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Abstract Cable-driven parallel robots (CDPRs) use cables instead of the rigid limbs of traditional parallel robots, thus processing a large potential workspace, easy to assemble and disassemble characteristics, and with applications in numerous fields. However, owing to the influence of cable flexibility and nonlinear friction, model uncertainties are difficult to eliminate from the control design. Hence, in this study, the model uncertainties of CDPRs are first analyzed based on a brief introduction to related research. Control strategies for CDPRs with model uncertainties are then reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of several control strategies for CDPRS are discussed through traditional control strategies with kinematic and dynamic uncertainties. Compared with these traditional control strategies, deep reinforcement learning and model predictive control have received widespread attention in recent years owing to their model independence and recursive feasibility with constraint limits. A comprehensive review and brief analysis of current advances in these two control strategies for CDPRs with model uncertainties are presented, concluding with discussions regarding development directions.

Abstract With the improvement of industry, the connectivity of electronic devices gradually shift from wired to wireless. As a solution for power delivery, the non-contact power transfer holds promising ways to charge for moving terminals, enabling battery-free sensing, processing, and communication. Based on a dual-band metasurface, this study proposes an adaptive wireless-powered network (AWPN) to realize the simultaneous wireless localization and non-contact power supply. It first achieves localization with 3 cm resolution on a single-input single-output (SISO) system, by combining space-time-coding (STC) and convolutional neural network (CNN). With precise position information, AWPN real-time aligns power beams to the terminals for stable energy transmission. Then, battery-free terminals enable to perceive the environmental data and uploads the results. From the measurement results, AWPN gets more than 98% CNN classification accuracy and can tolerate certain environmental changes. Thus, being adaptive and contactless, our study will propel the advancement in Internet of Things (IoT), intelligent metasurface, and the robot industry.

Interference between the electric and magnetic dipole-induced in Mie nanostructures has been widely demonstrated to tailor the scattering field, which was commonly used in optical nano-antennas, filters, and routers. The dynamic control of scattering fields based on dielectric nanostructures is interesting for fundamental research and important for practical applications. Here, it is shown theoretically that the amplitude of the electric and magnetic dipoles induced in a vanadium dioxide nanosphere can be manipulated by using laser-induced metal-insulator transitions, and it is experimentally demonstrated that the directional scattering can be controlled by simply varying the irradiances of the excitation laser. As a straightforward application, we demonstrate a high-performance optical modulator in the visible band with high modulation depth, fast modulation speed, and high reproducibility arising from a backscattering setup with the quasi-first Kerker condition. Our method indicates the potential applications in developing nanoscale optical antennas and optical modulation devices.

ABSTRACT Acanthus ebracteatus is a typical true mangrove species with great ecological and medicinal values. However, it has become endangered in China. Moreover, because of the similar morphology and distribution, it is commonly confused with the congeneric mangrove species, A. ilicifolius, which poses challenges to the protection and proper medicinal utilization of A. ebracteatus. Plastomes provide a solution for molecular identification and adaptive evolution investigation of plants. In this study, we dissected the complete plastome for A. ebracteatus and performed comparative analysis to A. ilicifolius and three non‐mangrove relatives (A. montanus, A. leucostachyus and A. mollis). Both plastome sequences and structure are highly conserved between the two mangrove species, while less similar between mangrove and non‐mangrove species. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the mangrove species were divergent from the non‐mangrove groups at approximately 15.15 million years ago (Mya), where early to middle Miocene global warming and high sea level might act as one of the main forces driving the mangrove lineage entering into intertidal environments. Furthermore, 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 10 insertions/deletions (indels) were detected between the plastomes of A. ebracteatus and A. ilicifolius. PCR validation further demonstrated the effectiveness of the plastid marker in distinguishing the two sibling mangrove species. Taken together, our study broadens the understanding of the origin and evolution of Acanthus mangrove plants, and provided valuable information on the correct identification and protection of endangered mangrove species A. ebracteatus.

ABSTRACT Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is distinct from other hepatotropic viruses because it is zoonotic. HEV-1 and HEV-2 exclusively infect humans, whereas HEV-3 and HEV-4 are zoonotic. However, the viral and/or host factors responsible for cross-species HEV transmission remain elusive. The hypervariable region (HVR) in HEV is extremely heterogenetic and is implicated in HEV adaptation. Here, we investigated the potential role of Serine phosphorylation in the HVR in HEV replication. We first analyzed HVR sequences across different HEV genotypes and identified a unique region at the N-terminus of the HVR, which is variable in the human-exclusive HEV genotypes but relatively conserved in zoonotic HEV genotypes. Using predictive tools, we identified four potential phosphorylation sites that are highly conserved in zoonotic HEV-3 and HEV-4 genomes but absent in human-exclusive HEV-1 strains. To explore the functional significance of these putative phosphorylation sites, we introduced mutations into the HEV-3 infectious clone and indicator replicon, replacing each Serine residue individually with alanine or aspartic acid, and assessed the impact of these substitutions on HEV-3 replication. We found that the phospho-blatant S711A mutant significantly reduced virus replication, whereas the phospho-mimetic S711D mutant modestly reduced virus replication. Conversely, mutations in the other three Serine residues did not significantly affect HEV-3 replication. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Ser711 phosphorylation did not alter host cell tropism of zoonotic HEV-3. In conclusion, our results showed that potential phosphorylation of the Ser711 residue significantly affects HEV-3 replication in vitro, providing new insights into the potential mechanisms of zoonotic HEV transmission.IMPORTANCEHEV is an important zoonotic pathogen, causing both acute and chronic hepatitis E and extrahepatic manifestation of diseases, such as neurological sequelae. The zoonotic HEV-3 is linked to chronic infection and neurological diseases. The specific viral and/or host factors facilitating cross-species HEV infection are unknown. The intrinsically disordered HVR in ORF1 is crucial for viral fitness and adaptation, both in vitro and in vivo. We hypothesized that phosphorylation of Serine residues in the HVR of zoonotic HEV by unknown host cellular kinases is associated with cross-species HEV transmission. In this study, we identified a conserved region within the HVR of zoonotic HEV strains but absent in the human-exclusive HEV-1 and HEV-2. We elucidated the important role of phosphorylation at the Ser711 residue in zoonotic HEV-3 replication, without altering the host cell tropism. These findings contribute to our understanding the mechanisms of cross-species HEV transmission.

Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TKS) is a natural rubber (NR)-producing plant with great development prospects. Accurately understanding the molecular mechanism of natural rubber biosynthesis is of great significance. Cis-prenyltransferase (CPT) and cis-prenyltransferase-like (CPTL) proteins catalyze the elongation of natural rubber molecular chains and play an essential role in rubber biosynthesis. In this study, we performed a genome-wide identification of the TkCPT/CPTL family, with eight CPT and two CPTL members. We analyzed the gene structures, evolutionary relationships and expression patterns, revealing five highly conserved structural domains. Based on systematic evolutionary analysis, CPT/CPTL can be divided into six subclades, among which the family members are most closely related to the orthologous species Taraxacum mongolicum. Collinearity analyses showed that fragment duplications were the primary factor of amplification in the TkCPT/CPTL gene family. Induced by ethylene and methyl jasmonate hormones, the expression levels of most genes increased, with significant increases in the expression levels of TkCPT5 and TkCPT6. Our results provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the role of the TkCPT/CPTL gene family in the mechanism of natural rubber synthesis and lay a foundation for molecular breeding of T. kok-saghyz and candidate genes for regulating natural rubber biosynthesis in the future.

Dolichandrone spathacea is a mangrove associate with high medicinal and ecological values. However, due to the dual-pressure of climate change and human activities, D. spathacea has become endangered in China. Moreover, misidentification between D. spathacea and its terrestrial relative D. cauda-felina poses further challenges to field protection and proper medicinal usage of D. spathacea. Thus, to address these problems, we sequenced and assembled mitochondrial (mt) and chloroplast (cp) genomes for both D. spathacea and D. cauda-felina. Comparative analysis revealed apparently different size and scaffold number between the two mt genomes, but a high similarity between the cp genomes. Eight regions with high sequence divergence were identified between the two cp genomes, which might be used for developing candidate DNA markers for distinguishing the two species. The splitting between D. spathacea and D. cauda-felina was inferred to occur at ~6.8 - 7.7 million years ago (Mya), which may be driven by the environment fluctuations in late Miocene. In the cp genome, 12 genes related to the expression of photosynthesis-associated proteins were detected with signatures of positive selection, which may contribute to the origin and evolutionary adaptation of Dolichandrone mangrove species. These new findings do not only enrich organelle genomic resources of Dolichandrone species, but also provide important genetic clues for improving the conservation and proper usage of endangered mangrove associate D. spathacea.

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a complication of diabetes mellitus that lacks specific treatment, its high prevalence and disabling neuropathic pain greatly affects patients’ physical and mental health. Schwann cells (SCs) are the major glial cells of the peripheral nervous system, which play an important role in various inflammatory and metabolic neuropathies by providing nutritional support, wrapping axons and promoting repair and regeneration. Increasingly, high glucose (HG) has been found to promote the progression of DPN pathogenesis by targeting SCs death regulation, thus revealing the specific molecular process of programmed cell death (PCD) in which SCs are disrupted is an important link to gain insight into the pathogenesis of DPN. This paper is the first to review the recent progress of HG studies on apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis and necroptosis pathways in SCs, and points out the crosstalk between various PCDs and the related therapeutic perspectives, with the aim of providing new perspectives for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of DPN and the exploration of effective therapeutic targets.

Objectives: Evidence on the link between long-term ambient particulate matter (PM) exposures and childhood sleep disorders were scarce. We examined the associations between long-term exposures to PM2.5 and PM1 (PM with an aerodynamic equivalent diameter

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) catch fire easily due to thermal runaway (TR). Fires following TR in LIBs pose a serious threat to public safety. Effective extinguishing methods for LIB fires have not been developed. In this work, the effect of a synergistic fire extinguishing method based on liquid nitrogen (LN) is evaluated for the suppression effect of LIB fires. LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM) LIBs of 106 Ah were used in the experiments. The effects of LN, water and C6F12O (Perfluorohexanone) were compared separately, as well as the synergistic effects of LN with either water or C6F12O. The results show that all agents successfully extinguished the flame and prevented the battery from reignition. Spraying LN with water resulted in the highest efficiency, and achieved the lowest peak temperature rebound and rate of rebound. It also maintained low temperatures for twice as long as using LN alone. The results show that the synergistic extinguishing method based on LN offers significant advantages in fire control. This work provides a new perspective on suppressing LIB fires after thermal runaway.

Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin (TKS) is a recognized alternative source of natural rubber comparable to the rubber tree. The geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GGPS) catalyzed the synthesis of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), which is an important enzyme in the secondary metabolism pathway. In this study, we present the first analysis of the GGPS gene family in TKS, where a total of seven TkGGPS family members were identified. Their core motifs, conserved structural domains, gene structures, and cis-acting elements were described. In addition, two phylogenetic trees were constructed based on the Neighbor-Joining and Maximum-Likelihood methods, and the TkGGPSs were highly conserved and exhibited good collinearity with the other species. Transcriptome data showed that seven TkGGPS gene members were expressed in all the 12 tissues measured, and TkGGPS1, TkGGPS3, and TkGGPS6 were highly expressed in latex, suggesting that they may be associated with natural rubber synthesis. Meanwhile, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that the expression levels of the TkGGPS genes were regulated by the ethylene and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) pathways. Subcellular localization results indicated that all the TkGGPS proteins were also located in chloroplasts involved in photosynthesis in plants. This study will provide valuable insights into the selection of candidate genes for molecular breeding and natural rubber biosynthesis in TKS.

Abstract How to ensure dental stability in new positions and reduce the likelihood of relapse is a major clinical concern in the orthodontic field. Occlusal contacts between arches may affect the transmission of masticatory forces, thereby influencing the biological response of the periodontal and the oromandibular system. Occlusion factors that may influence the stability after orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) remain largely unknown. Hence, this research was conducted in order to investigate the influence of different occlusal contact patterns on tooth stability and oromandibular system including the masseter muscle and the temporomandibular joint following OTM. By modifying the occlusal surfaces, in vivo animal study models with distinct occlusal patterns corresponding to clinical circumstances were established. The relapse distance of teeth and the level of inflammatory factors in the gingival cervical fluid were analyzed. We also closely observed the histological remodeling of periodontal tissue, masseter tissue, and joint tissue after one week of relapse. Moreover, genes expression in the alveolar bone was analyzed to illustrate the potential biological mechanisms of relapse under the influence of different occlusal contact patterns following OTM. Different occlusal contact patterns after OTM in rats were established. The intercuspation contact between cusp and fossa group exhibited the lowest level of relapse movement, inflammatory factors and osteoclast activity (P

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) monolayers are promising materials for light-emitting devices due to their excellent electric and optical properties. However, defects are inevitably introduced in the fabrication of TMDC monolayers, significantly influencing their emission properties. Although photoluminescence (PL) is considered as an effective tool for investigating the defects in TMDC monolayers. However, the PL from the defect-bound excitons is revealed only at low temperatures. Here, we show that the PL from the defect-bound excitons in a WS2 monolayer can be effectively revealed at room temperature by exploiting the transverse electric polarized wave supported by a Si3N4/Ag heterostructure. It is revealed that the defect-bound excitons in all possible positions of the WS2 monolayer can be effectively excited by the TE wave with significantly enhanced in-plane electric field localized on the surface of the Si3N4 layer. In addition, the emission from defect-bound excitons can propagate to the collection point with small attenuation. More importantly, the exciton dynamics in the WS2 monolayer can be modified by the Si3N4/Ag heterostructure, allowing the simultaneous excitation of neutral excitons, charge excitons (trions), and defect-bound excitons in the WS2 monolayer attached on the Si3N4/Ag heterostructure. We inspect the PL spectra obtained at different positions and find that the relative intensity of defect-bound excitons depends on the collection position. We also examine the dependences of the PL intensity and bandwidth on the excitation power for the three types of excitons. It is found that they exhibit different behaviors from those observed in the optical measurements by using the traditional excitation method. Our findings suggest a new way for exciting and studying the dynamics of multi-excitons at room temperature and indicate the potential applications of the TE wave in probing the defects in TMDC monolayers.

Abstract Objective To investigate the risk factors associated with the peripheral venous catheter-related complication and infection in children with bronchopneumonia. Methods A total of 185 patients were divided into case group (n = 114) and control group (n = 71) according to the presence of catheter-related infection and complications related to indwelling needle. We performed a multivariate logistic regression analysis to explore the risk factors associated with the infection. Results Age was divided into 4 categories (0 6). The case group had a higher percentage of patients with 0

Abstract Programmable metasurfaces present significant capabilities in manipulating electromagnetic waves, making them a promising candidate for simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT), which has the potential to enable sustainable wireless communication in complex electromagnetic environments. However, challenges remain in terms of maximum power transmission distance and stable phase manipulation with high-power scattered waves. Additionally, waveform limitations restrict average scattered power and rectifier conversion efficiency, affecting data transmission rates and energy transmission distance. Here we show an amplifying programmable metasurface (APM) and a joint modulation method to address these challenges. The APM mitigates the peak-to-average power ratio and improves maximum power, phase response stability, average output power, and rectifier conversion efficiency. Through experimental validation, we demonstrate the feasibility of the SWIPT system, showcasing simultaneous LED array powering and movie video transmission. This innovative SWIPT system holds promise for diverse applications, including 6 G wireless communications, IoT, implanted devices, and cognitive radio networks.

Zinc (Zn) alloy porous scaffolds produced by additive manufacturing own customizable structures and biodegradable functions, having a great application potential for repairing bone defect. In this work, a hydroxyapatite (HA)/polydopamine (PDA) composite coating was constructed on the surface of Zn–1Mg porous scaffolds fabricated by laser powder bed fusion, and was loaded with a bioactive factor BMP2 and an antibacterial drug vancomycin. The microstructure, degradation behavior, biocompatibility, antibacterial performance and osteogenic activities were systematically investigated. Compared with as-built Zn–1Mg scaffolds, the rapid increase of Zn2+, which resulted to the deteriorated cell viability and osteogenic differentiation, was inhibited due to the physical barrier of the composite coating. In vitro cellular and bacterial assay indicated that the loaded BMP2 and vancomycin considerably enhanced the cytocompatibility and antibacterial performance. Significantly improved osteogenic and antibacterial functions were also observed according to in vivo implantation in the lateral femoral condyle of rats. The design, influence and mechanism of the composite coating were discussed accordingly. It was concluded that the additively manufactured Zn–1Mg porous scaffolds together with the composite coating could modulate biodegradable performance and contribute to effective promotion of bone recovery and antibacterial function.

HMGR (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase) plays a crucial role as the first rate-limiting enzyme in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, which is the upstream pathway of natural rubber biosynthesis. In this study, we carried out whole-genome identification of Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TKS), a novel rubber-producing alternative plant, and obtained six members of the TkHMGR genes. Bioinformatic analyses were performed including gene structure, protein properties, chromosomal localization, evolutionary relationships, and cis-acting element analyses. The results showed that HMGR genes were highly conserved during evolution with a complete HMG-CoA reductase conserved domain and were closely related to Asteraceae plants during the evolutionary process. The α-helix is the most prominent feature of the secondary structure of the TkHMGR proteins. Collinearity analyses demonstrated that a whole-genome duplication (WGD) event and tandem duplication event play a key role in the expansion of this family and TkHMGR1 and TkHMGR6 have more homologous gene between other species. Cis-acting element analysis revealed that the TkHMGR gene family had a higher number of MYB-related, light-responsive, hormone-responsive elements. In addition, we investigated the expression patterns of family members induced by ethylene (ETH) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and their expression levels at different stages of T. kok-saghyz root development. Finally, subcellular localization results showed that six TkHMGR members were all located in the endoplasmic reticulum. In conclusion, the results of our study lay a certain theoretical basis for the subsequent improvement of rubber yield, molecular breeding of rubber-producing plants, and genetic improvement of T. kok-saghyz.

Brown cotton is a major cultivar of naturally colored cotton, and brown cotton fibers (BCFs) are widely utilized as raw materials for textile industry production due to their advantages of being green and dyeing-pollution-free. However, the mechanisms underlying the pigmentation in fibers are still poorly understood, which significantly limits their extensive applications in related fields. In this study, we conducted a multidimensional comparative analysis of the transcriptomes and metabolomes between brown and white fibers at different developmental periods to identify the key genes and pathways regulating the pigment deposition. The transcriptomic results indicated that the pathways of flavonoid biosynthesis and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were significantly enriched regulatory pathways, especially in the late development periods of fiber pigmentation; furthermore, the genes distributed in the pathways of PAL, CHS, F3H, DFR, ANR, and UFGT were identified as significantly up-regulated genes. The metabolic results showed that six metabolites, namely (−)-Epigallocatechin, Apiin, Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, Gallocatechin, Myricetin, and Poncirin, were significantly accumulated in brown fibers but not in white fibers. Integrative analysis of the transcriptomic and metabolomic data demonstrated a possible regulatory network potentially regulating the pigment deposition, in which three MYB transcription factors promote the expression levels of flavonoid biosynthesis genes, thereby inducing the content increase in (−)-Epigallocatechin, Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, Gallocatechin, and Myricetin in BCFs. Our findings provide new insights into the pigment deposition mechanism in BCFs and offer references for genetic engineering and breeding of colored cotton materials.

Additively manufactured biodegradable zinc (Zn) scaffolds have great potential to repair infected bone defects due to their osteogenic and antibacterial properties. However, the enhancement of antibacterial properties depends on a high concentration of dissolved Zn2+, which in return deteriorates osteogenic activity. In this study, a vancomycin (Van)-loaded polydopamine (PDA) coating was prepared on pure Zn porous scaffolds to solve the above dilemma. Compared with pure Zn scaffolds according to comprehensive in vitro tests, the PDA coating resulted in a slow degradation and inhibited the excessive release of Zn2+ at the early stage, thus improving cytocompatibility and osteogenic activity. Meanwhile, the addition of Van drug substantially suppressed the attachment and proliferation of S. aureus and E. coli bacterial. Furthermore, in vivo implantation confirmed the simultaneously improved osteogenic and antibacterial functions by using the pure Zn scaffolds with Van-loaded PDA coating. Therefore, it is promising to employ biodegradable Zn porous scaffolds with the proposed drug-loaded coating for the treatment of infected bone defects.

Abstract The combination of bioactive Zn‐2Mg alloy and additively manufactured porous scaffold is expected to achieve customizable biodegradable performance and enhanced bone regeneration. Herein, Zn‐2Mg alloy scaffolds with different porosities, including 40% (G‐40‐2), 60% (G‐60‐2), and 80% (G‐80‐2), and different unit sizes, including 1.5 mm (G‐60‐1.5), 2 mm (G‐60‐2), and 2.5 mm (G‐60‐2.5), are manufactured by a triply periodic minimal surface design and a reliable laser powder bed fusion process. With the same unit size, compressive strength (CS) and elastic modulus (EM) of scaffolds substantially decrease with increasing porosities. With the same porosity, CS and EM just slightly decrease with increasing unit sizes. The weight loss after degradation increases with increasing porosities and decreasing unit sizes. In vivo tests indicate that Zn‐2Mg alloy scaffolds exhibit satisfactory biocompatibility and osteogenic ability. The osteogenic ability of scaffolds is mainly determined by their physical and chemical characteristics. Scaffolds with lower porosities and smaller unit sizes show better osteogenesis due to their suitable pore size and larger surface area. The results indicate that the biodegradable performance of scaffolds can be accurately regulated on a large scale by structure design and the additively manufactured Zn‐2Mg alloy scaffolds have improved osteogenic ability for treating bone defects.

In this study, La0.75Sr0.25Mn1−xCoxO3 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2) samples were synthesized using a high-pressure heat treatment method, and their magnetic properties and critical phase transition behaviors were systematically investigated. The prepared samples exhibited excellent single-phase characteristics with space group R 3¯ c. As the Co content increased, TC decreased from 325 to 211 K. In a 7 T magnetic field, the RCP values of the samples increased from 364.52 to 384.66 J·kg−1, significantly enhancing the cooling efficiency of the samples. The three samples exhibited a second-order phase transition, indicating a relatively small hysteresis in the system. The critical exponents were obtained by MAPs and K-F method. These results indicate that with an increase in Co doping, the β values also increase, suggesting that Co doping facilitates the establishment of long-range ferromagnetic order in the three samples.

Abstract Objectives This study was conducted to detect the overall performance of both static and dynamic occlusion in post-orthodontic patients using quantified methods, and to ascertain the correlation between the two states of occlusion. Materials and methods A total of 112 consecutive patients evaluated by ABO-OGS were included in this study. Based on the pre-treatment Angle’s classification of the malocclusion, samples were divided into four groups. After removing orthodontic appliances, each patients underwent the American Board of Orthodontic objective grading system (ABO-OGS) and T-Scan evaluations. All the scores were compared within these groups. Statistical evaluation included reliability tests, multivariate ANOVA, and correlation analyses (p