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Background: Currently, treatment of endometriosis remains expensive. One of low-cost treatments for this disease is genistein. This study aimed to assess the effect of genistein on Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ER-α) and Estrogen Receptor Beta (ER-β) ratio and Nuclear Factor-Kappa Beta (NF-κβ) in mice model of endometriosis remain unclear. Methods: This study is experimental using post-test research design. Twenty-four female mice (Mus musculus) model of endometriosis were fed genistein. The mice were divided into four groups with various doses of genistein, i.e., 1,30 mg/mice/day (group P1); 1,95 mg/mice/day (group P2); 2,60 mg/mice/day (P3), and; 3,25 mg/mouse/day (group P4). We fed the mouse using a sonde for 14 days. On the fifth day, the mice were sacrificed and dissected to take the peritoneal tissue. The tissue was coloured using Immunohistochemistry staining (IH) and microscopically assessed at 400x magnification calculated at 1000 cells in order to observe the expression of RE-α, RE-β, and NFkB. Results: Genistein at various doses had a significant effect on the RE-α / RE-β ratio. The higher the genistein dose given, the lower the RE-α / RE-β ratio. In addition, genistein dose of 3.25 mg / day significantly reduced NFkB expression. Conclusions: Genistein in various doses have been shown to significantly influence the RE-α / RE-β ratio. In other words, the higher the dose of genistein given will decrease the RE-α / RE-β ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives This study evaluated the protective effect of Physalis angulata leaf extract on L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-induced preeclampsia rats. Methods Twenty-five pregnant Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups. Preeclampsia rats were injected with L-NAME on the 5th to 17th day of gestation (G5-G17), while sham rats were injected with the same vehicle volume. Preeclampsia rats were administered with Physalis angulata leaf methanol extract at 500, 1500, or 2500 mg/kg body weight/day on G1-G17. The systolic blood pressure measurement was performed by the tail-cuff method. Placental VEGFR2 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry. The serum sFlt-1 level was evaluated using ELISA. Serum MDA level, SOD activity, and total nitrite level were measured by colorimetry. Results The L-NAME injection increased systolic blood pressure (1.44-fold), serum sFlt-1 level (1.22-fold), and serum MDA level (2.03-fold). It also decreased placental VEGFR2 expression (1.18-fold), serum SOD activity (2.11-fold), and serum nitrite level (1.25-fold) compared to the Sham group. The extract supplementation prevented the rise in systolic blood pressure and serum sFlt-1 level. It also tended to inhibit the reduction in the placental VEGFR2 expression. It prevented the increase in serum MDA level. It also prevented the decrease in serum SOD activity and nitrite level. Conclusions We concluded that Physalis angulata leaf methanol extract inhibits oxidative stress and an antiangiogenic factor in the rat preeclampsia model. These findings support that the extract has the potential to prevent preeclampsia development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) on vasodilator enzyme by repairing angiogenic function in rat model of preeclampsia. Materials and methods: This research consisted of five groups; negative control (normal pregnant rats) group, positive control (preeclampsia rat model) group, preeclampsia rat model groups given EVOO in 3 different doses (0.5 ml/day, 1 ml/day, and 2 ml/day, respectively). Blood pressure measurements were carried out on day 12, 15, and 19 of pregnancy. After the rats were sacrificed, the placentas were collected to determine endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) level of maternal plasma to determine soluble Fms-like Tyrosine Kinase 1 (sFlt-1) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) level. Results: There were significant higher sFlt-1 level (p < 0.001), lower VEGF level (p = 0.009), and lower eNOS level (p = 0.034) between negative and positive control groups. After EVOO administration, sFlt-1 level was lower in dose 1 and 2 groups but higher in dose 3 group in accordance with VEGF and eNOS levels that were increasing both in dose 1 and dose 2 groups but decreasing in dose 3. There were significant differences between positive control and dose 1 (p = 0.015) and dose 2 (p = 0.001) in sFlt-1 level. None of all dose groups were statistically different with positive control group in VEGF level (dose 1 p = 0.601; dose 2 p = 0.297; dose 3 p = 0.805). eNOS levels of all dose groups were statistically different from that of the positive control group (dose 1 p = 0.014; dose 2 p = 0.001; dose 3 p = 0.024). Conclusion: Administration of EVOO modulates eNOS as vasodilator enzyme by repairing the angiogenic function indicated by decreased sFlt-1 level and increased VEGF in rat model of preeclampsia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate casein's role in the expressions of human beta-defensin (HBD)-1, T helper subset (Th)-17, and interleukin (IL)-22 in preterm Rattus norvegicus (RNs). Methods: Twenty-four healthy, first-time pregnant RNs were divided into three groups (G). Group 1 (G1) received regular casein (R) 0.4 g/RN/day, while G2 and G3 received casein supplementation (S) 2 g/RN/day. Each RN was given 10 g of food and drank 10 mL. On day 10, a single intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was injected with 100 g/kg body weight. Lipopolysaccharide was injected into G3 as a premature model with chorioamnionitis. Histopathological examination was carried out to measure the expression of HBD-1, Th-17, and IL-22 using methyl green counterstaining. Chorioamnion specimens were taken and fixed in 4 % paraformaldehyde, and then evaluated by immunohistochemical (IHC) procedures to obtain immunoreactive score (IMS). Results: The IMS expression of HBD-1 in G1 was 1.187 ± 0.372, while G3 was 9.562 ± 2.351 (p < 0.05). Th-17 expression were G1: 2.062 ± 0.140, G2: 6.122 ± 1.347, and G3: 9.112 ± 2.019 (p < 0.05). Furthermore, IL-22 expressions were G1: 1.825 ± 0.468, G2: 4.700 ± 1.614, and G3: 7.800 ± 1.669 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Casein supplementation increases HBD-1, Th-17, and IL-22 expression in preterm RN and in the LPS-induced RN chorioamnionitis model. The increase in HBD-1, Th-17, and IL-22 indicate that casein plays a role in the protection and control of chorioamnionitis tissue inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhodamine B is a textile dye compounds containing chlorine (Cl-), alkylating (CH3-CH3), Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) which activate the enzyme cytochrome P-450 as well as the structure of quinone which is very redox that leads to the formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). ROS increases induce apoptosis of the intrinsic pathway. The imbalance ratio between BAX and BCL-2 stimulates apoptosis in Hippocampus tissue. "The selected design was "the post test only control group" using twenty-eight Wistar female Rattus norvegicus mouse age of 10-12 weeks. There was a significant difference (p-value <0.05) of total BCL-2 expression between the control group to the treatment group. Correlation coefficient of 0.945 indicates that the level of the relationship/ correlation is very strong category. Increasing doses of Rhodamine B was given, accompanied by the decrease in the expression of BCL-2. Correlation coefficient of -0.731 indicates that the level of the relationship/ correlation belongs strong category. It is concluded that Rhodamin B has been verified as capable to increase the expression of BAX and to reduce the expression of BCL-2 in hippocampus tissue on Rattus norvegicus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was designed to investigate ameliorates effect of combined vitamins C and E able to against depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate- (DMPA-) induced ovarian oxidative stress in rat. Twenty-five female Wistar rats were divided into the following groups (n=5 rats each): control (untreated) (C); depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA); DMPA plus green vitamin C (at dose of 0.2 mg/gram; 0.4 mg/gram; 0.8 mg/gram) and vitamin E (0.04 IU/gram). The treatment with combined vitamins C and E was performed for four weeks. Analysis of malondialdehyde (MDA) level as a marker of oxidative stress was done colorimetrically. Analysis of SOD level was done by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technically. This increase in ovarium MDA was significantly (P<0.05) attenuated by medium dose treatments of combined vitamins C and E. DMPA insignificantly decreased SOD levels compared to the untreated group. This decrease in ovarian SOD level was significantly attenuated by all doses of the combined vitamins C and E. In conclusion, DMPA induces ovarian oxidative stress. Combined vitamins C and E prohibit the increase in ovarian lipid peroxidation, at least in part by modulating of superoxide dismutase. Therefore, this may provide an antioxidant therapy for attenuating the ovarian toxicity found in the DMPA therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to observe the effects of ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera varietas West Nusa Tenggara leaves on malondialdehyde (MDA) level and histological placental labyrinth zone of pregnant Rattus norvegicus exposed to cigarette smoke. Materials and Methods: This was an experimental study with post-test only control group design. Twenty pregnant R. norvegicus were randomly divided into five groups, namely negative control (-), positive control (+), and treatment of ethanolic extract of M. oleifera of 25 mg/kg BB/day (P1), 50 mg/kg BB/day (P2), and 100 mg/kg BB/day (P3). Results: This study showed an ethanolic extract of M. oleifera which showed significant effects on MDA level (P < 0.05). There was no significant effect of ethanolic extract of M. oleifera in various dose on placental labyrinth zone (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of M. oleifera decreased MDA level with optimal dose 25 mg/kg BB/day, but no significant effect on placental labyrinth zone of pregnant rats exposed to cigarette smoke at 14 days of pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Endometriosis and infertility are caused by reactive oxygen species or free radicals, which promote endometrial cell growth and adhesion in the peritoneal cavity. Genistein has been proven to protect cells against reactive oxygen species by scavenging free radicals and decreasing the expression of genes-associated stress responses. Objective: This study was conducted to determine whether genistein also acts as an antioxidant by elevating superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the peritoneal fluid of the endometriosis mice model. Materials and Methods: This experimental study involved 32 healthy female mice (Mus musculus), aged between 2-3 months and weighing 20-30 gr. They were divided into negative control group (healthy mice without genistein), endometriosis group (endometriosis mice without genistein), treatment group that was given different doses of genistein, that is, 0.13; 0.26; 0.52; 0.78; 1.04; and 1.3 mg/day (n = 4/each). SOD level in the peritoneal fluid was measured using the quantitative colorimetric determination method, and a colorimetric assay measured the GPx levels. Results: Results showed that the endometriosis model has lower SOD and GPx levels than the control group. The administration of genistein significantly normalized these changes. Genistein significantly increased SOD levels in the 0.13 mg and 0.26 mg treatment groups. Genistein also increased GPx levels significantly in all treatment groups. Conclusion: Genistein increases SOD and GPx levels in the peritoneal fluid of an endometriosis mice model, and the change is dose-dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]