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Background: Myasthenia gravis (MG) patients are reported to have a high risk of other autoimmune diseases (ADs), and thymectomy may increase the risk further. A cohort of MG patients in which thymectomy was performed were investigated to analyze the prevalence, types and features of the new onset ADs. Methods: Consecutive patients with MG who underwent thymectomy at Beijing Hospital between January 2012 and August 2021 were retrospectively enrolled. Patients with a postoperative follow‐up period shorter than a year or incomplete clinical records were excluded. Clinical and follow‐up data were collected. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 22.0. Results: A total of 445 patients were included in this study. The median follow‐up period was 72 months (range, 12–135 months). A total of 63 (14.2%) MG patients had concurrent ADs. The incidence rate was higher than the background prevalence of population (5%), and also higher than that of a former Chinese MG cohort (11.6%). A total of 47 patients (10.6%) were diagnosed with ADs before thymectomy, and 19 (4.3%) developed a new AD after thymectomy. The most common types of new onset ADs after thymectomy were Hashimoto's thyroiditis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which were different from those before thymectomy (hyperthyroidism and Hashimoto's thyroiditis). The incidence rate of new onset RA (1.35%) was higher than the frequency of RA before thymectomy (0.45%), and also higher than the incidence rate in a Chinese MG cohort (0.5%). There was a higher proportion of female patients (p = 0.026) with postoperative ADs. A younger age at operation may increase the risk of nonthymoma MG patients (p = 0.040) developing ADs. The postoperative treatment effect of MG was similar between patients with and without new onset ADs (p > 0.05). Conclusions: We observed a higher incidence rate of autoimmune diseases, especially rheumatoid arthritis, in MG patients after thymectomy. The most common types of ADs after thymectomy were different from those before thymectomy. New onset ADs tended to occur in female and young nonthymoma MG patients. The postoperative effect of MG was not related with the new occurrence of ADs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen is widely believed to be a promising fuel to solve the global energy crisis and environmental issues. The catalytic system represented by metal‐supported catalysts is an important process of upgrading the hydrogen source in industry. Single‐atom catalysts (SACs), which inherit the advantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, provide a broad prospect for low‐cost H2 production technology. This review focuses on the potential mechanisms in the rational design of SACs, including active sites, coordination configuration, mass loading, heteroatom‐doping, and metal−support interaction. The design strategies of single metal atoms on different supports are reviewed to give a proposal on how to immobilize the atomic active sites and modulate the geometric/electronic structures of SACs. Subsequently, the synergistic effect in SACs and the dynamic evolution of the atomically dispersed heterometal catalysts are introduced, aiming to provide further guidelines for H2 evolution SACs. H2 generation from the water−gas shift reaction and electro‐/photocatalytic water splitting are the main research directions at present. The latest progress of SACs employed in these applications is thoroughly reviewed. At the end of this review, personal perspectives on the prospects and challenges of H2 evolution SACs are put forward, hoping to promote the rapid development of SACs toward superior H2 evolution performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TiO2, as a benchmark in the field of ultraviolet photocatalysis, is one of the most widely used semiconductor photocatalysts. However, its inherent drawbacks, including wide bandgap and fast recombination of charge carriers, lead to the underutilization of solar light. Increasing the overall solar spectrum utilization of TiO2, especially in the near‐infrared region (NIR, ≈52%), is the key to efficient solar energy conversion. In this review, the strategies to enhance NIR light capture of TiO2‐based photocatalysts, including hybridization with narrow optical gap semiconductors, bandgap engineering, upconversion materials, plasmonic materials, and photosensitizers, are elaborated. The basic mechanisms for NIR light conversion employed by TiO2 and the preparation methods of photoactive materials are summarized. Furthermore, their applications in photocatalytic pollutants purification, hydrogen and oxygen evolution, multifunctional smart windows, nitrogen photofixation, as well as carbon dioxide photoreduction and photocatalytic disinfection are discussed. Finally, this review presents the limitations and perspectives for the future development of efficient NIR solar photon conversion of TiO2‐based materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanostructured covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have attracted great attentions over the past few decades due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Crystallization is sought in many application fields since it allows enhancing or even promoting properties of catalysis, energy storage and photoelectric properties. However, the crystallization process of nanostructured COFs remains to be challenging. Synthetic approaches to establish nucleation and elongation growth of COFs for controlling crystallization have drawn substantial amount of attentions. Nanostructured COFs have exhibited significant advantages when applied in (electro)photocatalysis and energy storage devices as well. In this review, recent progress in precisely design strategy of fabricating various nanostructured COFs and their applications as (electro)photocatalyzer and energy storage devices are summarized. After a brief introduction of the design principles, composition and interior architecture, the morphology of nanostructured COFs including porous and mesoporous stacked-layer structure, nanosheet structure, nanorod structure, ordered stripe arrays and various nanocomposites are thoroughly described. Reactions dedicated to crystallization process for two-dimensional (2D) COFs are discussed further. Then, the applications of nanostructured COFs as (electro)photocatalysis and energy storage devices are demonstrated. Finally, the potential advantages and challenges for the synthetic technology of nanostructured COFs materials are particularly discussed. Personal insights into the challenges and opportunities on pursuing topologies as hollow structures, dense spheres, yolk–shell structures were raised to broaden the applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]