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When learners perceive they cannot master what they are trying to learn, they should seek assistance from others who can help them; however, an increasing number of undergraduates are unable to seek help effectively (Kun, Jyh, & Chin, 2013). Self-efficacy has a significant influence on whether individuals are able to deal with a difficult situation. For example, learners with high self-efficacy know whom to ask for help to attain better academic performance (Meera & Dustin, 2013). Professional commitment, which refers to one's attitude towards one's profession (Lian, Yang, & Wu, 2005), is an important determinant of whether or not students actively learn. It acts as a positive emotion and attitude that has a significant correlation with academic self-efficacy (Meera & Dustin, 2013). Gender also has a significant influence on academic self-efficacy and help-seeking (Drago, Rheinheimer, & Detweiler, 2018). The theory of gender roles proposes that female social behavior is based on interpersonal relationships, and thus, it is plausible to assume that the association between academic self-efficacy and help-seeking may be stronger among women than men (Addis & Mahalik, 2003); however, there is a gap in the research literature about the moderating role of gender on their association. As a result, the authors expected gender to play a moderating role in the association between academic self-efficacy and academic help-seeking. Five hundred fifty-nine university students in China responded to the survey used in this study. The participants completed a battery of scales, including an 8-item Academic Self-efficacy Survey. As predicted, executive help-seeking and avoidance of help-seeking were negatively correlated with academic self-efficacy and professional commitment, whereas instrumental help-seeking was positively correlated with both of these variables; however, gender was not significantly correlated with any of the other variables, so it was not implicated in the links among them.

We used a 30-day daily diary assessment method to examine the within-person associations between social rejection, emotional experiences, and emotion regulation strategies in a sample of 34 college students. Taking emotional experience as the dependent variable, we explored and analyzed cumulative and hysteresis effects using a random regression coefficient model. The results showed that situations of social rejection tended to induce negative emotional experiences, for which college students mostly adopted attention transfer strategies. In contrast, positive emotional experience increased in situations of social acceptance, and college students mostly adopted cognitive reappraisal strategies in this setting. Further, cognitive reappraisal strategies had time accumulation and overlapping effects on individual positive emotional experiences, and attention transfer strategies had a lag effect on individual emotional experiences. These findings advance understanding of the negative affect–emotion regulation association among individuals exposed to social rejection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peucedanum franchetii is a famous folk medicinal plant in China. However, the taxonomy of the P. franchetii has not been sufficiently resolved. Due to similar morphological features between P. franchetii and Ligusticopsis members, the World Flora Online (WFO) Plant List suggested that this species transformed into the genus Ligusticopsis and merged with Ligusticopsis likiangensis. However, both species are obviously diverse in leaf shape, bracts, and bracteoles. To check the taxonomic position of P. franchetii, we newly sequenced and assembled the plastome of P. franchetii and compared it with nine other plastomes of the genus Ligusticopsis. Ten plastomes were highly conserved and similar in gene order, codon bias, RNA editing sites, IR borders, and SSRs. Nevertheless, 10 mutation hotspot regions (infA, rps8, matK, ndhF, rps15, psbA-trnH, rps2-rpoC2, psbA-trnK, ycf2-trnL, and ccsA-ndhD) were still detected. In addition, both phylogenetic analyses based on plastome data and ITS sequences robustly supported that P. franchetii was not clustered with members of Peucedanum but nested in Ligusticopsis. P. franchetii was sister to L. likiangensis in the ITS topology but clustered with L. capillacea in the plastome tree. These findings implied that P. franchetii should be transferred to genus Ligusticopsis and not merged with L. likiangensis, but as an independent species, which was further verified by morphological evidences. Therefore, transferring P. franchetii under the genus Ligusticopsis as an independent species was reasonable, and a new combination was presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) has been biogeographically divided into the eastern monsoonal and the western continental climatic zones along the 500 mm isohyet. However, this biogeographic hypothesis has been rarely tested using a phylogeographic approach. The members of the genus Allium subgenus Cyathophora coincidentally distribute across this biogeographical divide. Intriguingly, Allium fasciculatum of subgenus Amerallium co-occurs in the distribution range of subgenus Cyathophora. To illuminate the role of this biogeographic divide on the genetic divergence, we genotyped 466 individuals of 52 populations of subgenus Cyathophora and 110 individuals of 19 populations of A. fasciculatum using three chloroplast DNA fragments, whole nrITS and nine nuclear microsatellite loci, supplemented with the present environmental space and paleo-distribution modeling. Our phylogeographical evidence recovered the concordant east–west genetic breaks both for subgenus Cyathophora and A. fasciculatum along the 500 mm isohyet. The divergence time estimations and environmental niche differentiations suggested this east–west genetic breaks could have been triggered by the climatic-induced vicariance during the early Pleistocene. Noticeably, this split within subgenus Cyathophora could have been deepened by the morphological vicariance from the eastern umbel to the western spicate, while that within A. fasciculatum could have been obscured due to the pollen flows from the east to west caused by the postglacial expansion. The genetic structures and ecological niche modelings (ENMs) recovered the distinct responses to the Quaternary climatic oscillations for species constricted to different climatic zones, further highlighting the profound effect of the climatic differences and tectonic uplifts on the genetic diversification. Overall, our findings offer strong evidence for the existence of a biogeographic divide between the eastern monsoonal and the west continental climatic zones of the QTP nearly along the 500 mm isohyet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]