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Chinese has been taking sorghum rice as food for centuries. Gas chromatography ion mobility spectroscopy (GC-IMS) was applied to analyze the changes of volatile compounds in sorghum rice during cooking process. It was found that the main volatile compounds in sorghum rice included ketones, aldehydes and esters. The aromatic components of cooked sorghum rice included phenylacetaldehyde, hexanal,2-pentaylfuran and hexyl acetate. The strongest aroma was marked when cooked between 40 and 60 minutes with the highest number of volatile species being detected. The result of variance analysis showed that sorghum rice could demonstrate more flavor information after cooking. Therefore, it was suggested to analyze volatile compounds of sorghum after cooking to improve the resolution.

This review explores the intricate roles of metal ions—iron, copper, zinc, and selenium—in glioma pathogenesis and immune evasion. Dysregulated metal ion metabolism significantly contributes to glioma progression by inducing oxidative stress, promoting angiogenesis, and modulating immune cell functions. Iron accumulation enhances oxidative DNA damage, copper activates hypoxia-inducible factors to stimulate angiogenesis, zinc influences cell proliferation and apoptosis, and selenium modulates the tumor microenvironment through its antioxidant properties. These metal ions also facilitate immune escape by upregulating immune checkpoints and secreting immunosuppressive cytokines. Targeting metal ion pathways with therapeutic strategies such as chelating agents and metalloproteinase inhibitors, particularly in combination with conventional treatments like chemotherapy and immunotherapy, shows promise in improving treatment efficacy and overcoming resistance. Future research should leverage advanced bioinformatics and integrative methodologies to deepen the understanding of metal ion-immune interactions, ultimately identifying novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets to enhance glioma management and patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk is considered to be one of the most perfect natural foods for human beings. The analysis of effective components and determination of important components in milk is an important practical work. Based on the previous measurement data of fat volume concentration and refractive index of milk in the market, this paper forms a fitting formula through mathematical fitting, which can solve the corresponding relationship between nonmeasurement points of milk concentration and refractive index. Because the actual measurement points are limited, its practical application is not convenient. However, fitting formulas can calculate the corresponding values of infinitely many points, which can be easily applied. However, judging from the goodness of fit of the fitting formula, a theoretically good fitting formula may produce underfitting and overfitting in practical application. Through the analysis of the first-order to sixth-order fitting formulas of milk concentration and refractive index, this paper tells us that the fitting formula with high goodness of fit is not necessarily a good formula. The specific problems should be analyzed in the application process to make the theory more consistent with the actual situation. From the calculation and analysis in this paper, it can be seen that the fitted sixth-order formula has the best effect when the fat volume concentration of milk is 0–10%. When considering a fat volume concentration of 0–34% in milk, the fitted second-order formula performs better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The effect of radiotherapy waiting time after last induction chemotherapy (IC‐RT) on prognosis of patients with locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (LANPC) needs further discussion. Methods: Three hundred and six patients with LANPC diagnosed pathologically by induction chemotherapy (IC) and radiotherapy (RT) from 2013 to 2018 were selected for this study. Results: The IC‐RT was a risk factor for the post‐treatment progression of LANPC (OR = 1.017 95%CI: 1.003–1.031), For patients with LANPC, the IC‐RT > 40 days significantly reduced 5‐year PFS (70% vs. 55%; p = 0.0012), 5‐year OS (84% vs. 73%; p = 0.028), 5‐year DMFS (80% vs. 66%; p = 0.003), 5‐year LRFS (77% vs. 67%; p = 0.012). Indicating that patients with stage IVa who IC‐RT > 40 days were found to be a significant predictor of aggravated PFS (HR = 2.69; 95%CI: 1.57–4.6), OS (HR = 2.55; 95%CI: 1.29–5.03), DMFS (HR = 3.07; 95%CI: 1.64–5.76) and LRFS (HR = 2.26; 95%CI: 1.21–4.21). Conclusion: The prognosis of patients will be adversely affected if the IC‐RT exceeds 40 days, especially for stage IVa patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical soliton is a physical phenomenon in which the waveforms and energy of optical fibers remain unchanged during propagation, which has important application value in information transmission. In this paper, the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations describe the propagation of optical solitons with different frequencies in sense of local fractional derivative is analyzed. The exact traveling wave solutions of the non-differentiable type defined on the Cantor sets are obtained. The characteristics of the particular solutions of fixed fractal dimension are discussed. It is proved that the local fractional coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations can describe the interaction of fractal waves in optical fiber transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The boundary conditions of the moving layered medium are analyzed and the expressions of electromagnetic field are deduced. The reflection and transmission coefficients in fixed coordinates are obtained by using the covariance characteristic of Maxwell Equations. It is very complicated to apply boundary conditions many times in analyzing a multi-layer slab. In this paper, the results obtained from the boundary conditions of single-layer slab are analogous with those obtained by the transfer matrix method. Through improvement and generalization, the transfer matrix method can be used to calculate the moving multi-layer slabs. It can be applied to calculate the reflection and transmission coefficients of one-dimensional moving photonic crystal as well as deal with TM and TE polarization for the oblique incident. The zero reflection points of TM and TE polarization for layered slab are calculated. The results calculated in this study are matching well with the reference. It shows that the reflection oscillation enhances with the increase of β and layer number, while the changing rule of reflections about TM polarization is relatively complex. The reflections of both TE wave and TM wave are all related to the incidence angle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), the well‐characterized human‐derived probiotic strain, possesses excellent properties in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, immunoregulation and defense against gastrointestinal pathogens in mammals. Here, we demonstrate that the SpaC pilin of LGG causes intestinal epithelium injury by inducing cell pyroptosis and gut microbial dysbiosis in zebrafish. Dietary SpaC activates Caspase‐3−GSDMEa pathways in the intestinal epithelium, promotes intestinal pyroptosis and increases lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐producing gut microbes in zebrafish. The increased LPS subsequently activates Gaspy2−GSDMEb pyroptosis pathway. Further analysis reveals the Caspase‐3−GSDMEa pyroptosis is initiated by the species‐specific recognition of SpaC by TLR4ba, which accounts for the species‐specificity of the SpaC‐inducing intestinal pyroptosis in zebrafish. The observed pyroptosis‐driven gut injury and microbial dysbiosis by LGG in zebrafish suggest that host‐specific beneficial/harmful mechanisms are critical safety issues when applying probiotics derived from other host species and need more attention. Highlights: SpaC pilin acts as a causative factor of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG‐induced intestinal mucosa damage in zebrafish.Dietary SpaC directly induces intestinal pyroptosis by activating GSDMEa in zebrafish.Dietary SpaC induces gut microbial dysbiosis characterized by higher abundance of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐producing gut microbes in zebrafish.LPS‐producing gut microbes subsequently activate Gaspy2−GSDMEb pyroptosis pathway in zebrafish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]