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Introduction: Most myelomeningocele (MMC) cases present with ventriculomegaly or hydrocephalus, yet a comprehensive volumetric assessment of MMC intracranial structures is lacking. This study aimed to provide baseline data on intracranial structural volumes immediately after birth in MMC infants who underwent repair surgeries after birth (postnatal repair). Methods: In this retrospective single-center study, we analyzed 52 MMC infants undergoing postnatal repair, utilizing head computed tomography scans at birth for volumetric assessment. Intracranial volume (ICV), lateral ventricles volume (LVV), choroid plexus volume (CPV), and posterior cranial fossa volume (PCFV) were measured. Hydrocephalus was classified into no hydrocephalus, progressive hydrocephalus, and hydrocephalus at birth. Comparative analysis employed the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis discriminated cases with and without ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS). Results: The median values were 407.50 mL for ICV, 33.18 mL for LVV, 0.67 mL for CPV, and 21.35 mL for PCFV. Thirty-seven cases (71.15%) underwent VPS. ROC analysis revealed an LVV cut-off value of 6.74 mL for discriminating cases with and without VPS. Progressive hydrocephalus showed no significant difference in ICV but significantly larger LVV compared to no hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus at birth demonstrated statistically larger ICV and LVV compared to the other two types. Conclusion: Baseline volumetric data were provided, and volumetric analysis exhibited statistical differences among three hydrocephalus types. These findings enhance our understanding of intracranial volumetric changes in MMC, facilitating more objective assessments of MMC cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To automate surgical (sub-)tasks in robotic surgery, the knowledge of the exact pose of the instrument is mandatory. The application of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) to the problem of pose measurement appears promising due to its advantages of 3D imaging and micron-scale resolution. To investigate this, 175 image sequences of the EndoWrist Round Tip Scissor Tool were acquired with an OCT system. The images differ in the opening angles of the scissor blades and the rotation angles of the entire instrument about its central axis. These image sequences were further processed through computer vision methods of the individual images followed by point cloud generation. For pose estimation, an Iterative Closest Point algorithm was implemented to register the acquired point clouds to reference point clouds created from the instrument CAD file. The implemented algorithm was able to determine the opening angle with an overall error of 2∘ ± 1.3∘ and the rotation angle with a standard deviation between several runs of 0.6∘ ±2.8∘. However, the overall processing time of (39 ± 17)s on a standard PC leaves room for further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: In this case-control study, we aimed to evaluate how muscle volume affects pelvic floor function by analyzing the levator ani muscle (LAM) using volumetric segmentation in addition to standard magnetic resonance (MR) defecography assessments. METHODS: We enrolled 85 patients with varying degrees of pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) and 85 age- and gender-matched controls in this retrospective study. All patients had MR defecography images, while all controls had pelvic MR images obtained for other reasons. Group comparisons were performed using independent samples t-tests and Mann–Whitney U tests. The receiver operating curve (ROC) was constructed to establish a cut-off value for a normal LAM volume. Interrater reliability was assessed by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Volumetric measurements revealed that the control group had higher LAM volumes, and the ROC curve analysis indicated a cut-off value of 38934.3 mm3 with a sensitivity of 0.812 and specificity of 0.8 for PFD assessment using LAM volumetric measurement. Gender did not significantly affect LAM volume in the control group. CONCLUSION: Alongside the useful structural and functional information acquired from MR defecography images, volumetric analysis, and three-dimensional reconstructions of LAM may help to improve the accuracy of the diagnosis.

Purpose: The diagnosis of progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease (PF-ILD) using computed tomography (CT) is an important medical practice in respiratory care, and most imaging findings for this disease have been obtained with inspiratory CT. It is possible that some characteristic changes in respiration may be seen in normal and diseased lung in PF-ILD, which may lead to a new understanding of the pathogenesis of interstitial pneumonia, but it has never been examined. In this study, we collected and selected inspiratory and expiratory CT scans performed in pure PF-ILD cases, and evaluated the volumes of diseased and normal lung separately by manual detection and 3-dimensional volumetry to characterize the dynamic features of PF-ILD. Materials and methods: Cases were collected retrospectively from a total of 753 inspiratory and expiratory CT scans performed at our hospital over a 3-year period. Sixteen cases of pure PF-ILD, excluding almost all other diseases, were included. We measured their diseased, normal, and the whole lung volumes manually and evaluated the correlation of their values and their relationship with respiratory function tests (FVC, FVC%-predicted, and DLCO%-predicted). Results: The relative expansion rate of the diseased lung is no less than that of the normal lung. The "Expansion volume of total lung" divided by the "Expansion volume of normal lung" was found to be significantly associated with DLCO%-predicted abnormalities (p = 0.0073). Conclusion: The diseased lung in PF-ILD retained expansion capacity comparable to the normal lung, suggesting a negative impact on respiratory function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this case-control study, we aimed to evaluate how muscle volume affects pelvic floor function by analyzing the levator ani muscle (LAM) using volumetric segmentation in addition to standard magnetic resonance (MR) defecography assessments. METHODS We enrolled 85 patients with varying degrees of pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) and 85 age- and gender- matched controls in this retrospective study. All patients had MR defecography images, while all controls had pelvic MR images obtained for other reasons. Group comparisons were performed using independent samples t-tests and Mann--Whitney U tests. The receiver operating curve (ROC) was constructed to establish a cut-off value for a normal LAM volume. Interrater reliability was assessed by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Volumetric measurements revealed that the control group had higher LAM volumes, and the ROC curve analysis indicated a cut-off value of 38934.3 mm3 with a sensitivity of 0.812 and specificity of 0.8 for PFD assessment using LAM volumetric measurement. Gender did not significantly affect LAM volume in the control group. CONCLUSION Alongside the useful structural and functional information acquired from MR defecography images, volumetric analysis, and three-dimensional reconstructions of LAM may help to improve the accuracy of the diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value is an important part of bladder cancer magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessment and can predict the aggressive and invasive potentials. There is growing interest in whole tumor volume measurements. Purpose: To investigate if the volumetric ADC measurement method will significantly exceed the diagnostic performance of the selected region of interest (ROI) method in everyday practice. Material and Methods: A prospective evaluation was carried out of 50 patients with bladder cancer by two radiologists. The mean and the minimum ADC values were measured using both methods. The inter-reader agreement was determined by the intraclass correlation coefficient. The ADC values were compared between different grades, states of muscle invasion, and lympho-vascular invasion (LVI); then, validity was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Areas under the curve (AUC) were then compared for the level of statistical significance. Results: The inter-observer agreement was excellent for the ADC values using both methods. The volumetric measurement provides higher mean and lower minimum ADC values with statistically significant differences (P <0.00001). The highest diagnostic accuracy for differentiating tumor grade and predicting muscle invasion was for the minimum ADC by a selected ROI. However, the differences between the achieved AUCs were of no statistical significance. None of the ADC values predicted LVI with statistical significance. Conclusion: The selected ROI and volumetric measurement methods of mean and minimum ADC in bladder cancer yield different values, still having comparable diagnostic performance with accurate ROI sampling. The minimum ADC value by ROI is preferred in everyday clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The excellent efficacy is mitigated by the limited safety profile of microfocused ultrasound procedures. Objective We sought to assess the safety and tightening efficacy of a novel microfocused ultrasound. Methods The randomized middle and lower face and submental region of the participants were treated with the novel device using the following transducers: M4.5, D4.5, M3.0, and D3.0. Improvement in paired comparison of pretreatment and posttreatment photographs, three-dimensional (3D) volumetric assessments, skin thickness measured by B-ultrasonography, and skin photoaging parameters were evaluated. Adverse events and patient satisfaction were also recorded. Results A total of 20 participants (20 female) were enrolled. Fourteen of 20 participants (70%) were judged to show clinically significant facial tightening during 3-month follow-up (P

Background: The excellent efficacy is mitigated by the limited safety profile of microfocused ultrasound procedures. Objective: We sought to assess the safety and tightening efficacy of a novel microfocused ultrasound. Methods: The randomized middle and lower face and submental region of the participants were treated with the novel device using the following transducers: M4.5, D4.5, M3.0, and D3.0. Improvement in paired comparison of pretreatment and posttreatment photographs, three-dimensional (3D) volumetric assessments, skin thickness measured by B-ultrasonography, and skin photoaging parameters were evaluated. Adverse events and patient satisfaction were also recorded. Results: A total of 20 participants (20 female) were enrolled. Fourteen of 20 participants (70%) were judged to show clinically significant facial tightening during 3-month follow-up (P < 0.05). The mean volumetric change in the lower face, as quantitatively assessed after 3 months was −0.29 mL compared with +0.42 mL on the control side (P < 0.05). The VAS pain score was 3.00 ± 1.19 without any oral or intramuscular anesthesia. Conclusions: A small sample size, lack of clinical scales, and impersonalized treatment parameters. The novel microfocused ultrasound appears to be a safe and effective modality for lower-face tightening. Clinical Trial Registration Number: ChiCTR 2200064666. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vertebral heart scale (VHS) is the most common method used for the objective evaluation of heart size, however, VHS cannot evaluate the entire heart area. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the development and feasibility of vertebral heart area ratio (VHAR=heart area/the fourth thoracic vertebra [T4] body area) as a new cardiac measurement method. A total of 125 dogs considered without clinical heart abnormalities in the pre-anesthetic examination, measurements of the VHS and VHAR using thoracic radiography were compared with computed tomography measurements of the vertebral cardiac volume ratio (VCVR=cardiac volume/T4 body volume) and investigate whether the VHAR values differed between observers. The mean cardiac and T4 body volumes were 116.99 ± 108.07 cm³ and 0.92 ± 0.91 cm³, respectively. The mean values of observers 1 and 2 were 9.9 ± 0.7 v (VHS), 42.64 ± 27.94 cm² (heart area), and 1.37 ± 0.96 cm² (T4 body area). Intraclass coefficients were the highest for the heart area, followed by the T4 body area and VHS. The VHAR showed a moderate correlation with VHS in observers 1 (r=0.671) and 2 (r=0.633). The VCVR showed a more positive correlation with VHAR (r=0.573) than with VHS (r=0.426). These results indicated that VHAR could be used as a complement to VHS for heart size measurement, and the high degree of observer agreement for the measurements indicated the measurement reproducibility of VHAR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, virtual reality is a new and rapidly developing technology that provides the opportunity for a new, more immersive form of data visualization. Evaluating digitized pathological serial sections and establishing the appropriate diagnosis is one of the key task of the pathologist in the daily work. The type of tools used by pathologists in the evaluation of samples has not changed much in recent decades. On the other hand, the amount of information required to establish an accurate diagnosis has been significantly increased. Nowadays, pathologists are working with the help of multiple high-resolution desktop monitors. Instead of the large screens, the use of virtual reality can serve as an alternative solution, which provides virtualized working space for pathologists during routine sample evaluation. In our research, we defined a new immersive working environment for pathologists. In our proposed solution we visualize several type of digitized medical image data with the corresponding meta data in 3D, and we also defined virtualized functions that support the evaluation process. The main aim of this paper is to present the new possibilities provided by 3D visualization and virtual reality in digital pathology. The paper presents a new virtual reality-based examination environment, as well as software functionalities that are essential for 3D pathological tissue evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orthostatic dizziness/vertigo (ODV) is characterized by lightheadedness owing to postural changes. To measure the endolymphatic space (ELS)/total fluid space (TFS) volume ratio and the distribution rate of endolymphatic fluid (ELF) of patients with ODV and compare them with those of control subjects (CS). This study included 22 patients (44 ears) with ODV and 52 controls (104 ears, CS). The ELS/TFS volume ratio (%) and distribution rate (%) of the inner ear components were measured using 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging. In the ODV group, the mean ELS/TFS volume ratios of the cochlea, vestibule, and semi-circular canals (SCCs) were 12.1%, 18.6%, and 18.1%, respectively; the mean ELS distribution rates for the cochlea, vestibule, and SCCs were 27.3%, 26.2%, and 46.6%, respectively. The ELS distribution rate of the vestibule was significantly lower (p <.01) and the ELS distribution rate of the SCCs was significantly higher in the ODV than in the CS group (p <.01). The ELS distribution rate in the vestibule + SCCs among patients with ODV did not differ from that in the CS; ELF in the vestibule moved to the SCCs, and a large amount of ELF was distributed only in the SCCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposed to generate information related to the abundance and the structural characteristics of hollows at the tree and species levels in an area of managed forest in the Amazon. A database was used that was composed of 29,899 trees from thirty-eight species that were inventoried, harvested, and measured in ten annual production units that were managed between 2008 and 2017 in the Tapajós National Forest, state of Pará, Brazil. The data was tabulated and reported in absolute and percentage values. Contingency tables were created to identify patterns of occurrence of hollows in commercial stems. A total of 24% of the harvested trees had hollows in at least one section of the commercial stem, and species had different propensities for hollow occurrence. It was found that the larger the tree diameter the greater the possibility for occurrence of hollows, and these hollows were proportionally larger. Most of the hollows in harvested trees were small. Patterns of occurrence in commercial stem hollows were observed, and these were dependent on tree species and size. Most trees had hollows distributed along the entire stem or only at the base of the stem. Study Implications: The presence of hollows in managed native forest trees in the Amazon depends on the species, and trees with larger diameters have a greater probability of having hollows. Furthermore, trees with larger diameters have hollows that have larger diameters, lengths, and volumes. Commercial trees have different patterns of hollows along the stem, and these patterns are dependent on tree species and size. The results of this study will contribute to management of trees with hollows in the Amazon Forest as well as to serve as a base for future studies related to this theme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pelvic ring injuries are uncommon but serious injuries. Percutaneous sacro-iliac screw fixation (SSF) is the standard treatment for posterior stabilization of pelvic fractures. Compression forces of the SSF might cause deformity of the sacrum and the pelvic ring. The aim of this radio-volumetric study is to evaluate the morphometry of the sacrum and pelvic ring in SSF for posterior pelvic fractures. (1) Methods: We conducted a radio-volumetric study measuring the bony sacral volume before and after SSF for a pelvic fracture based on a three-dimensional reconstruction of the pre- and postoperative computed tomography scan of 19 patients with a C-type pelvic fracture. In addition to the bony sacral volume, we assessed the pelvic deformity and the load bearing axis. We compared the results of patients without anterior stabilization (Group A) to patients who had additional ORIF of the anterior pelvic ring. (2) Results: Median age of the patients was 41.2 years (±17.8). All patients received percutaneous SSF with partially threaded 7.3 mm screws. The sacral volume decreased from 202.9 to 194.3 cm3 in group A (non-operative treatment anterior, n = 10) and an increase of sacral volume from 229.8 to 250.4 cm3 in group B (anterior ORIF; n = 9). Evaluation of the pelvic deformity also reflected this trend by a decrease of the ipsilateral load-bearing angle in group A (37.0° to 36.4°) and an increase of this angle in group B (36.3 to 39.9°). (3) Conclusions: Bony sacral volume and pelvic deformity after sacro-iliac screw fixation in pelvic fractures depend on treatment of the anterior pelvic ring. Reduction and fixation of the anterior fracture shows an increase of the bony sacral volume and the load bearing angle leading to a closer to normal reconstruction of the pelvic anatomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of complex decongestive physiotherapy (CDP) on oedema, quality oflife and body image in children with lymphoedema precox. Methods: The study sample was 20 children (10 girls and 10 boys), with a mean age of 10.5 ± 1.1 years. The effectiveness of CDP was determined with a volumetric measurement. Results: After CDP treatment of the children with lymphoedema precox, the limb volumes decreased (P<0.05), PedsQL total scores increased (P<0.05), and body image scores decreased (P<0.05). Conclusion: The use of CDP for the treatment oflymphoedema in children with lymphoedema precox was seen to decrease lower-extremity limb volume (and thus presumably oedema), improve body image scores and improve quality oflife. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objectives To investigate the potential influence of different grafting materials on maxillary sinus membrane dimensions and ostium patency following lateral sinus floor elevation (SFE) as assessed using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and methods A total of 40 sinuses in 40 patients were included. Twenty sinuses were referred for SFE with deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM), and the remaining 20 sinuses were grafted with calcium phosphate (CP). CBCT was performed prior to and 3 to 4 days after surgery. The dimensions of the Schneiderian membrane volume and ostium patency were evaluated, and potential relationships between volumetric changes and any associated factors were analyzed. Results The median increase in membrane-whole cavity volume ratios was 43.97% in the DBBM group and 67.58% in the CP group, demonstrating no statistically significant difference (p = 0.17). The rates of increased obstruction after SFE were 11.1% for the DBBM group versus 44.4% for the CP group (p = 0.03). The graft volume was found to be positively correlated with the postoperative membrane-whole cavity volume ratio (r = 0.79; p < 0.01) and the membrane-whole cavity volume ratio increase (r = 0.71; p < 0.01). Conclusions The two grafting materials seem to have a similar effect on transient volumetric changes in the sinus mucosa. However, the choice of grafting material should still be made with caution since sinuses grafted using DBBM exhibited less swelling and less ostium obstruction.

Abstract Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for 10–20% of all strokes worldwide and is associated with serious outcomes, including a 30-day mortality rate of up to 40%. Neuroimaging is pivotal in diagnosing ICH as early detection and determination of underlying cause, and risk for expansion/rebleeding is essential in providing the correct treatment. Non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) is the most used modality for detection of ICH, identification of prognostic markers and measurements of hematoma volume, all of which are of major importance to predict outcome. The strongest predictors of 30-day mortality and functional outcome for ICH patients are baseline hematoma volume and hematoma expansion. Even so, exact hematoma measurement is rare in clinical routine practice, primarily due to a lack of tools available for fast, effective, and reliable volumetric tools. In this educational review, we discuss neuroimaging findings for ICH from NCCT images, and their prognostic value, as well as the use of semi-automatic and fully automated hematoma volumetric methods and assessment of hematoma expansion in prognostic studies.

Purpose: The Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology Brain Metastases (RANO-BM) working group proposed a guide for treatment responses for BMs by utilizing the longest diameter; however, despite recognizing that many patients with BMs have sub-centimeter lesions, the group referred to these lesions as unmeasurable due to issues with repeatability and interpretation. In light of RANO—BM recommendations, we aimed to correlate linear and volumetric measurements in sub-centimeter BMs on contrast-enhanced MRI using intelligent automation software. Methods: In this retrospective study, patients with BMs scanned with MRI between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2021, were screened. Inclusion criteria were: (1) at least one sub-centimeter BM with an integer millimeter-longest diameter was noted in the MRI report; (2) patients were a minimum of 18 years of age; (3) patients with available pre-treatment three-dimensional T1-weighted spoiled gradient-echo MRI scan. The screening was terminated when there were 20 lesions in each group. Lesion volumes were measured with the help of intelligent automation software Jazz (AI Medical, Zollikon, Switzerland) by two readers. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare volumetric differences. Results: Our study included 180 patients. The agreement for volumetric measurements was excellent between the two readers. The volumes of the following groups were not significantly different: 1–2 mm, 1–3 mm, 1–4 mm, 2–3 mm, 2–4 mm, 3–4 mm, 3–5 mm, 4–5 mm, 5–6 mm, 5–7 mm, 6–7 mm, 6–8 mm, 6–9 mm, 7–8 mm, 7–9 mm, 8–9 mm. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the largest diameter of a lesion may not accurately represent its volume. Additional research is required to determine which method is superior for measuring radiologic response to therapy and which parameter correlates best with clinical improvement or deterioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of two types of fillers, carbon black (CB) and silica, on the H2 permeation of peroxide‐crosslinked ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) polymers at different pressures (1.2–9.0 MPa). The H2 uptake was linearly correlated with the exposure pressure in all specimens. The H2 solubility in the filled EPDM composites also increased linearly with an increase in the filler content. The H2 solubility was determined by the absorption of polymer networks and adsorption at the filler surface in the CB‐filled EPDM. Meanwhile, the H2 solubility in neat and silica‐filled EPDM was dominated by the polymer network absorption. In the filled EPDM, H2 diffusivity decreased because the filler increased the tortuosity of the polymer. The effects of filler on H2 permeation were largest in the high‐abrasion and semi‐reinforcing furnaces, while the effects were lowest in the silica filler. This trend was associated with the surface area and interface of the fillers. The correlations of the average diffusivity (or permeability) with the filler content and crosslink density of the composites were observed and discussed. From the resulting relationships, we can predict the H2 permeation properties of the compounded EPDM candidates, when used as seal materials, under high‐pressure environment in H2‐refueling stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the potential influence of different grafting materials on maxillary sinus membrane dimensions and ostium patency following lateral sinus floor elevation (SFE) as assessed using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and methods: A total of 40 sinuses in 40 patients were included. Twenty sinuses were referred for SFE with deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM), and the remaining 20 sinuses were grafted with calcium phosphate (CP). CBCT was performed prior to and 3 to 4 days after surgery. The dimensions of the Schneiderian membrane volume and ostium patency were evaluated, and potential relationships between volumetric changes and any associated factors were analyzed. Results: The median increase in membrane-whole cavity volume ratios was 43.97% in the DBBM group and 67.58% in the CP group, demonstrating no statistically significant difference (p = 0.17). The rates of increased obstruction after SFE were 11.1% for the DBBM group versus 44.4% for the CP group (p = 0.03). The graft volume was found to be positively correlated with the postoperative membrane-whole cavity volume ratio (r = 0.79; p < 0.01) and the membrane-whole cavity volume ratio increase (r = 0.71; p < 0.01). Conclusions: The two grafting materials seem to have a similar effect on transient volumetric changes in the sinus mucosa. However, the choice of grafting material should still be made with caution since sinuses grafted using DBBM exhibited less swelling and less ostium obstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for 10–20% of all strokes worldwide and is associated with serious outcomes, including a 30-day mortality rate of up to 40%. Neuroimaging is pivotal in diagnosing ICH as early detection and determination of underlying cause, and risk for expansion/rebleeding is essential in providing the correct treatment. Non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) is the most used modality for detection of ICH, identification of prognostic markers and measurements of hematoma volume, all of which are of major importance to predict outcome. The strongest predictors of 30-day mortality and functional outcome for ICH patients are baseline hematoma volume and hematoma expansion. Even so, exact hematoma measurement is rare in clinical routine practice, primarily due to a lack of tools available for fast, effective, and reliable volumetric tools. In this educational review, we discuss neuroimaging findings for ICH from NCCT images, and their prognostic value, as well as the use of semi-automatic and fully automated hematoma volumetric methods and assessment of hematoma expansion in prognostic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, virtual reality is a new and rapidly developing technology that provides the opportunity for a new, more immersive form of data visualization. Evaluating digitized pathological serial sections and establishing the appropriate diagnosis is one of the key task of the pathologist in the daily work. The type of tools used by pathologists in the evaluation of samples has not changed much in recent decades. On the other hand, the amount of information required to establish an accurate diagnosis has been significantly increased. Nowadays, pathologists are working with the help of multiple high-resolution desktop monitors. Instead of the large screens, the use of virtual reality can serve as an alternative solution, which provides virtualized working space for pathologists during routine sample evaluation. In our research, we defined a new immersive working environment for pathologists. In our proposed solution we visualize several type of digitized medical image data with the corresponding meta data in 3D, and we also defined virtualized functions that support the evaluation process. The main aim of this paper is to present the new possibilities provided by 3D visualization and virtual reality in digital pathology. The paper presents a new virtual reality-based examination environment, as well as software functionalities that are essential for 3D pathological tissue evaluation.

Study Design: An algorithm was developed with MATLAB platform to automatically quantify the volume of cervical disc herniation (CDH) based on the sagittal magnetic resonance images. This automated program was used for CDH data set, and then compared with manual measurement results confirming its reliability.Objective: The aim was to develop a new software for automated CDH volume measurement.Summary Of Background Data: CDH compresses the spinal cord, regarding as the leading cause of cervical myelopathy. However, the CDH volume, of great value to clinical symptoms, can be only manually measured with no-excellent but acceptable interobserver reliability. This was due to the manual error of outlining CDH area and inclusion of structure posterior vertebra. No studies has proposed such an automated algorithm of CDH volume quantification which is standardised to quantify the accurate volume of CDH thus helping doctors easily evaluate CDH progressing.Methods: The algorithm of CDH volume measurement was proposed. This program was then tested for 490 CDHs data set, from 185 patients with two repeated magnetic resonance imaging detections. Three individual observers manually measured the volumes of these CDHs, to justify the accuracy of this software. CDH volume was either in the classic way or the revised way excluding the influence of structure posterior vertebra.Results: The automated software was successfully developed on MATLAB platform, with no difference found with manual measurements (average level) in CDH volume measurement. The change ratios in CDH volumes were profoundly consistent with manual observation, showing the error of 5.8% in median. The revised method elevated the absolute value of ratio by amplifying the percentage change.Conclusion: Our developed automated volumetry system was an standardized and accurate way, with selective removal module of structure posterior vertebra, replaceable for manual volume measurement of CDH, which was useful for spinal surgeons diagnosing and treating CDH disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In clinical work, accurately measuring the volume and the size of breast cancer is significant to develop a treatment plan. However, it is timeconsuming, and inter- and intra-observer variations among radiologists exist. The purpose of this study was to assess the performance of a Res-UNet convolutional neural network based on automatic segmentation for size and volumetric measurement of mass enhancement breast cancer on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Materials and methods: A total of 1,000 female breast cancer patients who underwent preoperative 1.5-T dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI prior to treatment were selected from January 2015 to October 2021 and randomly divided into a training cohort (n = 800) and a testing cohort (n = 200). Compared with the masks named ground truth delineated manually by radiologists, the model performance on segmentation was evaluated with dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The performance of tumor (T) stage classification was evaluated with accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Results: In the test cohort, the DSC of automatic segmentation reached 0.89. Excellent concordance (ICC > 0.95) of the maximal and minimal diameter and good concordance (ICC > 0.80) of volumetric measurement were shown between the model and the radiologists. The trained model took approximately 10-15 s to provide automatic segmentation and classified the T stage with an overall accuracy of 0.93, sensitivity of 0.94, 0.94, and 0.75, and specificity of 0.95, 0.92, and 0.99, respectively, in T1, T2, and T3. Conclusions: Our model demonstrated good performance and reliability for automatic segmentation for size and volumetric measurement of breast cancer, which can be time-saving and effective in clinical decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was performed to obtain morphometric and volumetric measurements of thyroid glands of Van Cats, and to determine homotypical variations and biometric differences between the genders. Thyroid gland computed tomography (CT) images obtained from a total of 16 clinically healthy adult Van Cats (8 males, 8 females) were used in the study. Measurements were made on the transverse, sagittal, and dorsal sections of both right and left thyroid gland CT images. Volumes of the thyroid lobes were estimated using transverse ellipse, maximum ellipse, and planimetry methods. Statistical analyses were then performed on the obtained morphometric and volumetric values. In terms of sexual dimorphism in Van Cats, morphometric and volumetric measurement values of the thyroid gland were found to be larger in male cats than in females (P

Background: Reliable measurements of cervical cord atrophy progression may be useful for monitoring neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS). Purpose: To compare a new, registration‐based (Reg) method with two existing methods (active surface [AS] and propagation segmentation [PropSeg]) to measure cord atrophy changes over time in MS. Study Type: Retrospective. Subjects: Cohort I: Eight healthy controls (HC) and 28 MS patients enrolled at a single institution, and cohort II: 25 HC and 63 MS patients enrolled at three European sites. Field Strength/Sequence: 3D T1‐weighted gradient echo sequence, acquired at 1.5 T (cohort I) and 3.0 T (cohort II). Assessment: Percentage cord area changes (PCACs) between baseline and follow‐up (cohort I: 2.34 years [interquartile range = 2.00–2.55 years], cohort II: 1.05 years [interquartile range = 1.01–1.18 years]) were evaluated for all subjects using Reg, AS, and PropSeg. Reg included an accurate registration of baseline and follow‐up straightened cord images, followed by AS‐based optimized cord segmentation. A subset of studies was analyzed twice by two observers. Statistical Tests: Linear regression models were used to estimate annualized PCAC, and effect sizes expressed as the ratio between the estimated differences and HC error term (P < 0.05). Reproducibility was assessed by linear mixed‐effect models. Annualized PCACs were used for sample size calculations (significance: α = 0.05, power: 1 − β = 0.80). Results: Annualized PCACs and related standard errors (SEs) were lower with Reg than with other methods: PCAC in MS patients at 1.5 T was −1.12% (SE = 0.22) with Reg, −1.32% (SE = 0.30) with AS, and −1.40% (SE = 0.33) with PropSeg, while at 3.0 T PCAC was −0.83% (SE = 0.25) with Reg, −0.92% (SE = 0.32) with AS, and −1.18 (SE = 0.53) with PropSeg. This was reflected in larger effect sizes and lower sample sizes. Intra‐ and inter‐observer agreement range was 0.72–0.91 with AS, and it was >0.96 with Reg. Data Conclusion: The results support the use of the registration method to measure cervical cord atrophy progression in future MS clinical studies. Level of Evidence: 3 Technical Efficacy Stage: 2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the most common peripheral vestibular disease. It is characterised by sudden onset short lived vertigo triggered by sudden changes in head position relative to gravity. We aimed to perform a quantitative volumetric analysis of the inner ear endolymphatic space in patients with BPPV. This study included 67 patients with BPPV and 50 control subjects (CS). The endolymphatic space/total fluid space volume ratio (%) and the distribution rate of the inner ear components in the endolymphatic space (%) were measured using three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging. Differences in the endolymphatic space/total fluid space volume ratio of the inner ear, cochlea, vestibule, and semi-circular canals (SCCs) between the CS and BPPV groups were not significant. The endolymphatic space distribution rate of the vestibule in the BPPV group was significantly lower than that in the CS group, and the endolymphatic space distribution rate of SCCs in the BPPV group was significantly higher than that in the CS group. Extended endolymphatic space in patients with BPPV did not exist. The otoconia released from the damaged utricles were considered to move with the endolymphatic flow toward SCCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective  Many studies showed that less-severe disease symptoms and fewer mortality rates have been reported in pediatric novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. In this study, we aimed to reveal the relationship between the volume of thymus gland, which provides T lymphocyte maturation in children, with the severity of lung involvement and blood laboratory values in pediatric patients with COVID-19 infection. Methods  Thymus density and thymus and cardiac volumes were measured in pediatric COVID-19 patients and a control group that underwent thoracic tomography for reasons other than infection. Thymus/heart ratios were calculated to index the thymus volumes of the patients to their body dimensions. The severity of pneumonia was demonstrated by proportioning the involved lung parenchymal volume to the total lung volume in patients with typical involvement in thoracic tomography. The relationship between volumetric and blood laboratory values was statistically evaluated. Results  Thymus density (p  = 0.015) and thymus/heart ratio (p  = 0.04) significantly differed between patients with COVID-19 infection and the control group. A correlation was observed between the pneumonia involvement rate and C-reactive protein (CRP) (k : 0.451, p  = 0.08) and white blood cell (WBC; k : 0.419, p  = 0.015) values in the thoracic tomography of the COVID-19 group. Conclusion  The thymus gland is enlarged as an indicator of activation in COVID-19 infection. We hope that our study will guide new studies on the prognostic value of thymus size in lymphopenic patients with severe disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endolymphatic hydrops (ELH), which is a pathological feature of Meniere's disease (MD), is characterized by an extended endolymphatic space (ELS). We aimed to perform a quantitative volumetric analysis of inner-ear ELH in patients with unilateral MD (uMD). This study included 97 patients with definite uMD and 49 control subjects (CS). The ELS/total fluid space (TFS) volume ratio (%) and the distribution rate of the inner-ear components in the ELS (%) were measured using 3D magnetic resonance imaging and compared between patients with uMD and CS. Compared to CS, patients with uMD had significantly higher mean ELS/TFS volume ratios for inner-ear components. The mean distribution rate of the inner-ear components in the ELS was not significantly different between the two groups. In patients with uMD, ELH was noted to be spread throughout the entire inner ear and the endolymph was evenly distributed in the total ELS. These findings should be useful as a standard reference for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three Dimensional-magnetic resonance imaging of the inner ear endolymphatic space was performed in 100 control human subjects. Ear endolymphatic space was visualized using contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging with intravenous gadolinium injection. The images were acquired on a 3-tesla magnetic resonance scanner using a 32-channel array head coil for all patients. The ear endolymphatic space and total fluid space volumes of the inner ear, cochlea, and vestibule were measured, and the ear endolymphatic space in the cochlea and vestibule was classified into four categories. The cochlea categories were: c-1, no ear endolymphatic space; c-2, ear endolymphatic space visualized only until the upper turn; c-3, ear endolymphatic space visualized from the upper turn to the second turn; and c-4, ear endolymphatic space visualized up to the basal turn. The vestibule categories were: v-1, no ear endolymphatic space; v-2, ear endolymphatic space visualized only in the utriculus; v-3, ear endolymphatic space visualized in the utriculus and sacculus separately; and v-4, ear endolymphatic space visualized in the utriculus and sacculus together. The mean TFS volumes of the inner ear, cochlea, and vestibule were 282.1 ± 33.2 µL, 112.9 ± 15.9 µL, and 69.1 ± 9.9 µL, respectively, and that of the ampulla of the posterior semicircular canal was 7.8 ± 1.7 µL. The mean ear endolymphatic space/total fluid space volume ratio in the cochlea was 10.3 ± 6.7% and that in the vestibule was 17.3 ± 12.2%. This ratio in the cochlea was between the results of categories c-1 and c-2 and that in the vestibule between those of categories v-2 and v-3. Two subjects had ear endolymphatic space extending from the vestibule to the posterior non-ampullated crus of the lateral semicircular canal. These findings can be applied as standard reference values for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was performed to obtain morphometric and volumetric measurements of thyroid glands of Van Cats, and to determine homotypical variations and biometric differences between the genders. Thyroid gland computed tomography (CT) images obtained from a total of 16 clinically healthy adult Van Cats (8 males, 8 females) were used in the study. Measurements were made on the transverse, sagittal, and dorsal sections of both right and left thyroid gland CT images. Volumes of the thyroid lobes were estimated using transverse ellipse, maximum ellipse, and planimetry methods. Statistical analyses were then performed on the obtained morphometric and volumetric values. In terms of sexual dimorphism in Van Cats, morphometric and volumetric measurement values of the thyroid gland were found to be larger in male cats than in females (P<0.05). When the parameters were inspected in terms of homotypical variations, measured values for the right thyroid lobes were found to be larger compared to the left thyroid lobe values in both male and female cats. Average length, width, height values for male thyroid glands were 25.41±1.63 mm, 2.49±0.09 mm, and 4.54±0.21 mm, respectively, while the same values were 19.57±0.92 mm, 2.06±0.17 mm, and 4.19±0.21 for female cats, respectively. Average thyroid gland volumes calculated through transverse ellipse, maximum ellipse, and planimetry values were 149.46±19.71 mm3, 154.80±19.70 mm3, and 166.86±19.04 mm3 for males, respectively. The female counterparts for these values were 89.52±11.82 mm3, 92.31±11.90 mm3, 109.40±6.02 mm3, respectively. As a result, various parameters on CT images of thyroid glands in clinically healthy Van Cats were measured and the results were statistically evaluated between the genders. It is thought that the results will be useful in the evaluation of abnormal thyroid glands in Van Cats CT images in clinical practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the precision of individual and combined macula and optic disc volumetric analysis, and the agreement between these two scan modes with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT).Methods: Macular and optic disc volumetric measurements were performed with individual and combined scan protocols in one eye of 75 healthy subjects. Three repeated measurements were performed with each protocol. From the macular area, retinal thickness in nine different sectors and ganglion cell complex thickness in eight different sectors were analyzed from both scan modes. From the optic disc area, the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness in 12 clock sectors and the optic disc parameters were evaluated. For all the parameters, repeatability limit and agreement analysis were performed.Results: For the retinal thickness measurements in macula, the combined scan had two to three times larger repeatability limit than the individual scan for all the sectors except the central sector, where the repeatability limit was five times larger. The limits of agreement intervals were lower than 20 μm for all sectors, except the central. The ganglion cell complex measurements also had larger repeatability limits for the combined scans, and the limits of agreement intervals were

The presence of endolymphatic hydrops (ELH) in patients with Meniere's disease (MD) is considered a pathological hallmark. We aimed to conduct a quantitative volumetric measurement of inner ear ELH in patients with unilateral MD (uMD). The values of uMD with and without herniation into the posterior semi-circular canal (h-PSC) and the lateral semi-circular canal (h-LSC) were compared using 3 D magnetic resonance imaging. This study included 130 individuals (47 controls and 83 patients with uMD). We measured the total fluid space (TFS) and endolymphatic space (ELS) volumes. We also evaluated the ELS/TFS volume ratios (%). The ELS/TFS volume ratios in the inner ear, cochlea, and vestibule were significantly different between the affected and contralateral sides in patients with h-PSC. Moreover, the ELS/TFS volume ratios of the inner ear, vestibule, and semi-circular canals in the affected ear were significantly higher in patients with h-PSC than in those without h-PSC. The vestibular ELS/TFS volume ratio in the affected ear was significantly higher in patients with h-LSC than in those without h-LSC. H-LSC is present in extended vestibular ELH. However, this is a result of ELH progression in the inner ear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the usefulness of both geometric and volumetric measurements of orbital soft tissues on CT scans to provide quantitative diagnostic guidance in image reading of thyroid eye disease (TED). Computed tomography (CT) images were obtained from 92 orbits and were classified as impaired motility (TED-IM) and normal motility (TED-NM). The TED-IM group was further divided into dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) and non-DON groups. There were 5 volumetric, 2 angular, and 3 ratio parameter measurements acquired from CT images to examine their feasibility in TED classification. We found that the mean volumes of extraocular muscle and retroorbital fat and their ratio to the orbital volume were significantly different between the two motility groups. The mean ratio of extraocular muscle volume in orbital apex and orbital apex volume (EMV-OA/OAV) was significantly larger in DON than non-DON patients (p < 0.05). The population distribution among TED-NM, non-DON, and DON groups significantly varied for different angles between the optic nerve and medial rectus and lateral rectus. In conclusion, geometric and volumetric measurements using CT scans help to quantitatively classify TED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background To determine the accuracy of volumetric measurements of the mandible in vitro by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to analyze the influence of voxel sizes and segmentation threshold settings on it. Methods The samples were obtained from pig mandibles and scanned with 4 voxel sizes: .125 mm, .20 mm, .30 mm, and .40 mm. The minimum segmentation thresholds in Hounsfield units (HU) were set as 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400, respectively, for each voxel size for 3D reconstruction. Laser scanning as the reference, the volumes of each CBCT scanning, the mean iterative distances of superimposition and total positive and negative deviations were recorded and compared. Results The volumes of CBCT-scan deviated from those of laser-scan by + 7.67% to − 3.05% with different HU and voxel sizes. The deviation increased with the voxel size. There was a more suitable minimum HU threshold of segmentation (HU100 for .125 mm, 200 for .20 mm, 300 for .30 mm, and 400 for .40 mm) for each voxel size. Conclusions Voxel sizes and Hounsfield unit thresholds influence the accuracy of volumetric measurements in CBCT scanning. The volume increase with the voxel size, and different voxel sizes correspond to different optimal Hounsfield unit thresholds.

Yohei TanakaClinica Tanaka Plastic, Reconstructive Surgery and Anti-aging Center, Matsumoto, Nagano, JapanBackground: Despite the knowledge that the vast majority of skin aging is caused by the sun, and the widespread prevalence of sunscreen usage, solar skin damage continues to occur due to the combined biological impact of ultraviolet, visible light and near-infrared radiation. Sunscreens have only proven effective at filtering ultraviolet light. They do not attenuate visible light or near-infrared.Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a novel, solar-specific skincare approach embracing both comprehensive daily solar protection from ultraviolet through to near-infrared radiation and nightly solar repair.Participants: Eighteen Japanese patients were enrolled in this study. Topical skincare products (The Essential Six, RATIONALE, Victoria, Australia), comprising solar protection preparations to be used in the morning and topical solar repair at night, were applied to the patients’ skin for 12 months. Patients refrained from using any other skincare formulations and did not undergo any form of medical esthetic treatment during the study.Measurements: Digital facial skin and three-dimensional volumetric assessment were performed pre- and post-treatment, and patient assessments were recorded after 6 and 12 months post-treatment.Results: Improvements in skin texture and luminosity as recorded via digital photography, significant amelioration of skin redness and pigmentation in facial surface analysis, and volumetric reduction in three-dimensional volumetric assessment were observed compared to the pre-treatment for all patients. Eighty-nine percent, and 94% of patients self-reported their approval of treatment outcomes after 6 and 12 months post-treatment, respectively. Minor complications, characterized by slight pain and itching were observed in 3 patients. These minor complications resolved spontaneously.Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the solar-specific skincare formulations focused on the daily comprehensive prevention of negative solar effects and nightly repair of photodamage provide a safe and highly effective pathway to skin preservation and rejuvenation.Keywords: long-term objective assessment, rejuvenation, solar protection, solar repair, sunscreen, volumetric measurement

Background: White matter lesions (WMLs) are common findings in brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and are strongly associated with stroke incidence, recurrence, and prognosis. However, the relationship between WMLs and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) is not well established. This study aimed to determine the clinical significance of WMLs in patients with TIA. Methods: A total of 181 consecutive inpatients with first-ever TIA were enrolled. Brain MRIs within 2 days of symptom onset were used to measure WML volumes. Recurrent vascular events within 1 year of TIA onset were assessed. The relationship between WMLs and recurrent risk of vascular events was determined by a multivariate logistic regression. Results: WMLs were identified in 104 patients (57.5%). Age and ratio of hypertension were significantly different between patients with and without WMLs. The incidence of vascular events in patients with WMLs significantly increased in comparison to those without WMLs (21.15% vs. 5.19%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.18–15.20, P = 0.027) after controlling for confounders. Furthermore, distributions of WML loads were found to be different between patients who developed vascular events and those who did not. WML volumes were demonstrated to be correlated with recurrent risks, and the fourth quartile of WML volumes led to an 8.5-fold elevation of recurrent risk of vascular events compared with the first quartile (95% CI: 1.52–47.65, P = 0.015) after adjusting for hyperlipidemia. Conclusion: WMLs occur frequently in patients with TIA and are associated with the high risk of recurrent vascular events, suggesting a predictive neuroimaging marker for TIA outcomes.

Copyright of International Journal of Computerized Dentistry is the property of Quintessence Publishing Company Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Recently, 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after an intravenous gadolinium injection has been used to describe the endolymphatic space (ELS). Objectives: This study described the histopathological differences between idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) and fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss (FSNHL) by examining the ELS. Additionally, the relationship between the affected cochlear and vestibular ELS/total fluid space (TFS) volume ratio and the duration from the onset to MRI in patients with FSNHL were evaluated. Material and methods: This study included 205 individuals without vertigo: 47 controls, 94 with ISSNHL, and 64 with FSNHL. The TFS and ELS volumes were measured and the ELS/TFS volume ratios (%) were evaluated. Results: The cochlear and vestibular ELS/TFS volume ratios of the affected ear in patients with FSNHL were significantly higher than that in those with ISSNHL. There was no correlation between the duration from FSNHL onset to the MRI scan in the affected cochlea and vestibule. Conclusion and significance: There were differences in the form of hearing fluctuation and the extended ELS volume between ISSNHL and FSNHL. ISSNHL cases with severe ELS extension were likely to change to FSNHL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective The computed tomography (CT) follow-up of indeterminate pulmonary nodules aiming to evaluate the change of the volume and CT value is the common strategy in clinic. The CT dose needs to considered on serious CT scans in addition to the measurement accuracy. The purpose of this study is to quantify the precision of pulmonary nodule volumetric measurement and CT value measurement with various tube currents and reconstruction algorithms in a phantom study with dual-energy CT. Methods A chest phantom containing 9 artificial spherical solid nodules with known diameter (D=2.5 mm, 5 mm, 10 mm) and density (-100 HU, 60 HU and 100 HU) was scanned using a 64-row detector CT canner at 120 Kilovolt & various currents (10 mA, 20 mA, 50 mA, 80 mA,100 mA, 150 mA and 350 mA). Raw data were reconstructed with filtered back projection and three levels of adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction algorithm (FBP, ASIR; 30%, 50% and 80%). Automatic volumetric measurements were performed using commercially available software. The relative volume error (RVE) and the absolute attenuation error (AAE) between the software measures and the reference-standard were calculated. Analyses of the variance were performed to evaluate the effect of reconstruction methods, different scan parameters, nodule size and attenuation on the RPE. Results The software substantially overestimated the very small (D=2.5 mm) nodule's volume [mean RVE: (100.8%±28%)] and underestimated it attenuation [mean AAE: (-756±80) HU]. The mean RVEs of nodule with diameter as 5 mm and 10 mm were small [(-0.9%±1.1%) vs (0.9%±1.4%)], however, the mean AAEs [(-243±26) HU vs (-129±7) HU)] were large. The ANOVA analysis for repeated measurements showed that different tube current and reconstruction algorithm had no significant effect on the volumetric measurements for nodules with diameter of 5 mm and 10 mm (F=5.60, P=0.10 vs F=11.13, P=0.08), but significant effects on the measurement of CT value (F=34.79, P

This study examines the usefulness of both geometric and volumetric measurements of orbital soft tissues on CT scans to provide quantitative diagnostic guidance in image reading of thyroid eye disease (TED). Computed tomography (CT) images were obtained from 92 orbits and were classified as impaired motility (TED-IM) and normal motility (TED-NM). The TED-IM group was further divided into dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) and non-DON groups. There were 5 volumetric, 2 angular, and 3 ratio parameter measurements acquired from CT images to examine their feasibility in TED classification. We found that the mean volumes of extraocular muscle and retroorbital fat and their ratio to the orbital volume were significantly different between the two motility groups. The mean ratio of extraocular muscle volume in orbital apex and orbital apex volume (EMV-OA/OAV) was significantly larger in DON than non-DON patients (p < 0.05). The population distribution among TED-NM, non-DON, and DON groups significantly varied for different angles between the optic nerve and medial rectus and lateral rectus. In conclusion, geometric and volumetric measurements using CT scans help to quantitatively classify TED.

The Cu-BDC was synthesized as adsorbents for gas adsorption. The affordable, simple, safe and effective method was used to prepare Cu-BDC through the solvothermal technique. The results show that Cu-BDC has high sorption capacity for CH 4. Copper (II) carboxylate, (Cu-BDC), with metal-organic-framework (MOF) has been synthesized under the solvothermal condition and used as an adsorbent for the methane. The adsorbent was characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) method. The Sorption capacity of the methane on Cu-BDC at range pressure of 1–20 bar and 298 K was investigated by volumetric measurement. The results show that Cu-BDC has a high sorption capacity for CH 4. The high sorption capacity of this adsorbent may be attributed to the appropriate pore diameter of the framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cavity volume is an important clinical index for the assessment of the healing process and effectiveness of treatment applied on chronic ulcers. Recently, 3D scanners have proven to effectively track ulcer's volume evolution. However, photogrammetry presents itself as a low cost and portable alternative. We conducted a comparative study between photogrammetric and 3D scanner-based volume estimation of small skin ulcers. A total of 24 cutaneous leishmaniasis ulcers' virtual models were generated using a commercial laser scanner and a full-HD portable camera. The reconstruction from videos was performed using open-source software (VisualSFM). The results revealed a similar performance when compared to 3D Scan-based volume estimation with a median deviation and percentile error of 33.68 mm3 and 21.10%, respectively. In addition, the method proved to effectively follow the same tendency in the assessment of healing ulcers when compared to the 3D-scanner. Moreover, when comparing the two virtual models trough residual differences after ICP registration the mean error and standard deviation was 0.36 ± 0.27 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cirugía y Cirujanos is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy in volumetric measurements obtained on an experimental model using an intraoral scanner and a gravimetric method. Three identical partial dentate maxillary acrylic models with three fabricated alveolar defects, in anterior and posterior regions, were scanned using an intraoral scanner (20 scans/defects). The defects differed in terms of size and distance of neighbouring teeth. As references, replicas of each defect were created using a dimensional stable silicone impression material. After measuring the mass of each replica, the volume was calculated by dividing the mass of each replica by the density of the impression material. The defects had a volume, according to the gravimetric method, ranging from 40.5 to 143.7 mm3. The scans were imported to metrology software for analyses. Accuracy was determined in terms of trueness and precision. The mean trueness for all defect types was 0.168 mm3 (SD 0.691, range 2.82). There was no statistical significant difference between the mean trueness for all defects measured (p = 0.910). The mean precision for all defect types was 0.147 mm3 (SD 0.524, range 2.86). There were no statistical significant differences between the dental models in regard to mean precision (p = 0.401), however, there were statistical significant differences between defects in position 1 and 2 (p = 0.002) and 1 and 3 (p = 0.001). Based on the findings of this study, the intraoral scanner utilized in the current study presented an acceptable level of accuracy when measuring volume of defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sensitivity to detect breast cancer (BC) is not high in a dense breast due to masking in mammography. To evaluate the breast density, a volumetric measurement system has been recently developed that measures the percent fibroglandular tissue volume (percent FGV, hereafter termed as "FG%") to the breast volume (BV). This study was designed to investigate whether evaluation using FG% can accurately predict the masking risk by comparing with the current standard method of subjective visual estimation (SVE). Methods: Using pre-biopsy mammograms of 114 cases histopathologically diagnosed with BC in our facility, SVE based on BI-RADS (5th edition) and volumetric measurements of FG% were conducted. Performance to predict the masking risk was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Relationship between these parameters and the masking risk was evaluated by the adjusted multivariate linear regression analysis. Results: The AUC of SVE values was 0.742 (95% CI 0.641–0.822), while that of FG% was as significantly low as 0.560 (95% CI 0.427–0.685) (P = 0.0014). The SVE values correlated with the detection of BC in mammography (P = 0.0035), but there was no significant relationship with FG% (P = 0.74). The median BV and FGV were 313 cm3 (IQR 191–440) and 63 cm3 (IQR 44–102), respectively. The FGV was comparable to the data for Caucasian women reported in previous studies, but the BV was one-half of the previous data. Conclusion: The current volumetric measurement system to evaluate FG% to BV was found to be insufficient in the performance to predict the masking risk in Japanese women with relatively small-sized breasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The pathophysiology of normal-pressure hydrocephalus and the correlation with its symptomatology is not well understood. Objective To monitor and evaluate the enlargement patterns of the ventricular system for each ventricle and its correlation with the presenting symptoms. Methods Bilateral kaolin injection into the subarachnoid space overlying the cranial convexities was done in 18 adult rats. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed on an 11.7-T scanner 15, 60, 90, and 120 days after injection. Volumes of the ventricular system were measured for each ventricle and correlated with biweekly behavioral findings. Results There was a progressive increase in the ventricular volume for the lateral ventricles since day 15 in the kaolin-injected animals. There was a nonsignificant trend in volume growth for the third ventricle, but its enlargement was synchronous with the lateral ventricles. No significant change for the fourth ventricle. No symptoms were detected in the first 60 days. Association was found between the ventricular volume and locomotor changes. In addition, the odds of locomotor symptoms increased by 3% for every additional cubic millimeter of volume in the left (P < 0.001) and right (P = 0.023) ventricles, and for the total magnetic resonance imaging volume by 1% (P = 0.013). Conclusions Expansion of the lateral ventricles maintained similar proportions over time, accompanied by a synchronous third ventricular expansion with less proportion and a nonsignificant fourth enlargement. Lateral ventricles enlarged most in those animals that were to develop late locomotor deterioration. Further research using this animal model combined with different radiologic imaging techniques, such as diffusion tensor imaging and perfusion studies, is recommended. Highlights • Ventricular volumetric analysis of adult chronic communicating hydrocephalus in an animal model. • 11.7 Tesla Brain MRI acquisition in Sprague-Dawley rats. • Kaolin injection into the subarachnoid space over the convexities. • Simultaneous expansion of the lateral ventricles with synchronous enlargement of third and non-significant fourth changes. • Lateral ventricles enlarged most in those animals that were to develop late locomotor deterioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemorrhage volume, level of consciousness and ventricular extension and expansion of the hematoma are prognostic factors for clinical outcome of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Volumetric measurement of ICH has an important clinical and prognostic meaning. The aim of this study was to compare the methods which are being used to measure ICH volume: the ABC/2 method and semiautomated method with computer volumetric program. Our study represents a retrospective analisys of 54 patients (61.11% male and 38.89% female patients with mean age 67.20±10.30 years) who underwent computed tomography (CT) scan of endocranium. Volumetric measurements were performed by ABC/2 method and computer semiautomated method with volumetric program on Аdvantage Windows 3D Workstation 4.1. Mean value and standard deviation obtained by ABC/2 method were 41.98±35.47, while mean value and standard deviation obtained by computer semiautomated method with volumetric program were 52.12±45.61. There is a statistically significant difference between the values obtained by these two methods (p=0.03). The absolute difference was 10.14 cm3. The values acquired by computer method were by 19.46% higher than those acquired by formula. There is a statstically strong positive correlation between these two methods (r=0.852, p

Abstract Crystallographic texture in polycrystalline materials is often developed as preferred orientation distribution of grains during thermo-mechanical processes. Texture dominates many macroscopic physical properties and reflects the histories of structural evolution, hence its measurement and control are vital for performance optimisation and deformation history interogation in engineering and geological materials. However, exploitations of texture are hampered by state-of-the-art characterisation techniques, none of which can routinely deliver the desirable non-destructive, volumetric measurements, especially at larger lengthscales. Here we report a direct and general methodology retrieving important lower-truncation-order texture and phase information from acoustic (compressional elastic) wave speed measurements in different directions through the material volume (avoiding the need for forward modelling). We demonstrate its deployment with ultrasound in the laboratory, where the results from seven representative samples are successfully validated against measurements performed using neutron diffraction. The acoustic method we have developed includes both fundamental wave propagation and texture inversion theories which are free from diffraction limits, they are arbitrarily scalable in dimension, and can be rapidly deployed to measure the texture of large objects. This opens up volumetric texture characterisation capabilities in the areas of material science and beyond, for both scientific and industrial applications. Graphical abstract Powered by a general theoretical platform that links the polycrystal texture with acoustic wave speeds via a simple convolution relationship, rapid non-destructive measurements of volumetric texture are achieved using the conventional water-bath ultrasonic system. The results of seven representative hexagonal and cubic samples are successfully validated against the well-established neutron diffraction technique. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there is more information on the theoretical shrinkage of different elastomeric impression materials, there are insufficient number of 3-dimensional evaluations on volumetric differences and accuracy of definitive casts. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate volumetric changes and the accuracy of four different impression materials using a 3-dimensional computer-aided measurement method. All definitive casts are compared with the master model by using computer-aided measurements. The 3-dimensional accuracy determined by best-fit alignment method and volumetric changes were identified by volumetric measurements. Detected changes are represented in color-coded maps and cross sections. Condensation silicon was significantly differing from polyether, polyvinyl siloxane and vinyl siloxanether. Except polyvinyl siloxane, vinyl siloxanether presented significantly lowest volumetric difference value from condensation silicon and polyether. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aim to determine average volumes of the upper airway, adenoids and tonsils in preterm and term infants and assess for the differences according to weight, sex and ethnicity. The volumes of the upper airways, tonsils and adenoids were measured from brain MR images in 96 (49 preterm and 47 term) infants and compared using a two-tailed t -test (significant at p < 0.05). The average volumes are reported for both groups. Term infants showed larger naso- and oropharyngeal volumes (independent of weight, sex, and ethnicity). No differences in hypopharyngeal, adenoidal or tonsillar volumes were found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]