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Background: The current challenge is to produce food in systems that are resilient to climate change and take care of the environment. Aim. Evaluate organic and mineral biofertilization in the growth and development of Tithonia diversifolia positions during the nursery phase. Materials and methods: Two trials were carried out: E-I at the “Renato Guitar” CPA and E-II: at the Indio Hatuey Pasture and Forage Experimental Station (EEPFIH). For their development, a completely randomized experimental design was used with 15 and 10 replications, experiment I and II respectively. E-I, three treatments were carried out: T-1: 100% unfertilized soil, T-2: 50% soil + 50% biochar, T-3: 50% soil + 25% biochar + 25% cane bagasse ash. The biochar was obtained from marabou (D. cinerea) and was always embedded in efficient IHPLUS®BF microorganisms. Physiological parameters of primary and secondary metabolism were measured at 30 days, and morphological growth indicators at 30 and 60 days. In E-II, 5 treatments were used: T-1: Unfertilized soil, T-2: Combination of 50% soil-50% compost + Rhizobium, T-3: Combination of 50% soil-50% compost + Trichoderma, T-4: Combination of 50% soil-50% compost with micronized dolomite + Rhizobium and T-5: Combination of 50% soil-50% compost with micronized dolomite + Trichoderma. Morphological growth indicators were measured at 60 days and production of dry aerial biomass at the time of transplant. Results: the results show that in Trial-I the best variant was T-3: soil 50%+IHPLUS®BF enriched Biochar 25%+ash 25%. Test-II, all the variants studied were superior to the control. Conclusion: The results confirmed the effectiveness of these alternatives to grow T. diversifolia plants under nursery conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antecedentes: El reto actual consiste en producir alimentos en sistemas resilientes al cambio climático y cuidar el medio ambiente. Objetivo. Evaluar la biofertilización orgánica y mineral en el crecimiento y desarrollo de posturas de Tithonia diversifolia durante la fase de vivero. Materiales y métodos: Se llevaron a cabo dos ensayos: E-I en la CPA “Renato Guitar” y E-II: en la Estación Experimental de Pastos y Forrajes Indio Hatuey (EEPFIH). Para el desarrollo de los mismos se empleó un diseño experimental totalmente aleatorizado con 15 y 10 réplicas, experimento I y II respectivamente. E-I se llevaron a cabo tres tratamientos: T-1: suelo 100% sin abonar, T-2: suelo 50% + biochar 50%, T-3: suelo 50%+ biochar 25% + ceniza de bagazo de caña 25%. El biochar se obtuvo de marabú (D. cinerea) y siempre fue embebido en microorganismos eficientes IHPLUS®BF. Se midieron parámetros fisiológicos del metabolismo primario y secundario a los 30 días, e indicadores morfológicos de crecimiento a los 30 y 60 días. En el E-II se trabajó con 5 tratamientos: T-1: Suelo sin abonar, T-2: Combinación de 50%suelo-50%compost + Rhizobium, T-3: Combinación de 50%suelo-50%compost + Trichoderma, T-4: Combinación de 50%suelo-50%compost con dolomita micronizada + Rhizobium y T-5: Combinación de 50%suelo-50%compost con dolomita micronizada + Trichoderma. Se midieron indicadores morfológicos de crecimiento a los 60 días y producción de biomasa aérea seca en el momento del trasplante. Resultados: los resultados arrojan que en el Ensayo- I la mejor variante fue T-3: suelo 50%+Biochar enriquecido IHPLUS®BF 25%+cenizas 25%. Ensayo- II, todas las variantes estudiadas fueron superior que el testigo. Conclusión: Los resultados permitieron confirmar la efectividad de dichas alternativas para cultivar plantas de T. diversifolia en condiciones de vivero.

In order to evaluate application effect of doses of controlled release fertilizers on the efficiency of the use of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by coffee seedlings variety Isla 6-14 produced in tubes, the experiment was developed in the nursery of the Institute for Agro-Forestry Research UCTB Tercer Frente, from November 2018 to May 2019. In a completely randomized design, seven doses of the controlled release fertilizer Multicote (0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 and 6 g tube-1) were studied. The fertilizer was applied at the time of preparing the Brown soil substrate-bovine manure in a 1:1 ratio. The absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, the efficiency of use of these macronutrients and their relationship with the seedling's quality index were evaluated. The data were subjected to a simple classification analysis of variance and Duncan's test was applied at 5 % probability to compare the means. The nutrient utilization efficiency was higher for phosphorus followed by nitrogen and finally potassium, regardless of the applied fertilizer dose. When applying the dose of 2 g tube-1 of the fertilizer, the highest efficiency values were found. The seedling's quality index increased with the efficiency of nutrient utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) perform an important function, when contributing of more efficient form to the survival and growth of nursery, when playing a crucial role in plant nutrition. The aim of the present study was to evaluate three AMF strains inoculated in coconut "Indio Verde-1" nursery in combination with organic mature levels in 0 soils Arenosol haplic (ARh) and haplic Fluvic Gleysol (GFLh), in Baracoa, Guantánamo. The results demonstrated to differential response to AMF species with different organic mature levels. The best results were obtain with the low levels of paid organic S:H:FC, 10:1:1 and 4:1:1. R. irregularis strains showed similar results to the controls in ARh soil (breeding ground to Playa Duaba), whereas in the GFLh soil (breeding ground to Cabacú) the three AFM strain to obtain similar response. With the AMF use, it is manage to replace 75 % of organic mature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demand for citrus (Citrus spp) plants for commercial orchards has increased worldwide due to the need for new plantations, renewal of disease-effected crops, and strict regulation for plant production. To evaluate faster and low-cost propagation alternatives for citrus, "Valencia" orange plants were propagated by using two minigrafting techniques (Cleft and inverted T-budding). Rootstocks were raised from "Cleopatra" mandarin seeds, and scions and buds were isolated from 1-year-old grafted plants. For cleft minigrafts, scions were inserted at 5-7 cm height inside of the decapitated rootstocks and covered with Eppendorf® tubes. For T-budding, buds were inserted at 5-7 cm height under the rootstock cortex cut. Unions were fixed with Parafilm®. Grafted plants were maintained under a shade house (50%) with two daily fog irrigation (2 min each). Treatments were distributed with a completely randomized design. Six weeks after grafting, the percentage of success, the shoot length, and the number of leaves per treatment were registered and analyzed with a T test (α=0.05). Cleft minigraft resulted in a higher success percentage and plants with larger shoots. Cleft minigraft could be considered an alternative for citrus propagation in small and medium size nurseries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se efectúa un inventario in situ de las especies de plantas nativas e introducidas que se cultivan y comercializan en 4 viveros de Pelileo, y se entrevistan a todos sus propietarios. Se valida la doble hipótesis que los viveros representan una opción económica y empresarial para la integración de la mujer en zonas rurales y que el uso de las plantas introducidas en los viveros de Pelileo, Tungurahua, Ecuador es superior al de las especies nativas. El objetivo general es su caracterización. Los mismos son de organización individual con menos de 20 años de creación, limitada infraestructura, escaso número de empleados y bajo volumen de producción. El 50 % son iniciativa empresarial de mujeres de mediana edad y el 75 % de sus propietarios no constan de estudios profesionales y técnicos. Se cultivan y comercializan 129 especies que no están etiquetadas, ni se refleja su origen; que corresponden a 50 familias botánicas, en su mayoría de las familias Crassulaceae, Rosaceae, Lamiaceae y Solanaceae. El 84.50 % son introducidas de América, Asia, África, Europa, y Oceanía. Son principalmente hierbas perennes, arbustos y árboles. Los viveros son mixtos del tipo productor-comercializador con el 70.54 % de las especies de uso ornamental, alimenticio, medicinal y forestal, que se venden a bajo precio de forma directa al público. El 50 % de los viveristas tienen dedicación exclusiva al vivero. Presentan diversas necesidades de capacitación y sus proveedores son nacionales. Estos viveros impulsan el trabajo autónomo sustentable y constituyen una respuesta estratégica a las limitaciones del medio rural, en especial a la incorporación de la mujer a la sustentabilidad de la vida remunerada.

Intersections of Gender, Class, Ethnicity, and Race. A Dialogue with Mara Viveros.

Una de las especies de "malezas" más problemáticas en los viveros de Florida es Nostoc, una cianobacteria que se encuentra comúnmente en los caminos de grava, pasillos, telas de tierra y en muchas otras áreas de producción. Las colonias de Nostoc están compuestas por cadenas de cianobacterias que crecen en la superficie del suelo, la grava y el cemento con el crecimiento suficiente para producir grandes colonias macroscópicas. Cuando está seco, Nostoc se vuelve escamoso y apenas se nota. Cuando se introduce humedad a través del riego o la lluvia, Nostoc se hincha para formar masas espesas, de color verde oscuro y gelatinosas que pueden cubrir completamente las áreas de producción de contenedores. Si bien es muy desagradable, la principal preocupación de esta especie es que es extremadamente resbaladiza y húmeda. Como es común en los pasillos y en las áreas de producción de contenedores, Nostoc presenta serios riesgos para la salud de los empleados del vivero. En los últimos años, esta especie se ha convertido en la pesadilla de los administradores de viveros, ya que no se han desarrollado medidas de control efectivas. Otras preocupaciones son su capacidad para producir cianotoxinas y compuestos alelopáticos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue abordar el dilema de Nostoc utilizando una combinación de metodología de laboratorio y de campo para evaluar la eficacia de los tratamientos químicos para proponer a los productores una solución de manejo eficaz de Nostoc.

In Baracoa, municipality of the Guantánamo province the coconut seedling nurseries are being affected by the index low of germination and the little vigor of the seedling. The worm casting and the bacteria of the genus Azotobacter has been of those more employees in the seedling production, since promote the vegetable growth. The investigation over Randomized Block Design the combination of three levels of the substrates S:HL:FC (10:1:1), (4:1:1), (2:1:1) was studied with the inoculation of three strain of A. chroococcum (INIFAT-8, CDM-1, CDM-2) on the obtaining of seedling coconut belonging to the domesticated ecotipo "Indio Verde-1" in two soil, Haplic Arenosol (ARh) and Haplic Fluvic Gleysol (GFLh). As development indicators they were evaluated the index of speed germination of the seeds, the plant height (cm), the diameter in the stem base (cm) and the population of Azotobacter (UFC g-1 of soil). The possibility to diminish the organic mature levels employed in 50 % by means of the inoculation of strain of A. chroococcum isolated of the soil in study was demostrated. The combination soil: worm casting: fiber of Coconut (S:HL:FC) (4:1:1) with A. chroococcum CDM-1 in the soil ARh and A. chroococcum CDM-2 in the soil GFLh favored the increment of the studied variables, those that reached superior levels to which obtain higher levels to the recommended dose of mineral fertilization and to the organic mature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The successful formation of high forest production depends largely on the quality of seedlings, which must withstand the harsh conditions encountered in the field and produce economically desirable trees with volumetric growth. To evaluate the growth dynamics of Vitex parviflora Juss seedlings in bark compost substrates of Eucalyptus saligna Smith and Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell in nurseries is the objective. Substrates in which the seedlings were developed compost made from bark of Eucalyptus saligna Smith and Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell, mixed with peat in different proportions. The seedlings were evaluated in nurseries morphological characteristics; allowing to determine its growth dynamics and morphological indices that characterize them. Which demonstrated that there, during the growth of plants Vitex parviflora Juss in the substrates studied in the nursery stage an establishment phase, with duration, about 45 days after planting a rapid growth phase, with a duration of approximately 50 days, after the phase establishment and hardening phase approximately 95 days after planting and morphological parameters of plants obtained Vitex parviflora Juss showed no major significant differences between them although the best results were for plants grown in compost substrates without extracting.

The drying disease affects plants grown in forest nurseries during the pre-emergence and post-emergence stages, constricting the stem and causing root rot. The objectives of this study were to identify the morphological and molecular characteristics of the Fusarium species that affects the nursery located in Atlangatepec, Tlaxcala, which causes the drying disease and root rot of Pinus greggii Engelm., to evaluate its effect in the germination of seeds in three substrates, and to analyse the incidence and pathogenicity of developing seedlings. The Fusarium fungus was isolated from diseased seedlings, it was purified, and, based on its morphology and molecular structure, as identified as F. circinatum Nirenberg & O'Donnell. The substrates were: peat moss, perlite, and vermiculite (S1); sawdust, bark, and peat moss (S2); and bark, sawdust, and peat moss (S3); they were evaluated in 60:20:20 ratios. The experiment had a completely randomized design, with six treatments and four repetitions per each one. The statistical analysis of the germination percentage was executed with ANOVA and the means comparison was carried out using the Duncan test (p≤0.05). The fungus produced a significant reduction in the germination of P. greggii's seeds. Disease incidence was lower in S2, during the first two months, and its post-emergence pathogenicity was proved by the induction of symptoms and reisolations of F. circinatum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The study was conducted at the Pastures and Forages Research Station Indio Hatuey in order to evaluate the effect of the bioproducts EcoMic® and Pectimorf® on the growth in nursery of Leucaena leucocephala cv. Cunningham. The treatments were: 1) control, 2) inoculation with EcoMic®, 3) imbibition in Pectimorf®, 4) inoculation with EcoMic® plus imbibition in Pectimorf®. A completely randomized design was used, with three replications. The evaluated variables were: emergence from the seeds, seedling height, number of branches and root length. The emergence was higher (71,43 % of seedlings emerged 35 days after seeding) in the treatment that consisted in imbibing the seeds in Pectimorf® during 16 h. The control was higher and differed significantly from the others in the variable number of branches. Regarding height, the imbibition in Pectimorf® and the control did not differ statistically, and the treatments inoculated with EcoMic® alone and its combination with Pectimorf® showed lower growth; however, these last two ones had incidence on a higher root growth of the leucaena seedlings. The imbibition in Pectimorf® during 16 h caused higher emergence from the seeds, while the treatments inoculated with EcoMic® showed the highest root growth; this indicates that it is possible to reduce the nursery period in this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted in the Crustacean Sector of the Aquaculture Center (CAUNESP) at the São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal (21 ° 15’22”S and 48 ° 18’48”W) São Paulo, Brazil, from December 2003 to May 2004. The aim was to examine the water quality parameters of importance to freshwater prawn culture, operated in a semi-intensive system in Amazon River. Nine 0.01-ha earthen ponds were stocked with 20 juveniles.m -2 . Prawns were fed commercial diet at a rate of 7 to 9% of biomass until the 14th week. After 145 days of stocking, all ponds were drained and harvested. The following water parameters were determined weekly: dissolved oxygen, oxygen biochemical demand, pH, total alkalinity, electrical conductivity, suspended total solids and turbidity, N-nitrate, N-nitrite, N-nitrogen ammonia, N- total, soluble ortophosphate, total phosphorus, chlorophyll and pheophytin. In the semi-intensive culture system of M. amazonicum, there was no clear pattern of temporal variation in the limnological variables studied. Dissolved oxygen, pH, BOD, ammonia nitrogen and nitrate increased in the afternoon period while, the other variables did not change. In general, water quality is more dependent on the biological processes that occur in the pond than on the characteristics of the renewal water for some variable.

El conocimiento del crecimiento en vivero de una especie vegetal perenne es básico para desarrollar prácticas de manejo agronómico y la selección de las plantas que se llevarán a campo. Esta información es requerida para los híbridos tipo OxG de palmas aceiteras, en condiciones de las regiones donde se están cultivando en Colombia. El crecimiento en vivero de las palmas aceiteras híbrido OxG F1 (Elaeis oleífera x Elaeis guineensis) y Ténera DxP (Elaeis guineensis x Elaeis guineensis) se evaluó en dos suelos con diferente retención de humedad y espacio aéreo. Las plantas del material OxG presentaron mayor acumulación de biomasa en la mayoría de sus órganos constituyentes, que las plantas del material DxP. Asimismo, presentaron diferencias en el orden de preferencia de distribución y acumulación de asimilados, en sus órganos base peciolar, tallo y peciolo. El material OxG mostró la característica diferencial respecto al DxP de poder destinar mayor proporción de sus asimilados para formar sistema radical en la planta. Por otra parte, se determinó que, para la etapa de vivero, en condiciones de suelos con alta retención de humedad y baja aereación, las plantas del material OxG presentan mejor crecimiento y desarrollo que las plantas del material DxP. Adicionalmente, se identificaron y seleccionaron tres características morfológicas con capacidad discriminante, para diferenciar el comportamiento del crecimiento de los dos tipos de palmas aceiteras respecto al suelo empleado en el vivero: área sección del peciolo (PxS), largo del raquis (LR) y emisión foliar (EF).

Se desarrolló un experimento en el estado Trujillo, Venezuela, con el objetivo de comparar el patrón de crecimiento y la distribución de biomasa de Albizia lebbeck, Leucaena leucocephala (ecotipo Trujillo) y Erythrina fusca durante 18 semanas en vivero. Las variables estudiadas fueron: tasa de crecimiento en función de la altura (TCA) y de la distribución de la MS (TCMS), así como el porcentaje de materia seca (MS) y el peso seco por planta de las fracciones (hojas, tallo, raíz). Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado para mediciones repetidas en el tiempo y diez réplicas por especie. Erythrina presentó la mayor TCA y TCMS promedio (3,7 mm/día y 94,8 mg/día), seguida por leucaena (3,1 y 81,3) y, por último, albizia (1,2 mm/día y 53,1 mg/día), respectivamente. Independientemente de la especie, el mayor porcentaje de MS promedio se observó en las raíces (31,9), seguido por el tallo (28,0) y las hojas (25,4). Se observó una mayor distribución de MS por planta en las hojas (3,9 g) y la raíz (3,1 g), comparados con el tallo (2,9 g). Se concluye que, para estas condiciones de aviveramiento, E. fusca presentó los mejores resultados; mientras que A. lebbeck necesitaría más tiempo para alcanzar las características deseables para su trasplante a campo.A trial was conducted in the Trujillo state, Venezuela, in order to compare the growth and biomass distribution pattern of Albizia lebbeck, Leucaena leucocephala (Trujillo ecotype) and Erythrina fusca for 18 weeks in nursery. The studied variables were: growth rate related to height (GRH) and DM distribution (GRDM), as well as dry matter percentage (DM) and dry weight per plant of the fractions (leaves, stem, root). A completely randomized design for measurements repeated in time and ten replications per species were used. E. fusca showed the highest average GRH and GRDM (3,7 mm/day and 94,8 mg/day), followed by L. leucocephala (3,1 and 81,3) and, lastly, A. lebbeck (1,2 mm/day and 53,1 mg/day), respectively. In dependently from the species, the highest percentage of average DM was observed in the roots (31,9), followed by the stem (28,0) and leaves (25, 4). A higher DM distribution per plant was observed in the leaves (3,9 g) and root (3,1 g) as compared to the stem (2,9 g). It is concluded that, for these nursery conditions, E. fusca showed the best results; while A. lebbeck would need more time to reach the desirable characteristics for its transplant to the field.

Se llevó a cabo un ensayo en el estado Trujillo, Venezuela, con el objetivo de evaluar el comportamiento morfoestructural de Albizia lebbeck, Leucaena leucocephala (ecotipo Trujillo) y Erythrina fusca en condiciones de vivero. Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado para mediciones repetidas en el tiempo y diez réplicas por especie. Las variables estudiadas fueron: altura de la planta; diámetro del tallo y de las ramas; número de hojas, ramas, raíces y nódulos totales; y longitud de la rama y de la raíz. Al final de la evaluación (18 semanas) no se observaron diferencias significativas entre L. leucocephala y E. fusca en la altura de la planta (45,2 y 51,0 cm), el diámetro del tallo (0,65 y 0,78 cm), el número de hojas (43 y 45) y de ramas (17 y 18) y la longitud de la raíz (32,1 y 36,5 cm). A. lebbeck sólo se destacó en el número de raíces (61) y de nódulos totales promedio (6). Los resultados permiten concluir que con la utilización de un sustrato alcalino en vivero, L. leucocephala y E. fusca exhibieron un comportamiento morfoestructural aéreo similar y superior que el de A. lebbeck; mientras que la albizia mostró mejores resultados en la morfoestructura radical.A trial was conducted in the Trujillo state, Venezuela, in order to evaluate the morphostructural performance of Albizia lebbeck, Leucaena leucocephala (Trujillo ecotype) and Erythrina fusca under nursery conditions. A completely randomized design was used for repeated measurements in time and ten replications per species. The studied variables were: plant height; stem and branch diameter; number of leaves, branches, roots and total nodules; and branch and root length. At the end of the evaluation (18 weeks) no significant differences were observed between L. leucocephala and E. fusca in plant height (45,2 and 51,0 cm), stem diameter (0,65 and 0,78 cm), number of leaves (43 and 45) and branches (17 and 18) and root length (32,1 and 36,5 cm). A. lebbeck only stood out for the number of roots (61) and average total nodules (6). The results allow concluding that with the utilization of an alkaline substratum in nursery, L. leucocephala and E. fusca showed a similar aerial morphostructural performance and higher than that of A. lebbeck; while albizia showed better results in root morphostructure.

Pepper wilt caused by Phytophthora capsici causes considerable yield losses. Multiple alternatives have been tested to control this disease. Systemic resistance and age related resistance are low impact alternatives that could contribute to the control of this plant health problem. In this work, transplanting age, with or without acibenzolar S-methyl (ASM), was tested as a possible strategy to reduce the effects of the disease in serrano pepper plants. One milligram of ASM/plant was sprayed weekly, starting a week before transplanting, to seedlings of age 45, 30, and 15 days after seeding. These treatments were tested in two Serrano cultivars (Camino Real and a creole from Tetela de Ocampo, Puebla) with or without inoculation with any of two P. capsici strains. The ASM reduced de area under the disease progress curve but did not inhibit pathogen infection. ASM also reduced the growth level of plants from the three tested ages. Seedlings transplanted 45 days after seeding resulted more susceptible to the disease than younger ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distribution records and seasonal flight activity information for metallic woodboring beetle (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) species have not been compiled for North Carolina and Tennessee. Institutional, research, and private collections in North Carolina and Tennessee were reviewed to provide seasonal activity data of 5 subfamilies of buprestid beetle species. Label information was checked for 15,217 specimens of 135 species collected between 1901 and 2013 (North Carolina) and between 1934 and 2013 (Tennessee). These collections provided data on adult seasonal activity and county records for 121 species (4,467 specimens) and 105 species (10,750 specimens) from North Carolina and Tennessee, respectively. Two species, Agrilus carpini Knull and A. pensus Horn , are reported as New State Records for North Carolina. The data reveal key geographic areas in both states where few to no collections have been made, highlighting opportunities to validate species distributions and locations where future collecting efforts can be matched with the occurrence of larval and adult host plant resources. Seasonal activity records will inform future biosurveillance efforts for invasive and endemic pests and facilitate predictions of buprestid species that are likely to be active within the hunting flight season of Cerceris fumipennis (Say) (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) wasps. Activity periods of the buprestids also can focus the management of selected economic pest species to times of the year when treatment efforts, particularly through use of contact insecticides, are likely to be most effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to characterize nine Jatropha curcas provenances, collected in several provinces of Cuba, during the nursery and establishment stages. To characterize these materials the methodology for the collection and characterization of germplasm was used. In the nursery, the rooting of the propagules happened since 7 or 14 days after planting; while seedling emergence, when seeds were used, occurred 14 days after sowing. The survival percentage of the propagules fluctuated between 20 and 86,6 %, and from seed, from 86,6 to 90 %. In the field, survival varied between 66,6 and 100 % in the provenances transplanted by propagules and, in general, it was higher than the one detected in the nursery. In the provenances transplanted by seedlings no variation was detected in survival (90,9 % for the two accessions: CSSS-5 and CSS-6). It is concluded that the percentage of sprouting, emergence, rooting and survival were very variable indicators, under nursery as well as under field conditions, which was closely linked to the genotype, age and seed quality of the collected materials (propagules as well as seed). It is recommended to collect J. curcas in other zones, in order to contribute to the increase of the germplasm of this important species, which constitutes an alternative genetic resource for biofuel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entre Agosto y Diciembre del 2002, se realizó una evaluación del manejo de huevos y vivero de tortugas en Isla Cañas, para lo cual se hicieron observaciones durante el proceso de recolección de huevos por parte de los cuadrilleros (recolectores de huevos) y siembra de camadas en el vivero, así como los porcentajes de emergencia de neonatos. En la primera fase de la evaluación se decidió que los recolectores lo hicieran tradicionalmente y en la segunda fase se decidió cambiar la metodología para lo cual se establecieron normas de separación entre nidos y filas y la profundidad del nido. Los resultados indican que el proceso de recolección responde más a intereses de comercialización de huevos que a su siembra en vivero. Con relación al vivero se detecto que el proceso de siembra es inadecuado, los nidos son mal elaborados y el número de huevos sembrados por nido es variable y que adicionalmente la atención del vivero casi es inexistente lo que repercute en bajos porcentajes de emergencia de neonatos. Adicionalmente, se determinó problemas con depredadores (perros) que destruyen los nidos naturales e incursionan en los viveros.

In order to evaluate the growth of Trichanthera gigantea plants two experiments were conducted, the first one under nursery conditions, in which propagules with different number of nodes were used; and a second trial was carried out under field conditions, with two planting frames. In the first one a completely randomized design was used and in the second the design consisted in randomized blocks. The T. gigantea propagules with three nodes provided a higher amount of shoots per stake (6), with a higher length (4,27 cm). In the field, after 11 months, plants taller than 160 cm and with many branches were obtained. The leaves reached 24 cm long and 12 cm wide, independently from the planting frame used. In the 0,75 m2-frame, yields of 533 kg DM/ha for the leaves and of 373,0 kg DM/ha for the fresh stems were observed, which was highly significant in comparison with the 1,0 m2-frame (213 and 135 kg DM/ha for the leaves and fresh stems, respectively). It is concluded that it is possible to use stakes of T. gigantea plants with different number of nodes for the establishment in nursery, although the propagules with three nodes provided a higher amount of shoots. Likewise, the use of a 0,75 m2-plantation frame allowed to obtain higher yields in dry foliage as compared to the 1,0 m2-frame; therefore, to use propagules with three nodes and a planting frame of 0,75 m2 for the propagation of T. gigantea is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was developed a study about the influence of two types of micorrizogenos fungus in two types of different soils in forest species. It was on the nursery of Sempre, from de Integral Forest Company Guantánamo. The study took place from January to Mayo 2008 and 2009 in stonemasons of 20 m of long and 1 m of wide. The seeds of Swietenia mahagoni L. Jacq. (Caoba del país) and Lysiloma lastisiliquum Benth. (Soplillo) were seeding on bags of polyethylene in a brown carbonated and fluvisol soil with a proportion of 5:1 and 7:1 of soil bovine organic material. The design was completely randomized and six treatments were done applying 10g of arbuscular mycorrhizal of the Glomus hoi like and Glomus intraradices species below the seeds before the seeding. So, 20 plants of each treatment were evaluated and the growth of each of them was measured too. Besides, the diameter of the shoot the count of the number of leaves, wide of crown, the percent of mycorrhizal infection, the visual density and the mass of the arbuscular endophyte were also evaluated. The results evidenced a positive answer to the inoculation while some differences existed with the non inoculated witness. The combination of the Glomus intraradices + 7:1 with the best results in the brown soil was well observed. Meanwhile, the combination Glomus hoi like + 5:1 for the Fluvisol soid showed the best results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se desarrolló un experimento en el estado Trujillo, Venezuela, con el objetivo de comparar el patrón de crecimiento y la distribución de biomasa de Albizia lebbeck, Leucaena leucocephala (ecotipo Trujillo) y Erythrina fusca durante 18 semanas en vivero. Las variables estudiadas fueron: tasa de crecimiento en función de la altura (TCA) y de la distribución de la MS (TCMS), así como el porcentaje de materia seca (MS) y el peso seco por planta de las fracciones (hojas, tallo, raíz). Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado para mediciones repetidas en el tiempo y diez réplicas por especie. Erythrina presentó la mayor TCA y TCMS promedio (3,7 mm/día y 94,8 mg/día), seguida por leucaena (3,1 y 81,3) y, por último, albizia (1,2 mm/día y 53,1 mg/día), respectivamente. Independientemente de la especie, el mayor porcentaje de MS promedio se observó en las raíces (31,9), seguido por el tallo (28,0) y las hojas (25,4). Se observó una mayor distribución de MS por planta en las hojas (3,9 g) y la raíz (3,1 g), comparados con el tallo (2,9 g). Se concluye que, para estas condiciones de aviveramiento, E. fusca presentó los mejores resultados; mientras que A. lebbeck necesitaría más tiempo para alcanzar las características deseables para su trasplante a campo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A trial was conducted in the Trujillo state, Venezuela, in order to evaluate the morphostructural performance of Albizia lebbeck, Leucaena leucocephala (Trujillo ecotype) and Erythrina fusca under nursery conditions. A completely randomized design was used for repeated measurements in time and ten replications per species. The studied variables were: plant height; stem and branch diameter; number of leaves, branches, roots and total nodules; and branch and root length. At the end of the evaluation (18 weeks) no significant differences were observed between L. leucocephala and E. fusca in plant height (45,2 and 51,0 cm), stem diameter (0,65 and 0,78 cm), number of leaves (43 and 45) and branches (17 and 18) and root length (32,1 and 36,5 cm). A. lebbeck only stood out for the number of roots (61) and average total nodules (6). The results allow concluding that with the utilization of an alkaline substratum in nursery, L. leucocephala and E. fusca showed a similar aerial morphostructural performance and higher than that of A. lebbeck; while albizia showed better results in root morphostructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many investors and producers of teak wood in Ecuador without supplies from seedlings produced by small plant nurseries no modern technology, and they have the largest supply of seedlings, the technification can be a limiting factor in normal development of commercial plantations which does not guarantee obtaining vigorous plantations, healthy and high-timber production. From this point of view is necessary to know the entire process of production of seedlings as well as the origin and seed management, production costs and marketing systems. The study was realized in the influence area of the Los Rios province, Ecuador, because in this province there are established most of teak plant nurseries that supply the demand on the ecuadorian. Coast and Amazon. It was found that small nursery owners occupy their own property, carry out field activities, supervisory or marketing, although not in large nurseries where the technician oversees the work. The large plant nursers use certified seed and nursers small plant use seeds harvested trees from in the locality. The costs of seedlings of small plant nursers and producer of stumps was 0.07 USD, and tech producer level and in vitro plantlets 0.19 USD. The best value is obtained at the level of stumps (36%) followed by the production of plantlets in vitro (31%). The demand for the coming years requires an amount of approximately three to four million of seedlings, while supply does not exceed two million and a half, there is an unsatisfied demand which must be satisfied by small producers, which becomes a challenge because must build strategic alliances to achieve competitive production costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A characterization of balsa (Ochoroma pyramidale) crop was made in the Los Ríos province Ecuador, during the 2008. The establishment, manage and commercialization of this specie was determined. Also the costs of production, incomes, profitability and the equilibrium point of this crop were determined through surveys made to the balsa planters. It was determined that producers use native seeds proceeding from Ecuador. 53.50% of the surveyed planters get their seedlings from local plant nursering while 46.50% get their seedlings from their own plant nursering. It is important to mention that planters do the establishment and maintenance labors of their crops by theirself, although 94.00% of them never has any technical assistance which is determining for the quality and yield of the crops. It was determined that the surface used to establish this crop oscilate from 0.37 to 44.40 hectares where 34.25% belongs to one year plantations, 32.54% to three years, and with the lower percentage crops of two, four and five years can be found. When the trees have reach an average age of three to four years they are directly bought at the planters' farm cutted in to pieces and transported by trucks by local enterprises as PLANTABAL, INMAIA and BALSAFLEX, whom process the balsa wood and export to the European, Asiatic and American markets. The total production costs at four years, of an hectare of balsa can get as high as $ 2,477.06 USD with incomes of $ 6,000.00 USD getting $ 3,522.94 USD as net benefit with a profitability of 142.00% and an equilibrium point of 22.80 m3 of physic units of balsa wood and $ 912.00 USD in monetary units per hectare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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With the objective of characterizing the best-performance accessions under nursery conditions, a Leucaena spp. collection, represented by 23 accessions of five species, was evaluated. For that purpose the following elements were measured: seedling height, stem diameter and branch number, dry biomass of the aerial part, root length and dry matter, which served as indicators of the optimum transplantation moment; the seedlings were planted in 26 x 14 cm black polyethylene bags. These features were observed to have remarkable influence on plant development and when a main component analysis was applied, they showed high variability (63,10%) in the first component. Relation was found among plant height, number of leaf growths, dry biomass of the aerial part, dry root mass and root length, and for these features the following accessions stood out: L. leucocephala cv. Cunningham, cv. Peru, CIAT-9119, CIAT-9438, CIAT- 751, CIAT-7988, CIAT-7384, CIAT-7929, CIAT-17480, cv. Ipil-pil, cv. CNIA-250; L. lanceolata CIAT-17255, CIAT- 17501 and L. diversifolia CIAT-17270. It is concluded that there was variability in the collection among the species and among the accessions of each species, and that it is necessary to take into consideration the studied characteristics to define the optimum transplantation moment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guadua angustifolia Kunth is a Central American plant, which is very important from the economical and social viewpoint. Stake propagation has not been used in this species, due to the low coefficients of sprouting and explant survival, since stakes from lateral shoots of adult plants are the ones employed for propagation. Thus, the present work was aimed at developing a strategy for bud sprouting under nursery conditions in stakes from shoots of adult plants and growing stems. The effect of stake diameter on bud sprouting was evaluated, comparing stakes with bigger and smaller diameters than one centimeter. The relationship between stake diameter and bud growth dynamics was studied by using stakes with different diameters (1-1.4; 1.5-1.9; 2-2.4; 2.5-3 cm), besides evaluating bud size every week of culture. Buds of Guadua angustifolia sprouted 53.2 % when using stakes with bigger diameters than one centimeter for propagation. During the week 2 of culture, the highest sprouting percentages were recorded, they being significantly superior to the other weeks. By employing stakes with bigger diameters, larger buds with bigger base diameters were reached. During the weeks 3, 4 and 5 of culture, occurred the highest bud growth increments in all treatments studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Con el objetivo de caracterizar las accesiones de mejor comportamiento en condiciones de vivero, se evaluó una colección de Leucaena spp., representada por 23 accesiones de cinco especies. Para ello se midió: la altura de la plántula, el grosor del tallo y el número de ramas, la biomasa seca de la parte aérea, la longitud y la masa seca de la raíz, los cuales sirvieron como indicadores del momento óptimo de trasplante; estas se sembraron en bolsas de polietileno negro, de 26 x 14 cm. Se observó que estos caracteres tuvieron marcada influencia en el desarrollo de la planta y, al aplicar un análisis de componentes principales, mostraron una gran variabilidad (63,10%) en la primera componente. Se encontró relación entre la altura de la planta, el número de brotes foliares, la biomasa seca de la parte aérea, la masa seca de la raíz y la longitud de la raíz, y para estos caracteres se destacaron las accesiones L. leucocephala cv. Cunningham, cv. Perú, CIAT-9119, CIAT-9438, CIAT-751, CIAT-7988, CIAT-7384, CIAT-7929, CIAT-17480, cv. Ipil-Ipil, cv. CNIA-250, L. lanceolata CIAT-17255, CIAT-17501 y L. diversifolia CIAT-17270. Se concluye que existió variabilidad en la colección dentro de las especies y dentro de las accesiones de cada especie, y que es necesario tomar en consideración los caracteres estudiados para definir el momento óptimo de trasplante.With the objective of characterizing the best-performance accessions under nursery conditions, a Leucaena spp. collection, represented by 23 accessions of five species, was evaluated. For that purpose the following elements were measured: seedling height, stem diameter and branch number, dry biomass of the aerial part, root length and dry matter, which served as indicators of the optimum transplantation moment; the seedlings were planted in 26 x 14 cm black polyethylene bags. These features were observed to have remarkable influence on plant development and when a main component analysis was applied, they showed high variability (63,10%) in the first component. Relation was found among plant height, number of leaf growths, dry biomass of the aerial part, dry root mass and root length, and for these features the following accessions stood out: L. leucocephala cv. Cunningham, cv. Peru, CIAT-9119, CIAT-9438, CIAT-751, CIAT-7988, CIAT-7384, CIAT-7929, CIAT-17480, cv. Ipil-pil, cv. CNIA-250; L. lanceolata CIAT-17255, CIAT-17501 and L. diversifolia CIAT-17270. It is concluded that there was variability in the collection among the species and among the accessions of each species, and that it is necessary to take into consideration the studied characteristics to define the optimum transplantation moment.