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Trees that we see every day stay firm in the same place for several years. They are the symbol of nature and one of the most important living beings which are a bridge between the past, the present and the future. According to Andres [1], the monumental trees differ from others of their species regarding their unusual size, their age, or their unusual shape, which means that they are of special natural, historical, cultural, or scenic interest. Characteristics such as their height, trunk diameter, crown shape, or their having witnessed historical events or appearing in myths and legends make these trees of public interest and therefore protected by law. The veteran trees are also different from other trees with their ages, unusual size, unusual shape etc. They can be seen as a candidate for monumental trees. Istanbul, the biggest metropolitan city of Turkey, is particularly rich in monumental and veteran trees. In the study of IMM, the monumental trees and veteran trees of Istanbul city have been identificated and their locations have been stated. According to this study the monumental and veteran plane trees in the urban areas of the city are of special interest while they are of scenic value (throughout the history?!) but also have unwanted features like being nontolerant to arid conditions and also to various diseases [2]. Firstly, in this study the spatial distributions of the two monumental and veteran plane species (Platanus acerifolia, Platanus orientalis) in Istanbul have been revealed. Secondly, these 2518 taxa have been evaluated by the permeability of their existing place, in order to improve protection strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1971, Leon Chua theoretically postulated that the memristor is the fourth fundamental circuit element, besides the three well-known circuit elements; namely, resistor, capacitor and inductor. For a long time, because of lack of a simple and practical realization, memristor remained just a theoretical element and rarely appeared in the literature. In 2008, a research team from HP laboratories declared that they had found a physical implementation based on thin films, behaving as a memristor. Memristor can offer new opportunities in circuit design due to its nonlinear behavior and memory. Nevertheless, since a cheap and reliable practical implementation of memristor is yet unavailable on the market, the design of such a realization, which mimics memristor behavior, is vital from the point of view of real-world circuit design. In this paper, a new microcontroller-based memristive chaotic circuit is proposed. Presented design has been implemented using an Ardunio Mega board, which solves numerically the dynamics of the memristor-based chaotic system using Runge-Kutta method. It sends the chaotic signals to the outputs of the circuit, using digital-to-analog converters. Chaotic dynamics and the strange attractors are obtained from the circuit using both, the computer simulations and the lab experiments. Considering both simulation and experimental results, it is shown that the proposed circuit mimics well the dynamics of the memristive chaotic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malignant triton tumor (MTT) is a rare variant of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) made up of both malignant schwannoma cells and malignant rhabdomyoblasts.A 26-years-old male patient was admitted with an asymptomatic gluteal mass. Magnetic resonance imaging showed heterogeneous soft tissue mass and he underwent open biopsy. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor was diagnosed. He was given adjuvant chemotherapy following the removal of the tumor with hip disarticulation. The tumor was diagnosed as “malignant triton tumor” based on pathological examination including immunohistochemical studies. There were no signs of metastasis but recurrence was observed at 9 months follow up.MTT is usually associated with Neurofibromatosis 1 and located in head, neck region. In this case sporadic involvement of gluteal region and aggressive behavior of the lesion despite radical surgery was demonstrated. Keywords: Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, Gluteal region, Triton tumor

The thermal degradation of zearalenone (ZEA) was investigated using a crust-like model, representing maize bread, which was prepared with naturally contaminated maize flour. Model samples were heated under isothermal conditions at the temperature range of 100–250°C. No reduction was observed at 100°C. Thermal degradation rate constants (k) were calculated as 0.0017, 0.0143 and 0.0216 min−1for 150, 200 and 250°C, respectively. Maize bread baked at 250°C for 70 min was used to test the capability of model kinetic data for the prediction of ZEA reduction. The time–temperature history in the crust and crumb parts was recorded separately. Partial degradation of ZEA at each time interval was calculated by means of the correspondingk-values obtained by using the Arrhenius equation, and the total reduction occurring at the end of the entire baking process was predicted. The reduction in the crumb and crust of bread was also experimentally determined and found to be consistent with the predicted values. It was concluded that the kinetic constants determined by means of the crust-like model could be used to predict the ZEA reduction occurring during baking of maize bread. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective: To demonstrate long-term changes in the prevalence of several types of metabolic derangements in subjects with nonfunctioning adrenal adenomas. Subjects and Methods: 273 subjects with adrenal adenomas, including 231 with nonfunctioning adenoma and 42 with subclinical Cushing's syndrome (sCS), were evaluated with respect to anthropometric and laboratory characteristics and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome (MS), prediabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Median duration was 24 months. Follow-up data of 114 participants with nonfunctioning adrenal adenomas are also presented while those of 117 were missing. Follow-up data regarding changes in anthropometric and laboratory parameters and prevalence rates of metabolic disturbances were obtained from the medical records. Results: The prevalence rates for both patients with nonfunctioning adenoma and sCS were: dyslipidemia: 161 (59%), hypertension: 147 (54%), MS: 128 (47%), prediabetes: 62 (23%), T2DM: 49 (18%), and CVD: 21 (8%). Hypertension and CVD were prevalent in subjects with sCS compared to participants with nonfunctioning adenoma. In follow-up, body mass index (p = 0.005), systolic blood pressure (p < 0.001), waist circumference (p = 0.005), homeostasis model assessment (p = 0.046), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (p = 0.023), total cholesterol (p < 0.001) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < 0.001) and prevalence of hypertension (p < 0.001), dyslipidemia (p < 0.001), prediabetes (p < 0.001) and MS (p < 0.01) significantly increased in subjects with nonfunctioning adenoma. Conclusion: The data showed that nonfunctioning adrenal adenomas were associated with the development or deterioration of atherosclerotic risk factors. Therefore, follow-up and management strategies should be developed to decrease atherosclerotic morbidity in those individuals. Copyright © 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: Although metformin crosses the placenta, there is no current evidence whether the use of metformin in pregnancy is associated with increased risk of fetal and maternal complications. The aim of this present study is to investigate the attitudes of Turkish physicians in different specialties in terms of metformin use in pregnancy. Materials and Methods: Current opinions were assessed by a questionnaire. Nine hundred forty physicians were invited to join the study; however, completely fulfilled questionnaires could be obtained from a total of 407 physicians (170 family physicians, 139 internists and 98 obstetricians). Results: One hundred fifty-one physicians (37.1%) stated that they recommended metformin use in pregnancy for any of the indications (pregnant women with PCOS, type-2 diabetes or gestational diabetes). Obstetricians were more likely to suggest metformin use in pregnancy rather than other physicians. Metformin use in pregnancy was seldom recommended by internists. The rationales of physicians for the metformin use were: lower risk for abortion, decreased prevalence of maternal and neonatal complications, improvement in insulin resistance, prevention of excess weight gain, better glycemic control in diabetics and decreased insulin need in diabetics taking insulin. Conclusions: Despite limited data on metformin use in pregnancy, significant number of physicians in Turkey supported the metformin use. Obstetricians were the ones most likely to recommend metformin treatment in pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The primary goal of this study is to evaluate predictors of nodular goiter in Graves Disease (GD).Materials and Methods: A total of 202 consecutive patients (mean age: 45; 145 female, 57 male) were enrolled. All patients were treated with antithyroid drugs as initial therapy. TSH, FT3, FT4, TRAb, ATPO, and ATG were measured. Radioactive iodine uptake and thyroid ultrasonography were performed, and thyroid volume and nodule diameter were assessed. Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration was performed on thyroid nodules >/= 8mm.Results: Diffuse goiter was detected in 5% of patients. Solitary nodules were detected in 16%, and multi-nodular disease in 33%. Mean nodule diameter was 8.82 mm. Nodular disease was slightly more common in women (p=0.063). Patients with nodular GD were older (p=0.004), had lower levels of FT3 (p=0.016) and TRAB (p=0.002) when compared with subjects with diffuse GD. Age (OR:6.867) was the independent variable predicting nodular GD.Conclusion: Increased prevalence of nodules was associated with advanced age and milder thyrotoxicosis. Apoptosis of thyroid follicular cells due to excess iodine might interfere with nodule formation, and lead to diffuse goiter in severe thyrotoxicosis. Because of increased rate if malignancy in GD, comprehensive evaluation of thyroid nodules of any size is mandatory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical features and functional results of patients with parosteal lipomas. Methods: A total of 12 patients (8 females and 4 males; mean age: 45 (10–62) years) with parosteal lipomas who were treated between April 1986 and April 2014, were included into the study. The medical records of the patients were reviewed to analyze the clinical features and functional results of the patients. Results: Of the 12 lipomas, 5 were localized in the proximal arm, 4 in the forearm, 1 in the distal arm, 1 in the distal thigh and 1 in the distal tibia. All patients presented with a progressive, slow-growing mass that was associated with thumb extension weakness in 1 case, and brachialgia-like symptoms in 1 case. Plain radiographs showed a juxtacortical mass in all cases and irregular ossification in 3 cases. In all cases, marginal excision was performed and no clinical recurrence was observed after a mean follow-up of 16 months. Conclusion: Parosteal lipomas are uncommon tumors that can be diagnosed with their characteristic radiological features. Parosteal lipomas occurring in the proximal radius may easily cause paralysis of the posterior interosseous nerve or muscle weakness. Level of Evidence: Level IV, Therapeutic study Keywords: Parosteal lipoma, Neuropathy, Juxtacortical mass

Objective: In this study, we sought to review the clinical and histopathological features and the chemotherapy regimens in osteogenic sarcoma in patients over 40 years of age, and we aimed at identifying the possible prognostic factors in this particular group of patients. Methods: We reviewed 287 patients with osteosarcoma treated between the year 1986 and 2010. Patients from this group who met the following criteria were considered eligible for our study; presence of primary OS, had typical histological and radiographic features of OS, no prior history of cancer or any treatment elsewhere and no prior history of preexisting bone abnormalities. Results: The Kaplan–Meier survival curve for the entire group, with a 95% confidence interval, at two and five years showed the survival rates as 76.2% and 72.8% respectively. The surgical margin was a significant factor affecting the survival. Presence of a pathological fracture also had a significant effect on the survival rate. Conclusion: Osteogenic sarcoma remains a challenging disease to treat. Despite the expectation that elderly patients may not tolerate aggressive modern chemotherapy as the younger patients, we believe that patients with primary OS over the age of 40 should be treated aggressively with effective chemotherapy and complete surgical excision whenever possible. Level of evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study Keywords: Chemotherapy, Elderly, Osteogenic sarcoma, Survival rate

Focuses on the development of computer program based on matrix method to generate extinction cross sections of realistic raindrops. Applicability of interpolation; Establishment of a data bank; Calculation of the corresponding refractive index.

Investigates the problems of plane wave diffraction by an impedance half-plane in cold plasma. Formulation of the boundary-value problem; Reduction of the matrix Wiener-Hopf equation; Accounts on the element of the tensor of dielectric permittivity.

Presents information on the Bethesda System for cervical and vaginal diagnoses that was devised to improve communication between the cytopathologist and referring physician. Categories of squamous intraepithelial lesions; Explanation on the descriptive diagnoses section of the Bethesda System; Information on hormonal evaluation.