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Copyright of Jordan Journal for History & Archaeology is the property of University of Jordan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Angewandte Chemie is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The rise of antimicrobial resistance poses a severe threat to public health. The natural product chlorotonil was identified as a new antibiotic targeting multidrug resistant Gram‐positive pathogens and Plasmodium falciparum. Although chlorotonil shows promising activities, the scaffold is highly lipophilic and displays potential biological instabilities. Therefore, we strived towards improving its pharmaceutical properties by semisynthesis. We demonstrated stereoselective epoxidation of chlorotonils and epoxide ring opening in moderate to good yields providing derivatives with significantly enhanced solubility. Furthermore, in vivo stability of the derivatives was improved while retaining their nanomolar activity against critical human pathogens (e.g. methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus and P. falciparum). Intriguingly, we showed further superb activity for the frontrunner molecule in a mouse model of S. aureus infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that Max J. Friedländer sent a small thank-you note to Gustav Cramer on German Jews and had fled Germany to escape from the Nazi regime. Topics include occupation forces considered them to be Jewish according to the Nazi racial calculus and archival material from the Cramer archives held at the Getty Research Institute; and art history in British edition of Max Friedländer's book "On Art and Connoisseurship, Tancred Borenius", a literature on expertise in the art.

In ski jumping low body weight development resulted in some serious underweight problems and therefore the International Ski Federation (FIS) decided to solve the problem by relating maximum ski length to Body Mass Index (BMI) in 2004. The present study examined the current relationship between body weight, ski length and performance (jumping distance) in ski jumping. By adopting the BMI regulation to specifications for competition equipment, the FIS succeeded in stopping the alarming development of underweight problems in ski jumping. However, as the results of the present study show, the BMI regulation adopted by the FIS has reduced the advantage of being light, but despite the use of shorter skis it is still beneficial to be light within certain limits. The present parametric study suggests that the weight of the jumper is a more sensitive factor to jump length than ski area (ski length). In fact, sensitivity analysis shows that reducing BMI by 1% requires a reduction of approximately 2.0% in ski area to compensate each other. Based on the available information of the complex relationship between body morphology and performance in ski jumping there seems to be no further need for a change in the BMI regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Questions: Woody encroachment affects many open habitats from semi‐deserts to wetlands and grasslands. We aimed to study the effect of native woody encroachment on grassland plant biodiversity in loess steppe fragments by analysing the vegetation composition of grasslands subjected to increasing levels of encroachment. We studied both ancient and restored grasslands with the following research hypotheses: (a) increasing woody encroachment decreases total diversity and the species richness of dry‐grassland species; and (b) the effect of woody cover on grassland biodiversity differs between ancient and restored grasslands. Location: South‐Eastern part of Transdanubia, Hungary, Central Europe. Methods: Altogether 63 loess grassland fragments were selected for the study. The percentage cover of trees, shrubs and herbaceous vegetation were recorded in 400‐m2‐sized plots (n = 110). The effects of woody encroachment and grassland age on diversity, total species richness of the herb layer, and richness of dry‐grassland species were analysed. Results: We found that woody encroachment affected the total richness of the herb layer and the species richness of dry‐grassland species. For most of the listed variables, lowest values were found for the highest woody encroachment groups. Grassland age affected the species richness of the herb layer and that of dry‐grassland species; lower values were detected in restored grasslands. In restored grasslands, Shannon diversity and species evenness were lower, while Berger–Parker dominance was higher than in ancient grasslands. Species composition and richness displayed a relatively high resistance to moderate woody encroachment; the highest decrease in diversity was detected at a high level of woody encroachment (>52% of woody cover). Conclusions: We can conclude that low to moderate woody encroachment cannot be simplistically regarded as degradation. Results suggest that moderately encroached loess grasslands can be easily restored by the suppression of woody species, as their species pool still contains many dry‐grassland species targeted for restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in land‐use and climate affect the distribution and diversity of plant and animal species at different spatiotemporal scales. The extent to which species‐specific phenotypic plasticity and biotic interactions mediate organismal adaptation to changing environments, however, remains poorly understood. Woody plant expansion is threatening the extent of alpine grasslands worldwide, and evaluating and predicting its effects on herbivores is of crucial importance. Here, we explore the impact of shrubification on the feeding efficiency of Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra p. pyrenaica), as well as on the three most abundant coexisting domestic ungulate species: cattle, sheep and horses. We use observational diet composition from May to October and model different scenarios of vegetation availability where shrubland and woodland proliferate at the expense of grassland. We then predicted if the four ungulate species could efficiently utilize their food landscapes with their current dietary specificities measuring their niche breath in each scenario. We observed that the wild counterpart, due to a higher trophic plasticity, is less disturbed by shrubification compared to livestock, which rely primarily on herbaceous plants and will be affected 3.6 times more. Our results suggest that mixed feeders, such as chamois, could benefit from fallow landscapes, and that mountain farmers are at a growing economic risk worldwide due to changing land‐use practices and climate conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Militärgeschichtliche Zeitschrift is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The lemurs of Madagascar (Primates: Lemuriformes) are a monophyletic group that has lived in isolation from other primates for about 50 million years. Lemurs have diversified into species with diverse daily activity patterns and correspondingly different visual adaptations. We assessed the arrangements of retinal cone and rod photoreceptors in six nocturnal, three cathemeral and two diurnal lemur species and quantified different parameters in six of the species. The analysis revealed lower cone densities and higher rod densities in the nocturnal than in the cathemeral and diurnal species. The photoreceptor densities in the diurnal Propithecus verreauxi indicate a less "diurnal" retina than found in other diurnal primates. Immunolabeling for cone opsins showed the presence of both middle‐to‐longwave sensitive (M/L) and shortwave sensitive (S) cones in most species, indicating at least dichromatic color vision. S cones were absent in Allocebus trichotis and Cheirogaleus medius, indicating cone monochromacy. In the Microcebus species, the S cones had an inverse topography with very low densities in the central retina and highest densities in the peripheral retina. The S cones in the other species and the M/L cones in all species had a conventional topography with peak densities in the central area. With the exception of the cathemeral Eulemur species, the eyes of all studied taxa, including the diurnal Propithecus, possessed a tapetum lucidum, a feature only found among nocturnal and crepuscular mammals. Retinal cone photoreceptor arrangements were studied in 11 species of Malagasy lemurs. The diversity of cone patterns ranges from relatively high cone densities and the presence of medium‐to‐longwave‐sensitive (green) as well as shortwave‐sensitive cones (magenta) in the diurnal sifaka (top) to low cone densities and an absence of shortwave‐sensitive cones in the nocturnal dwarf lemurs (bottom). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the relationship between self-efficacy, flow, positive- and negative affect, worry and ski jumping performance, as well as the degree of influence these psychological factors have on ski jumping performance in specific competitions and overall World Cup ranking. World Cup ski jumpers (N = 40) responded to four questionnaires in the middle of the World Cup season, reporting their subjective experience during a competitive setting over a period of three consecutive days. Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) and Flow Theory was used as main conceptual frameworks. Self-efficacy was moderately related to ski jumping performance, both overall World Cup ranking (r = −0.37) and the results from the first out of three individual ski flying competitions (r = −0.36) and explained approximately 14% of the variance in the overall World Cup. Flow was moderately related to ski jumping performance, both overall World Cup ranking (Flow-Focus) (r = −0.34), and individual ski flying results from the first competition (Flow-Arousal) (r = −0.36). The Flow-Arousal explained approximately 13% of the variance in ski flying results. Worry was highly related to ski jumping performance in the second (r = 0.60) and third (r = 0.52) competition, indicating that approximately 36 and 27% of the variance in ski flying results could be accounted for by levels of worry, respectively. Negative affect was moderately related to ski flying performance (r = 0.34). These results show that psychological factors that regulate emotional states may be of importance for World Cup ski jumping performance, and that appropriate coping strategies, constructive mindset and motivation, appears to be essential in this regard. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the relationship between these psychological factors and ski jumping performance among World Cup athletes. The study adds important information about some of the dynamic features of emotional and psychological mechanisms involved during elite ski jumping performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N-Terminal myristoylation facilitates membrane binding and activity of proteins, in particular of Src family kinases, but the underlying mechanisms are only beginning to be understood. The chaperones UNC119A/B regulate the cellular distribution and signaling of N-myristoylated proteins. Selective small-molecule modulators of the UNC119-cargo interaction would be invaluable tools, but have not been reported yet. We herein report the development of the first UNC119-cargo interaction inhibitor, squarunkin A. Squarunkin A selectively inhibits the binding of a myristoylated peptide representing the N-terminus of Src kinase to UNC119A with an IC50 value of 10 n m. It binds to UNC119 proteins in cell lysate and interferes with the activation of Src kinase. Our results demonstrate that small-molecule inhibition of the UNC119-cargo interaction might provide new opportunities for modulating the activity of Src kinases that are independent of direct inhibition of the enzymatic kinase activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Educação & Realidade is the property of Revista Educacao & Realidade and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This law-in-action study builds upon and extends a series of earlier case studies published in academic journals devoted to the disciplines of both international criminal law (ICL) and intelligence studies, whose main source material is recently declassified security documentation. Taken as a whole, and often for the first time, such indepth case studies have uncovered the important role intelligence agencies have played (and presumably still play) within the highly selective and politically mediated enforcement of ICL often taking place in the shadows of court proceedings. The specific focus of the present study is the criminal investigation and law enforcement roles played by a small elite group of art experts recruited by US intelligence in late 1944: the Office of Strategic Services' (OSS) Art Looting Investigation Unit (ALIU). Members of this Unit were involved in the investigation of Nazi cultural plunder, including through covert means and intensive interrogations of complicit dealers. Their efforts culminated in the looting ('spoliation') charges a number of the major Nuremberg defendants faced, including Herman Go«ring, Hans Frank and Alfred Rosenberg. This study details and provides a sympathetic ç yet ultimately critical ç assessment of their criminal investigative fieldwork. It highlights their achievements in terms of evidence gathering and analysis that was successfully fed into both the cultural plunder and spoliation charges at the Nuremberg trials, as well as the partial frustration of the ALIU's mission objectives with respect to later post-war prosecutions. It provides additional insights into the fragility of ICL enforcement when confronted with a range of countervailing geopolitical imperatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edwin Black, IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation (London: Crown Publishers, 2001) Walter Hofer and Herbert R. Reginbogin, Hitler, der Westen [...]

The article focuses on the probable claims and affirmative defenses that may be taken into account when the true history of Holocaust-era spoliation and post-war trafficking is considered. It discusses the judicial decision making in relation to current plausibility pleading. It states the experience of judges to influence opinions about claims that are viable. It discusses the court case of Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly and Ashcroft v. Iqbal that involved antitrust law and civil procedure.

The article examines the role of historical accuracy in film making and the role of motion pictures in illuminating historical subjects. The article uses the example of the films "The White Rose" and "Sophie Scholl: The Final Days." Both films recount the events between June 1942 and February 1943 when five students and a philosophy professor in Munich, Germany attempted to organize a passive resistance to Adolf Hitler. The article discusses the research that Michael Verhoeven, the director of "The White Rose," conducted in his attempts to bring veracity to his film. The article also examines the intentions of "Sophie Scholl: The Final Days" director Marc Rothemund to focus on the emotional and dramatic struggle of Scholl during her interrogation and imprisonment.

Older studies have claimed that bats including the Megachiroptera (fruit bats or flying foxes) have pure-rod retinas and possess no cone photoreceptors. We have determined the presence and the population densities of spectral cone types in six megachiropteran species belonging to four genera: Pteropus rufus, P. niger, P. rodricensis, Rousettus madagascariensis, Eidolon dupreanum, and Epomophorus gambianus. Spectral cone types and rods were assessed immunocytochemically with opsin-specific antibodies. All six species have rod-dominated retinas but possess significant cone populations. The high rod densities (range 350,000–800,000/mm2, depending on species and retinal location) provide good scotopic sensitivity in these predominantly nocturnal animals. With the cones (density range 1,300–11,000/mm2, corresponding to 0.25–0.6% of the photoreceptors, depending on species and retinal location) the retinas also possess the prerequisite for vision at photopic light levels. The three Pteropus species have two spectral cone types, a majority of middle-to-long-wave sensitive (L-) cones, and a minority of short-wave sensitive (S-) cones, indicating the potential for dichromatic color vision. This conforms to the pattern found in most mammals. In contrast, Rousettus, Eidolon and Epomophorus have L-cones but completely lack S-cones, indicating cone monochromacy and color blindness. The discussion relates these findings to the visual behavior of fruit bats. Copyright © 2007 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the meaning of utopia in the reception of pre-Marxist socialism after 1960. Perceptions on utopia before 1960; Negation of the negative world; Totalitarianism as the absolute social model; Role of pedagogy; Details on the academic model for utopia from the book `Emancipation and Utopia,' by Robert Kalidova.

Focuses on Hermann Muckermann and Joseph Mayer, Catholic eugenics in Germany circa 1920-1945. Growth of the eugenics movement in Europe; Social management in eugenics context; Muckermann's social support for social welfare; Mayer's concept of sterilization and euthanasia for the common good; Euthanasia as morally justified for the common good.

Considers the power of fascism's attraction in the context of the desires, anxieties, and conceptions of both men and women during the era of National Socialism in Germany. The Nazis offered women and girls gender-specific reasons to support fascism, but documentary evidence suggests that many women were concerned almost exclusively with private themes. However, the ideas, values, and relationships of the private world are connected to political and social concerns, and these affinities are illuminated by two literary examples: the 1936 National Socialistic novel 'Das Mädchen Peter und der Fremde' [The girl Peter and the stranger] by Auguste Supper, and excerpts from the novel 'Das Wunschkind' [The wish-child] written in 1930 by Ina Seidel. Both are concerned with the image of motherhood and reflect the way in which femininity and masculinity were constructed, the hierarchy of the sexes, and how female figures were characterized, while presenting the favorite type of woman portrayed in Nazi literature. The portrayal of women in both novels echoes the party biographies of female Nazi campaigners.

The article focuses on basic difficulty in historical sociology. The newly reawakened interest in the sociological study of historical events makes it worthwhile to raise again the question whether such a study is scientifically feasible at all. Obviously, all data anybody can deal with are historical data, events of the past. Science is a form of ratiocination dealing with past events and so all science is historical. Those who are interested in historical sociology are generally not interested in this kind of work, which falls into the province of general sociology. The historical sociologist tends to look at history not in the sense of the totality of all past events, but in the sense of recorded history. In other words, he tends to look exclusively, or at least primarily, to the works of the historians as his source of information about unique sequences of past events, which he tries to use as raw materials for the development of generalizations about interhuman behavior. It is the intention of this paper to show that the writings of the historians can be used for sociological purposes only with the greatest caution.

Copyright of Virchows Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medizin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Virchows Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medizin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels codetermine the integrative behaviour of neurons and shape their response to synaptic stimulation. We used immunohistochemistry and patch-clamp recording to study the composition and distribution of HCN channels in the rat retina. All four HCN channel isoforms (HCN1–4) are expressed differentially in the retina. In particular, different classes of bipolar cells have a different inventory of HCN channels. We found no evidence for the formation of heterooligomeric HCN channels. HCN channels are densely clustered at synaptic terminals of bipolar cells and photoreceptors. This suggests that HCN channels are involved in the control of transmitter release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]