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1. AI Ethics: A Bibliometric Analysis, Critical Issues, and Key Gaps

Author

Gao, Di Kevin, Haverly, Andrew, Mittal, Sudip, Wu, Jiming, and Chen, Jingdao

Subjects
Computer Science - Computers and Society, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence
Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) ethics has emerged as a burgeoning yet pivotal area of scholarly research. This study conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the AI ethics literature over the past two decades. The analysis reveals a discernible tripartite progression, characterized by an incubation phase, followed by a subsequent phase focused on imbuing AI with human-like attributes, culminating in a third phase emphasizing the development of human-centric AI systems. After that, they present seven key AI ethics issues, encompassing the Collingridge dilemma, the AI status debate, challenges associated with AI transparency and explainability, privacy protection complications, considerations of justice and fairness, concerns about algocracy and human enfeeblement, and the issue of superintelligence. Finally, they identify two notable research gaps in AI ethics regarding the large ethics model (LEM) and AI identification and extend an invitation for further scholarly research.

Published
2024
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7. A sharp error estimate of piecewise polynomial collocation for nonlocal problems with weakly singular kernels

Author

Chen, Minghua, Qi, Wenya, Shi, Jiankang, and Wu, Jiming

Subjects
Mathematics - Numerical Analysis
Abstract

As is well known, using piecewise linear polynomial collocation (PLC) and piecewise quadratic polynomial collocation (PQC), respectively, to approximate the weakly singular integral $$I(a,b,x) =\int^b_a \frac{u(y)}{|x-y|^\gamma}dy, \quad x \in (a,b) ,\quad 0< \gamma <1,$$ have the local truncation error $\mathcal{O}\left(h^2\right)$ and $\mathcal{O}\left(h^{4-\gamma}\right)$. Moreover, for Fredholm weakly singular integral equations of the second kind, i.e., $\lambda u(x)- I(a,b,x) =f(x)$ with $ \lambda \neq 0$, also have global convergence rate $\mathcal{O}\left(h^2\right)$ and $\mathcal{O}\left(h^{4-\gamma}\right)$ in [Atkinson and Han, Theoretical Numerical Analysis, Springer, 2009]. Formally, following nonlocal models can be viewed as Fredholm weakly singular integral equations $$\int^b_a \frac{u(x)-u(y)}{|x-y|^\gamma}dy =f(x), \quad x \in (a,b) ,\quad 0< \gamma <1.$$ However, there are still some significant differences for the models in these two fields. In the first part of this paper we prove that the weakly singular integral by PQC have an optimal local truncation error $\mathcal{O}\left(h^4\eta_i^{-\gamma}\right)$, where $\eta_i=\min\left\{x_i-a,b-x_i\right\}$ and $x_i$ coincides with an element junction point. Then a sharp global convergence estimate with $\mathcal{O}\left(h\right)$ and $\mathcal{O}\left(h^3\right)$ by PLC and PQC, respectively, are established for nonlocal problems. Finally, the numerical experiments including two-dimensional case are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the presented method., Comment: 24pages, 2 figures

Published
2019
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50. Explore the mechanisms of triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum in the protection against Alzheimer's disease via microbiota-gut-brain axis with the aid of network pharmacology.

Author

Shen, Wanping, Wu, Jiming, Shi, Liyan, Feng, Haisong, Yang, Xiudong, and Zhang, Yan

Subjects
*AMINO acid metabolism, *CHINESE medicine, *TRITERPENES, *BIOLOGICAL models, *ALZHEIMER'S disease, *EARLY medical intervention, *LIQUID chromatography-mass spectrometry, *INTESTINAL mucosa, *HERBAL medicine, *BRAIN, *GUT microbiome, *PHARMACEUTICAL chemistry, *FUNGI, *GASTROINTESTINAL system, *PLANT extracts, *RATS, *ANIMAL experimentation, *METABOLOMICS, *FATTY acids, *SEQUENCE analysis, *THERAPEUTICS
Abstract

Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst.(G. lucidum) is a kind of fungi, which also a traditional Chinese medicine used for "wisdom growth" in China. Triterpenoids from G. lucidum (GLTs) are one of the main active ingredients. Based on the strategy of early intervention on Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the inextricable association between disordered gut microbiota and metabolites with AD, this study aimed to explore the mechanisms of GLTs in the protection against AD via microbiota-gut-brain axis with the aid of network pharmacology. In this study, LC-MS/MS was used to identify the main active ingredients of GLTs. Network pharmacology was used to predict the potential target and validated with Caco-2 cell model. D-galactose was used to induce the slow-onset AD on rats. Metabolomics methods basing on GC-MS combined with 16S rRNA sequencing technology was used to carry out microbiota-gut-metabolomics analysis in order to reveal the potential mechanisms of GLTs in the protection of AD. As results, GLTs showed a protection against AD effect on rats by intervening administration. The mechanisms were inextricably linked to GLTs interference with the balance of gut microbiota and metabolites. The main fecal metabolites involved were short-chain fatty acids and aromatic amino acid metabolites. [Display omitted] • GLTs protected against AD on rats by interveneing administration. • GLTs regulated the balance of gut microbiota and metabolites of AD rats. • The main fecal metabolites involved were SCFAs and aromatic amino acid metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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