign or malignant solid tumors; via thermal tissue destruction by means of targeted thermal energy guided coagulative necrosis. This procedure can be performed under sedation, general anesthesia (GA) or regional blocks. However, no defined modality exists. We analyzed the different anesthetic modalities and drug combinations which can provide optimal surgical conditions and a successful outcome. Secondary objectives were to analyze common adverse events associated with each anesthesia technique Methodology: In this retrospective study, a total of 100 patients were included based on completeness of records, valid consent from 2008-2018. Outcome measures were; demographic characteristics, ASA status, comorbidities, anesthetic management including drug combinations used, pain management modality, and complications - both intra-operative and post-operative complications. Data was assessed and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Majority of the patients were male (55%), ASA physical class II/III (83%). Anesthesia drug combinations were classified as ketamine and non-ketamine based (85:15). Primary sites for RFA were liver (75%) followed by bone, kidney, adrenal and lungs. Main complications observed were pain and hypotension. Incidence of complications were higher in non-ketamine group. Conclusions: Most cases of radiofrequency ablation can be performed successfully under sedation with local anesthesia. Despite being minimally invasive, it requires complete preparation with general anesthesia back-up, and pre-operative assessment/investigations. Ketamine based combinations exhibited better patient compliance with lower complication rates than non-ketamine-based combinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]