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Objective: Hypothalamic signals potently stimulate energy expenditure by engaging peripheral mechanisms to restore energy homeostasis. Previous studies have identified several critical hypothalamic sites (e.g. preoptic area (POA) and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN)) that could be part of an interconnected neurocircuit that controls tissue thermogenesis and essential for body weight control. However, the key neurocircuit that can stimulate energy expenditure has not yet been established. Methods: Here, we investigated the downstream mechanisms by which VMN neurons stimulate adipose tissue thermogenesis. We manipulated subsets of VMN neurons acutely as well as chronically and studied its effect on tissue thermogenesis and body weight control, using Sf1Cre and Adcyap1Cre mice and measured physiological parameters under both high-fat diet and standard chow diet conditions. To determine the node efferent to these VMN neurons, that is involved in modulating energy expenditure, we employed electrophysiology and optogenetics experiments combined with measurements using tissue-implantable temperature microchips. Results: Activation of the VMN neurons that express the steroidogenic factor 1 (Sf1; VMNSf1 neurons) reduced body weight, adiposity and increased energy expenditure in diet-induced obese mice. This function is likely mediated, at least in part, by the release of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP; encoded by the Adcyap1 gene) by the VMN neurons, since we previously demonstrated that PACAP, at the VMN, plays a key role in energy expenditure control. Thus, we then shifted focus to the subpopulation of VMNSf1 neurons that contain the neuropeptide PACAP (VMNPACAP neurons). Since the VMN neurons do not directly project to the peripheral tissues, we traced the location of the VMNPACAP neurons' efferents. We identified that VMNPACAP neurons project to and activate neurons in the caudal regions of the POA whereby these projections stimulate tissue thermogenesis in brown and beige adipose tissue. We demonstrated that selective activation of caudal POA projections from VMNPACAP neurons induces tissue thermogenesis, most potently in negative energy balance and activating these projections lead to some similar, but mostly unique, patterns of gene expression in brown and beige tissue. Finally, we demonstrated that the activation of the VMNPACAP neurons' efferents that lie at the caudal POA are necessary for inducing tissue thermogenesis in brown and beige adipose tissue. Conclusions: These data indicate that VMNPACAP connections with the caudal POA neurons impact adipose tissue function and are important for induction of tissue thermogenesis. Our data suggests that the VMNPACAP → caudal POA neurocircuit and its components are critical for controlling energy balance by activating energy expenditure and body weight control.

O objetivo deste estudo de caso foi analisar as percepções de alunos(as) de um curso de Ciências do Esporte no Brasil quanto à importância atribuída e o domínio percebido sobre os conhecimentos e competências do(a) treinador(a) esportivo(a). Utilizamos o questionário de Quinaud et al. (2018), com 192 alunos(as) do primeiro ao quinto ano do curso. Fizemos o uso da estatística descritiva e, após constatarmos a distribuição não normal, recorremos ao teste Kruskal-Wallis para a comparação da importância atribuída e do domínio percebido dentro dos grupos. Nos casos com diferenças significativas utilizamos o teste U de Mann-Whitney, correção de Dun-Bonferroni (p≤0,05) e tamanho de efeito pelo Eta² parcial (Cohen, 1973). Não constatamos diferenças significativas acerca da importância atribuída aos conhecimentos e observamos diferenças em duas competências. Sobre o domínio percebido, constatamos diferenças significativas acerca de todos os conhecimentos e competências, principalmente entre alunos(as) dos primeiros anos comparados aos de 3º, 4º e 5º. Diferentes vivências ao longo do curso parecem auxiliar no desenvolvimento do domínio de conhecimentos e competências dos(as) alunos(as). Considerando que no Brasil há a obrigatoriedade do diploma de graduação para atuar como treinador(a), torna-se importante que os cursos de Educação Física e Esporte prezem pelo desenvolvimento de conhecimentos e competências específicos desta profissão.

Resumo A variabilidade e beleza das ações técnicas individuais do basquetebol são decorrentes das necessidades táticas impostas aos jogadores durante o jogo e fazem parte importante do espetáculo, impactando positivamente os espectadores e mídia. Entre várias formas de fintas, arremessos, passes e bandejas, destacam-se as enterradas, enquanto momento de grande notoriedade no jogo, bem como tema de eventos específicos dedicados a ela no basquetebol masculino. Visando a realização do 1º Torneio de Enterradas no Jogo das Estrelas LBF 2018, o objetivo do estudo foi qual altura do aro necessária para que as jogadoras brasileiras pudessem realizar enterradas. Foi utilizada a altura alcançada no teste de impulsão vertical em progressão de 91 jogadoras participantes das nove equipes na temporada 2018. Verificamos que 25 % dos jogadores masculinos brasileiros de elite enterram em jogos oficiais. Assim, o critério para definir a altura do aro foi que a mesma porcentagem de jogadoras femininas pudessem enterrar, considerando a altura alcançada no teste e a necessidade de passar a bola sobre o aro. Foi determinada a altura de 2.75 m do aro em relação ao solo. Oito jogadoras participaram do evento, sendo quatro brasileiras e quatro argentinas, sendo que cinco delas conseguiram realizar enterradas. Deve-se ressaltar que a altura do aro não foi alterada para os jogos da temporada, e considerar que essa mudança pode não implicar no surgimento de enterradas em partidas oficiais, dado que a dinâmica do jogo é diferente da dinâmica no Torneio de Enterradas e que as jogadoras necessitam de um tempo de adaptação. Palavras-chave: Aro; rendimiento; impulsão; Capacidade Física. Abstract The variability and beauty of basketball's individual technical actions arise from the tactical needs imposed on players during the game, as an important part of the spectacle that positively impacts spectators and media. Among the many feints, throws, passes and layups, are the slam dunks, a notorious moment in the game, and also theme of specific events in men's basketball. In view of the realization of the 1st Slam Dunk Tournament during the 2018 LBF All Stars Games, the aim of the study was to determine the ideal hoop height for Brazilian female players to be able to slam dunk. We analyzed the height achieved in the progressive vertical jump test of 91 female players participating in the nine teams in the 2018 season. Findings suggest that 25% of the elite Brazilian male players slam dunk in official games. Thus, the criteria for defining the hoop height was that the same percentage of female players could slam dunk, considering the height reached on the test and the need to take the ball over the hoop. This resulted in 2.75 m as the height of the rim from the ground. Eight players participated in the event, four Brazilian and four Argentinian, and five of them managed to dunk. It should benoted that the height of the rim has not changed for the regular games of the season, and that this change may not imply the emergence of dunks in official matches, as the game dynamics are different from the dynamics in the Dunk Tournament and that the players need some time to adapt. Keywords: Aro; Performance; Impulsion; Physical Ability. Resumen La variabilidad y hermosura de las acciones técnicas individuales del baloncesto se derivan de las necesidades tácticas impuestas a los jugadores durante el juego y son una parte importante del espectáculo, que impacta positivamente a los espectadores y a la prensa. Entre las muchas maneras de fintas, tiros, pases y entradas, están los mates, como un momento de gran notoriedad en el juego en el baloncesto masculino. Con el objetivo de celebrar el primer “Torneo de mates LBF 2018”, el objetivo del estudio fue determinar la altura del aro necesario para que las jugadoras brasileñas pudieran concretizar los mates. Utilizamos la altura alcanzada en la prueba de salto vertical progresivo de 91 jugadoras de los nueve equipos de la temporada 2018. Encontramos que el 25% de los jugadores masculinos brasileños de élite son capaces de hacer mates en los juegos oficiales. Por lo tanto, el criterio para definir la altura del aro fue que el mismo porcentaje de jugadoras femeninas pudiera concluye mates, considerando la altura alcanzada en la prueba de salto y la necesidad de pasar la pelota sobre el aro. Así, llegamos a la altura del aro desde 2,75 m del suelo. Ocho jugadoras participaron en el evento, cuatro brasileñas y cuatro argentinas, cinco de ellas lograron actuar mates. Cabe señalar que la altura del aro no fue cambiada para los partidos de la temporada, con lo cual esta altura puede no implicar la aparición de mates en esta condición, ya que la dinámica del juego es diferente de la dinámica en el Torneo de mates. Palabras clave: Aro; rendimiento; empuje; Capacidad Física.

Os jogos de ataque por conceitos (JAC) visam estimular jogadores a compreenderem o jogo, solucionarem problemas e criarem vantagens sobre o adversário. O objetivo foi aplicar os JAC para o ensino da fase ofensiva do basquetebol no esporte de participação brasileiro, descrevendo as opiniões dos atletas e seu treinador. Participaram oito atletas do sexo masculino (média de 16,8 ± 1,0 anos), com tempo médio de experiência com o basquetebol de 3,0 ± 1,4 anos, com métodos tradicionais de ensino, e um treinador de 32 anos com oito anos de experiência profissional. Elaboramos os JAC a partir dos conceitos: dividir e passar, passar e cortar, e jogo ao poste. Aplicamos oito sessões de treino, com duração de 90 minutos cada. Realizamos entrevista semiestruturada com o treinador e grupos focais com os atletas, analisadas por análise temática. Nos resultados estabelecemos as categorias opiniões positivas (temas: compreensão da lógica do jogo; aspectos pessoais; e aspectos interpessoais), e negativas (temas: confronto com o novo e tempo de implementação do método). Os JAC foram compreendidos como prazerosos e facilitaram a compreensão da lógica do jogo. Concluimos que os JAC podem ser utilizados para ensino do basquetebol no contexto de participação, com vantagens sobre abordagens pedagógicas tradicionais.

Basketball performance analysis using technical indicators dissociated from the moment they occurred in the game seems to no longer respond to emerging issues of the game as it does not identify the periods when a team’s offensive efficiency has increased or decreased. The aim was to characterize and compare the technical indicators in the positive and negative periods and in the whole game of winning and losing teams in men’s professional basketball. Fourteen games of professional men’s teams of the “Novo Basquete Brasil” Championship in the regular 2011/2012 season were filmed and analyzed. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to verify data normality. The independent T test was used for variables with normal distribution and the Mann-Whitney test for variables that did not present normal distribution, in order to compare teams’ performance. Analysis in the whole game showed that winning teams had significantly higher averages in successful 3-point field goals but in the positive periods, they showed higher averages for successful free throws, successful layups, defensive rebounds and defensive fouls, and in negative periods, losing teams made more defensive and offensive fouls. The teams’ performance in the whole game may not elucidate the determinant indicators for building the difference in the scoreboard. It is suggested that coaches should identify the periods of best and worst teams’ performance in the game and the indicators involved, preparing teams to overcome the negative periods and obtain more positive periods in the game.

Objective: Maxillary distraction osteogenesis with the rigid external distraction (RED) system has been used to treat cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients with severe maxillary hypoplasia. We introduce maxillary distraction osteogenesis for CLP patients with skeletal anchorage adapted on a stereolithographic model. Patients: Six maxillary deficiency CLP patients treated according to our CLP treatment protocol had undergone maxillary distraction osteogenesis. Method: In all patients, computed tomography (CT) images were recorded preoperatively, and the data were transferred to a workstation. Three-dimensional skeletal structures were reconstructed with CT data sets, and a stereolithographic model was produced. On the stereolithographic model, miniplates were adapted to the surface of maxilla beside aperture piriforms. The operation performed involved a high Le Fort I osteotomy with pterygomaxillary disjunction. Miniplates were fixed to the maxillary segment with three or four screws and used for anchorage of the RED system. Retraction of the maxillary segment was initiated after 1 week. Results: The accuracy of the stereolithographic models was enough to adapt the miniplates so that there was no need to readjust the plates during surgery. Postoperative cephalometric analysis showed that the direction of the retraction was almost parallel to the palatal plane, and dental compensation did not occur. Conclusions: We performed maxillary distraction osteogenesis with skeletal anchorage adapted on the stereolithographic models. Excellent esthetic outcome and skeletal advancement were achieved without dentoalveolar compensations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current oncolytic viruses exert only limited antitumor activity on their own. There is a need to increase their oncolytic capability. We evaluated the effect of a differentiating reagent, hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA), on the antitumor activity of a γ134.5-deficient herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) R849 for human oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells. Hexamethylene bisacetamide increased the viral yield, especially at a low input multiplicity of infection (MOI), and the transcription of immediate early genes of HSV-1. Hexamethylene bisacetamide treatment promoted the cytopathic effect of R849 and increased the proportion of dead cells. Hexamethylene bisacetamide produced more apoptotic cells in R849-infected cells as compared with parental HSV-1(F)-infected cells. The growth of oral SCC xenografts in nude mice was markedly suppressed by treatment with R849 in combination with HMBA, and the survival of the co-treated animals was significantly prolonged as compared with that of animals treated with R849 only. Herpes simplex virus type 1 mRNA was expressed in tumors and trigeminal neurons, but not in brain, lung, liver, and kidney. These results indicate that HMBA enhances the antitumor activity of R849 through the expression of immediate early genes without increasing its toxicity. Hexamethylene bisacetamide can be used as an enhancing agent for oncolytic therapy with HSV-1 mutants.Cancer Gene Therapy (2006) 13, 780–791. doi:10.1038/sj.cgt.7700957; published online 28 April 2006 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Mandibular reconstruction is required after segmental resection of the mandible. Several techniques have been proposed but have several drawbacks. A modified system (based on Leibinger''s titanium-positioning system) that can reposition the residual mandible easily and accurately without interfering with the reconstructive procedure was developed. This system has been used successfully in more than 10 patients, with no complications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary. The effect of a variety of cell death-inducing reagents on the release of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) was examined. Ionomycin was found to increase the release of HSV-1, whereas no significant increase was observed by the treatment with TNF-α, anti-Fas antibody, C2-ceramide, sphingosine, H-7, tyrphostin and camptothecin. Ionomycin induced an immediate early peak and a subsequent long-lasting elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). In the absence of extracellular Ca2+, ionomycin neither elevated [Ca2+]i nor increased the release of HSV-1 from the infected cells, indicating that Ca2+ influx play an important role in the release of HSV-1. Studies with trypan blue and annexin V staining revealed that the ionomycin-induced alteration of [Ca2+]i was accompanied by cell death of the infected cells. Disintegration of cell membrane, cytoplasmic vacuole formation and the leakage of virus particles from the cell surface were observed by electron microscopy. These results indicate that Ca2+-dependent cell death showing necrotic alteration is responsible for the enhanced release of HSV-1. The data also give some initial insights into the functional importance of cell death during the late stages of HSV-1 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proliferation of mouse submandibular gland carcinoma YT-12 cells was stimulated by endothelial cell growth factor (ECGF)/bovine brain-derived acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) and recombinant human aFGF. To determine whether aFGF was capable of modifying salivary gland carcinogenesis, the effect of brain-derived aFGF was examined in vivo. Mice in Groups 1 and 2 were injected with 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) into the left submandibular gland, and then Group 1 mice received bovine brain-derived aFGF and Group 2 mice received vehicle subcutaneously for 10 weeks. Group 3 and 4 mice received either bovine brain-derived aFGF or vehicle only. Sixteen weeks after the start of the experiment, the incidence of submandibular gland carcinomas in Group 1 was significantly greater than that in Group 2. Immunohistochemical study indicated that ducts in the normal submandibular glands and carcinomas showed positive staining with anti-aFGF antibody. Immunoblot and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed the expression of aFGF in these tissues. FGF receptor (FGFR)-1 and FGFR-4 were detectable in the mouse submandibular glands and carcinomas. These findings suggest that bovine brain-derived aFGF stimulates the proliferation of submandibular gland carcinoma cells and promotes mouse submandibular gland carcinogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to develop a stroke effectiveness test in table tennis based on the temporal game structure to assess the ball speed and ball placement of the players, with a purpose to analyze its reproducibility and validity.Methods: Nineteen male table tennis players participated in this study. The test was performed twice during the first session and once during the second session to assess the intrasession and intersession reproducibility, respectively. Moreover, the test was examined on its ability to discriminate between regional (n = 10) and local performance-level (n = 9) players and on the relationship between the test results and the table tennis performance to assess the discriminant and concurrent validity, respectively. In general, the test consisted of 11 simulated rallies of 2–5 balls with the effort and rest ratio of 0.5, and focused on attack with offensive strokes at defensive balls delivered by a robot randomly between the left and right positions on the table.Results: Ball speed, ball placement, and ball speed-ball placement index showed satisfactory reliability (ICC range 0.78–0.96, P < 0.05) and agreement (CV range 2.7–16.2%) outcomes. Additionally, the Bland–Altman plots show the systematic error of the analyses closer to 0, and that most values were within the limits of agreements. Concerning validity analyses, regional players had higher scores of ball placement (+51.3%; P = 0.01, ES = 1.33) and ball speed-ball placement index (+56.1%; P = 0.0009, ES = 1.87) as well as made fewer errors (-25.4%; P = 0.017, ES = 1.20) than local players. Moreover, ball placement (r = -0.79, P = 0.04), ball speed-ball placement index (r = -0.78, P = 0.04), and percentage error (r = 0.88, P = 0.01) presented a strong and significant correlation with table tennis performance. However, ball speed was slightly different between the regional than local players (+1.7%; P = 0.78, ES = 0.13) and this variable was not related to table tennis performance (r = 0.32, P = 0.49).Conclusion: Our findings show evidences that the test is reproducible. Moreover, discriminant and concurrent validity are confirmed for ball placement and ball speed-ball placement index.

This study investigated whether epidermal growth factor (EGF) administration was capable of modifying salivary gland carcinogenesis. Two groups of mice were given 1 mg of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) into the left submandibular gland, and then Group 1 mice received 2 microg of EGF and Group 2 mice received vehicle subcutaneously for 8 weeks. Mice in two other groups, 3 and 4, received either EGF or vehicle alone. Twelve weeks after the start of the experiment, the incidences of submandibular gland carcinomas in Groups 1 and 2 were 39% and 58%, respectively, although this difference was not statistically significant. Duct- and cyst-like structures and carcinomas in the left submandibular glands were weakly stained by anti-EGF receptor (EGFR) antibody. Immunoblot and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses revealed the expression of EGFR in the submandibular glands and carcinomas. However, EGFR was undetectable in YT cells that were derived from a submandibular gland undifferentiated carcinoma of a Group 2 mouse. These findings indicate that EGF does not promote tumor induction in mouse salivary gland carcinogenesis. This may be ascribed in part to the low expression level of EGFR in tumor cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine whether the local administration of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) into the hamster maxillary sinus induced carcinoma at the injected site, hamsters were injected with 30 microliters of 0.5% solution of DMBA in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) through the infraorbital foramen into the maxillary sinus once weekly for 10 weeks (Group 2). Another group of hamsters (Group 1) received similar injections of 30 microliters of DMSO only. In a third group of animals (Group 3), a roll of oxycellulose was inserted into the maxillary sinus and 40 microliters of a 2% solution of DMBA in DMSO was injected once. Sinonasal carcinomas were demonstrated in 73% (8/11) of the hamsters in Group 2 and sarcomas were shown in 73% (8/11) of the hamsters in Group 3, as well as some carcinomas. No tumors were seen in the Group 1 hamsters. Histologic examination revealed squamous cell carcinomas arising from the surface epithelium and submucous glands of the nasal cavity and maxillary sinus. These findings indicate that the intrasinal administration of a 0.5% solution of DMBA in DMSO is a reliable method for inducing maxillary sinus cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the sensitivity of human oral mucosa to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) infection, human gingival mucosa explants were infected with either HSV-1 or HSV-2 in vitro and the expression of virus specific antigen was examined by the immunofluorescent antibody technique. HSV-2 antigen was found in the basement membrane, basal cell layer and lower prickle cell layer. This finding was consistent with the HSV-1 infection. Electron microscopic study revealed the presence of nucleocapsids and enveloped virus particles in the basal cells of HSV-2-infected organ cultures. These findings indicate that human gingival mucosa is sensitive to infection with HSV-2, as well as HSV-1, and that the virus may replicate in the undifferentiated epithelial cells of mucosal epithelium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine whether testosterone administration was capable of modifying salivary gland carcinogenesis, female mice were given 1 mg of 9,1 0-dimethyl- 1,2- benzanthracene (DMBA) into the left submandibular gland and then Group 1 mice received 5 mg of testosterone propionate and Group 2 mice received vehicle, olive oil, subcutaneously for 8 weeks. Twelve weeks after the start of the experiment, the weight of the left submandibular gland of the Group 2 mice was greater than that of the Group 1 mice. The incidences of submandibular gland carcinoma in Groups 1 and 2 were 4I% (12/29) and 57% (17/30), respectively. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) levels of the left submandibular gland were significantly higher in Group 1 as compared with Group 2. These findings indicate that testosterone increases the production of EGF in the DMBA-injected submandibular gland, but does not promote the development of submandibular gland carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rubella variant with DNA polymerase which is formed as a result of recombination between rubella virus and a retrovirus of BHK21/WI-2 cells, contains both RNA and DNA in its virion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NDV variants released from the early passaged BHK21/WI-2 cells persistently infected with NDV carry the structural antigen of a latent virus of BHK21/WI-2 cells as a result of phenotypic mixing between NDV and the latent virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genistein, an inhibitor of protein-tyrosine kinase, inhibited the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) at genistein concentrations of more than 25 µM, whereas the related compounds, which do not inhibit protein-tyrosine kinases, did not affect the replication of HSV-1. In the presence of genistein, the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in specific viral polypeptides was markedly reduced. These results indicate that the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in viral polypeptides may be essential for the replication of HSV-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 in a myoepithelial cell the originated from human salivary gland was found to be restricted at the level of virus DNA synthesis or at some step preceding it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]