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Research suggests that intimate relationship violence and coercive control are prevalent in young people's relationships. Furthermore, young people often fail to recognise such behaviour as abuse. While such findings indicate the normalisation of controlling and coercive behaviours amongst young people, there is little focus on how these behaviours are normalised. This paper presents findings from a study exploring young people's experiences and expectations of intimate relationships. Focus groups were conducted with young people (aged 13 to 18 years) in schools in the West Midlands, England. Young people talked of navigating precarious and competitive heterosexual relationships. Their expectations and negotiations of these relationships often upheld and reinforced gender double standards around dating practices. Young people's discussion also highlighted how they came to accept and rationalise controlling and coercive behaviours as 'love', 'care' and 'protection', legitimising these practices as reasonable. Heteronormativity remains a dominant discourse shaping young people's experiences and expectations of relationships with coercion and control being defining features of this discourse. Supporting young people to critically examine constructs of heterosexuality and gender norms should be a key component of England's forthcoming statutory Relationship and Sex Education.

Young people's sexting is an area of increasing concern amongst parents, educationalists and policy makers, yet little research has been conducted with young people themselves to explore their perspectives on the support they need to navigate relationships in the new digital media landscape. To address this absence, an inter-disciplinary team of researchers undertook a participatory study with students, aged 13 to 15, in a UK secondary school. This paper outlines key study findings, including young people's views on sexting, their recommendations for improved education around sexting in schools, their preferred sources of support, and their perspectives on the way adults should respond to young people's sexting. Findings indicate that sexting education needs to be developed within the context of wider relationship issues, such as gender, power dynamics and trust between peers, and improved communication between students and teachers or other responsible adults. Findings may be used to consider ways of designing and communicating messages around sexting to young people within and beyond educational settings.

Introduction: Cesarean sections are the most common major operation worldwide. One in 10 women develops a surgical-site infection after cesarean section. The PREPS pilot trial was developed to assess the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial of vaginal cleansing with chlorhexidine before cesarean section, to reduce infectious morbidity.Material and Methods: A multi-center, open-label, parallel-group pilot randomized controlled trial across 4 UK maternity units. Women aged ≥16 years, undergoing elective or emergency cesarean section, ≥34 weeks of gestation, and able to give informed consent were eligible. Women were randomized 1:1 to chlorhexidine 0.05% or no cleansing and were followed up until 6 weeks after cesarean section. The feasibility of a larger randomized controlled trial was assessed by the pilot trial's recruitment, ability to use verbal consent in an emergency, adherence, follow-up and withdrawal rates. The main clinical outcome collected was Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classification of endometritis at 30 days. Trial registration number is ISRCTN33435996.Results: A total of 320 women (128% of target) were randomized. Of these, 93% (95% CI 89%-95%) received their allocated intervention. Of the 88 women who had an emergency cesarean section, verbal consent was initially given by 32 (36%) women, with the remainder having sufficient time to give written consent. Endometritis (CDC definition) was collected from medical notes of 96% of women, 68% (95% CI 63%-73%) were followed up at both 14 and 30 days by telephone, and we were able to collect patient-reported outcomes. In the vaginal cleansing arm 2/152 (1.3%) women had endometritis compared with 1/155 (0.7%) in the no cleansing arm (RR 2.08, 95% CI 0.19-22.31).Conclusions: It is possible to perform a randomized controlled trial in women undergoing an elective or emergency cesarean section, using a verbal-followed-by-written consent process, while maintaining high adherence and retaining women in the trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children’s sexting is presented as an emergent outcome of technology-based innovation in children’s peer-to-peer relations. We argue that it calls for creative responses that draw on adults’ and children’s understandings and views and on exchanges of these. We describe, and make the case for, intergenerational co-learning as a practice that could foster such creativity, as a pathway for children’s participation in the debate, and as a means by which media regulators, children’s service providers, and social media companies can consider and address their capabilities and responsibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The findings from qualitative research (QR) have much to offer medical science. A mixed methods study, combining a quantitative survey with a qualitative interviewing, on experiences of women undergoing termination of pregnancy (TOP) compared those who had: never undergone a TOP before, one TOP more than 2 years ago, more than one TOP within the previous 2 years. Learning pointsQualitative research plays a valuable role in complementing quantitative research, although traditionally it has been undervalued within the medical sciences. [Extracted from the article]

Theory informs all stages of the research process and helps researchers move beyond surface-level description of social phenomena There are countless theoretical traditions; three often used in health research include grounded theory, phenomenology and feminist theory Researchers must follow ethical guidelines to reduce potential risks to those participating in research THEORY Theories provide qualitative researchers with frameworks or "lenses" through which to examine, understand and explain complex social phenomena. Three approaches commonly used within the field of obstetrics and gynaecology (and health more widely) are grounded theory, phenomenology and feminist theory. Researchers should incorporate and follow ethical guidelines for medical research set out by such bodies as the British Medical Association, the Medical Research Council or the British Sociological Association. [Extracted from the article]

Within qualitative research, the researcher selects the analysis method (or combination of methods) based on which best help address the research question(s). BJOG Perspectives - qualitative research: analysing data and rigour Qualitative research produces copious amounts of data which need to be interpreted by the researcher Data collection and analysis may be conducted simultaneously Analytical rigour is achieved through transparency and establishing trustworthiness Learning pointsQualitative research produces copious amounts of data, most commonly in the form of textual records from interviews, focus groups and/or fieldnotes. [Extracted from the article]

The main methods used in qualitative research are interview, focus group and observation. Both interviews and focus groups tend to be flexible and non-standardised, with greater interest in the participants' perspectives and experience than for quantitative research. Interviews and focus group discussions are usually audio-recorded, with the consent of participants, and then transcribed verbatim. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Endometriosis is associated with the growth of endometrium in ectopic sites mainly within the pelvis. This results in inflammation and scarring, causing pain and impaired quality of life. Endometriotic lesions can be excised or ablated surgically, but the risk of recurrence is high. A Heath Technology Assessment commissioning call in 2011 sought applications for trials aimed at evaluating long-term effectiveness of postoperative, long-acting, reversible contraceptives (LARCs) in preventing recurrence of endometriosis. A survey of gynaecologists indicated that there was no consensus about which LARC (Levonorgestrel Intrauterine System (LNG-IUS) or depot medroxyprogesterone acetate injection (DMPA)) or comparator (combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) or no treatment) should be evaluated. Hence, we designed a 'flexible-entry' internal pilot to assess whether a four-arm trial was feasible including a possible design adaption based on pilot findings.Methods: In this pilot, women could be randomised to two, three or four treatment options provided that one was a LARC and one was a non-LARC. An assessment of feasibility based on recruitment to these options and a revised substantive trial design was considered by an independent oversight committee.Results: The study ran for 1 year from April 2014 and 77 women were randomised. Only 5 (6%) women accepted randomisation to all groups, with 63 (82%) having a LARC preference and 55 (71%) a non-LARC preference. Four-way and three-way designs were ruled out with a two-way LARC versus COCP design, stratified by prerandomisation choice of LARC and optional subrandomisation to LNG-IUS versus DMPA considered a feasible substantive study.Conclusions: Multi-arm studies are potentially efficient as they can answer multiple questions simultaneously but are difficult to recruit to if there are strong patient or clinician preferences. A flexible approach to randomisation in a pilot phase can be used to assess feasibility of such studies and modify a trial design based on chosen recruitment options, but trialists should consider carefully any practical arrangements should groups need to be dropped during a study.Trial Registration: International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number, ISRCTN97865475 . Registered on 20 March 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the nature of qualitative research. Topics mentioned include the way qualitative research furthers understanding of patient care and decision making in clinical medicine, the aim of qualitative research which has to do with understanding the experiences of people, and the aspects which do not characterize the qualitative research, such as quantifiable and generalisable.