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The Pearl River Mouth Basin (PRMB) had two potential provenances (intrabasinal and extrabasinal) during the Paleogene Enping Formation period. However, the understanding of their differences in source supply and evolution over time and space is limited due to the regional restriction in borehole coverage. This study aims to address the knowledge gap by utilizing detrital zircon U-Pb dating data, seismic data, and borehole data. Specifically, this study focuses on examining the characteristics of provenance evolution and sedimentary infilling within the Enping Formation in various sags of the northern PRMB. The results indicate temporal and spatial variability in provenance from the lower Ep4 and Ep3 to the upper Ep2 and Ep1 Members. The influence of extrabasinal provenance from the South China Block (SCB) was prominent in the northern region of the Zhu I Depression during the deposition of Ep4 and Ep3 Members, while intrabasinal provenance from local uplifts remained a significant source for most sags. During this period, sediment transportation occurred over short distances, leading to the widespread development of smaller fan deltas and braided river deltas. In contrast, extrabasinal provenance became dominant during the deposition of Ep2 and Ep1 Members throughout the entire Zhu I Depression. This shift promoted the development of large-scale, shallow, braided river deltas with sediment transported over long distances. The analysis reveals a close correspondence between the shifting provenance and the evolution of sedimentary infilling patterns in the PRMB. As a result, the sags transitioned from being under-filled or balanced-filled to being balanced-filled or over-filled. This study holds immense significance for oil and gas exploration as well as the prediction of favorable sedimentary sand bodies in offshore petroliferous basins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An internal tide model ZHAO30yr is developed using 30 years of satellite altimetry sea surface height measurements from 1993 to 2022 by a newly improved mapping technique that consists of two rounds of plane wave analysis with a spatial bandpass filter in between. Prerequisite wavelengths are obtained using climatological annual-mean hydrographic profiles in the World Ocean Atlas 2018. The model contains 12 internal tide constituents: 8 mode-1 constituents (M2, S2, N2, K2, K1, O1, P1, and Q1) and 4 mode-2 constituents (M2, S2, K1, and O1). Model errors are estimated to be lower than 1 mm in amplitude, thanks to the new mapping technique and long data record. The model is evaluated by making internal tide correction to independent altimetry data in 2023. Ten constituents (but for K2 and Q1) can reduce variance on global average; K2 and Q1 can cause variance reductions in their source regions. The model decomposes the multiconstituent multimodal multidirectional internal tide field into a series of plane waves at each grid point. The decomposition reveals unprecedented features previously masked by multiwave interference. The model divides each internal tide constituent into components by propagation direction. The directionally-decomposed components reveal numerous long-range internal tidal beams associated with notable topographic features. The semidiurnal beams off the Amazon shelf and the diurnal beams in the Arabian Sea are examined in detail. ZHAO30yr is available for download at http://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.28078523 (Zhao, 2024). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seventy‐five days of sea surface height measurements made by the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission from 7 September to 21 November 2023 are used to explore SWOT's capability of observing internal tides. Mode‐1 M2 ${\mathrm{M}}_{2}$ internal tides are mapped by our updated mapping technique. SWOT‐75d represents a 75‐day instantaneous model. Nadir‐30y is constructed using 30 years of nadir altimetry data from 1993 to 2022 and represents a climate normal. The nadir altimetry data in 2023 are used for model evaluation. Despite its large errors, SWOT‐75d reveals the basic features of the global mode‐1 M2 ${\mathrm{M}}_{2}$ internal tide field, and causes positive variance reduction in regions of strong internal tides. Nadir‐30y performs better overall, but SWOT‐75d performs better in the tropical South Atlantic Ocean, the central North Pacific Ocean, and the Melanesian region. Evaluation using seasonally subsetted altimetry data reveals that M2 ${\mathrm{M}}_{2}$ internal tides have significant temporal variations. SWOT‐75d performs the best in fall, because the model is constructed using data largely in fall. SWOT‐75d has large phase anomalies, which are spatially smoothed and used to adjust the phases in Nadir‐30y. The phase‐adjusted model can better make internal tide correction for SWOT and its performance is improved by 20%. Our results demonstrate that (a) mode‐1 M2 ${\mathrm{M}}_{2}$ internal tides can be extracted from 75 days of SWOT data by our mapping technique, and (b) the instantaneous internal tide model can be used to improve internal tide correction for SWOT. Plain Language Summary: Internal tides are ubiquitous in the global ocean and have drawn great research interest in recent years. Our knowledge of internal tides has been greatly improved, thanks to more than 30 years of SSH measurements made by multiple nadir altimetry missions. However, our capability of observing internal tides is severely limited by the one‐dimensional SSH from nadir‐looking altimetry missions. The new wide‐swath SWOT mission measures two‐dimensional SSH along a 120‐km swath with a spatial resolution of 2 km. We explore SWOT's capability of observing internal tides using the recently released 75 days of SWOT data from 7 September to 21 November 2023. We demonstrate that we can extract mode‐1 M2 ${\mathrm{M}}_{2}$ internal tides from such a short data record by our mapping technique. The SWOT‐derived model performs better than a 30‐year coherent model in some regions. Its phase information can be used to improve internal tide correction for SWOT. Our work demonstrates that SWOT greatly improves our capability of observing internal tides. Key Points: Models SWOT‐75d and Nadir‐30y are constructed using 75 days of SWOT data and 30 years of nadir altimetry data in 1993–2022, respectivelyComparison and evaluation of SWOT‐75d and Nadir‐30y reveal that mode‐1 M2 ${\mathrm{M}}_{2}$ internal tides are subject to significant temporal variationsPhase anomalies of SWOT‐75d with respect to Nadir‐30y are used to improve internal tide correction for SWOT [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atractylodis macrocephalae rhizome (AMR) belongs to medicine food homology. Its' clinical application of invigorating the spleen-stomach of AMR was applied to various diseases. In this research, a UPLC-QTOF-MS method was developed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of AMR, simultaneously. A Waters Acquity BEH C18 column (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm particle size) was used for separation of AMR multi-components. The column was eluted with a mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid-water and 0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile. Electron spray ionization with positive-ion mode and external standard method was utilized for quantifying the nine analytes in AMR. Constituents of AMR were scanned by UPLC-QTOF-MS and then identified by mass fragments and chromatographic information compared with the published literature and reference standards. Under positive mode, a total of 61 chemical compositions including 16 terpenoids, 8 polyacetylenes, 6 aromatics, 5 flavonoids, 5 coumarins, 5 organic acids, 4 amino acids, 3 fatty acids, 3 aliphatics, 2 steroids, and 2 alkenes, a nucleoside and an aldehyde were identified. Simultaneously, the contents of three amino acids (L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, and L-tryptophan), three sesquiterpenoids (atractylenolide Ⅲ, atractylenolide Ⅱ, and atractylenolide Ⅰ), a flavonoid (rutin), an organic acid (ferulic acid), and a pentacyclic triterpenoid (oleanolic acid) were determined in seventeen AMR batches. Amino acids and triterpenoid were quantified for the first time in AMR. The UPLC-QTOF-MS method developed in this article was reliable, practical, and useful for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of AMR multi-components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the seasonal variability in the semidiurnal internal tide steric sea surface height (SSSH) and energetics using 8 km global Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) simulations with realistic forcing and satellite altimeter data. In numerous previous studies, SSSH has been used to explore the seasonal changes in internal tides. For the first time, we compare the seasonal variability in the semidiurnal internal tide SSSH with the seasonal variability in the semidiurnal baroclinic energetics. We explore the seasonal trends in SSSH variance, barotropic to baroclinic conversion rate, kinetic energy, available potential energy, and pressure flux for the semidiurnal internal tides. We find that the seasonal cycle of monthly semidiurnal SSSH variance in the Northern Hemisphere is out of phase with the Southern Hemisphere. This north–south phase difference and its timing are in agreement with altimetry. The amplitudes of the seasonal variability in SSSH variance are about 10 %–15 % of their annual mean values when zonally averaged. The normalized amplitude of the seasonal variability is higher for the SSSH variance than for the energetics. The largest seasonal variability is observed in Georges Bank and the Arabian Sea, where the seasonal trends of monthly SSSH variance and energetics are in phase. However, outside these hotspots, the seasonal variability in semidiurnal energetics is out of phase with semidiurnal SSSH variance, and a clear phase difference between the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere is lacking. While the seasonal variability in semidiurnal energy is driven by seasonal changes in barotropic to baroclinic conversion, semidiurnal SSSH variance is also modulated by seasonal changes in surface stratification. Surface-intensified stratification at the end of summer enhances the surface perturbation pressures, which enhance the SSSH amplitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evaluation of the pore structure in dolomite, particularly with regard to pore heterogeneity, geometry, and connectivity, is crucial for oil and gas field production and reservoir prediction. The subsalt dolomite reservoir in the Ordovician strata of the Ordos Basin has shown promising exploration results and is anticipated to have a high hydrocarbon potential. However, there has been limited research on the pore structure and primary controlling factors of the Ordovician Majiagou reservoir in the south-central Ordos Basin. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the pore structure and fractal characteristics using routine petrophysical measurements, thin-section analysis, and high-pressure mercury injection (HPMI) data. We also discussed the relationship between fractal dimension, reservoir physical properties, and pore structure, along with exploring the origin of potentially prolific reservoirs. Our observations from the thin section identified four main pore types: intercrystalline pores, intercrystalline dissolved pores, dissolved pores, and micro-fractures. The data from HPMI revealed that the average pore-throat radii range from 0.009 μιτι to 0.015 μιτι with porosity ranging from 0.4% to 5.26%, and permeability ranging from 0.011 mD to 0.059 mD. They were further categorized into three reservoir types: dissolved pore type, intra-crystalline (dissolved) pore type, and micro-porous type. The fractal dimension was calculated based on HPMI data, and the reservoir's fractal characteristics were divided into two segments. The dissolved pore type was identified as the potentially prolific reservoir due to its larger pore size and volume, moderate permeability, and homogeneity on pore structure. Additionally, the fractal dimension is negatively correlated with porosity and permeability and positively correlated with sorting coefficient and skewness, suggesting that fractal dimensions are valuable for evaluating reservoir quality and quantitatively characterizing pore networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two moorings deployed for 75 days in 2019 and long‐term satellite altimetry data reveal a spatially complex and temporally variable internal tidal field at the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) Cal/Val site off central California due to the interference of multiple seasonally‐variable sources. These two data sets offer complementary insights into the variability of internal tides in various time scales. The in situ measurements capture variations occurring from days to months, revealing ∼45% coherent tides. The north mooring displays stronger mode‐1 M2 with an amplitude of ∼5.1 mm and exhibits distinct time‐varying energy and modal partitioning compared to the south mooring, which is only 30‐km away. The 27‐year altimetry data unveils the mean and seasonal variations of internal tides. The results indicate that the complex internal tidal field is attributed to multiple sources and seasonality. Mode‐1 tides primarily originate from the Mendocino Ridge and the 36.5–37.5°N California continental slope, while mode‐2 tides are generated by local seamounts and Monterey Bay. Seasonality is evident for mode‐1 waves from three directions. The highest variability of energy flux is found in the westward waves (±22%), while the lowest is in the southward waves (±13%). The large variability observed from the moorings cannot be solely explained by seasonality; additional factors like mesoscale eddies also play a role. This study emphasizes the importance of incorporating the seasonality and spatial variability of internal tides for the SWOT internal tidal correction, particularly in regions characterized by multiple tidal sources. Plain Language Summary: This study explores the variations of internal tides, which are waves at tidal frequencies beneath the ocean surface. They play a crucial role in deep‐ocean mixing, ocean circulation, and the overall climate system by transporting nutrients, heat, and carbon within the ocean. Our research area is off central California. We use both in situ measurement and satellite observation to understand how internal tides change over time and space. Our discoveries suggest that four main sources, changing ocean currents, and seasonal variations of internal tides, contribute to these tidal changes and create the complicated tidal field off central California. Key Points: Temporal and spatial variations of semidiurnal internal tides are observed using in situ moorings and satellite altimetryComplex internal tide field is caused by multiple generation sources, seasonal stratification, and likely mesoscale eddiesThe three generation sources of mode‐1 M2 internal tides are subject to strong but different seasonalities [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Croton crassifolius Geisel. (CCG) is a traditional Chinese medicine widely used in South China. It has various pharmacological effects and is often used in treating rheumatoid arthritis and gastric and duodenal ulcers. However, the chemical characteristics and its effective constituents are still scarcely studied. Objective: To determine the phytochemical profile of the CCG extract and to investigate the chemical characteristics of terpenoids extracted from rat plasma following oral administration of CCG extract based on UPLC‐Q/TOF‐MS. Moreover, six terpenoids in CCG were quantified, and in vivo pharmacokinetic behavior after oral CCG extract was further explored. Results: In total, 56 terpenoids were tentatively identified in the CCG extract and 16 terpenoids were detected in rat plasma after oral CCG extract. In addition, the contents of six terpenoids in CCG were clarified. The plasma quantification method of six terpenoids was further established, validated, and confirmed to have good sensitivity and specificity. The six analytes exhibited excellent linearity in respective concentration ranges (r ≥ 0.998). The intra‐day and inter‐day precisions relative standard deviation (RSD, %) were less than 11.27%, and the accuracies ranged from −7.06% to 9.91%. Stability, extraction recovery, and matrix effect in plasma were within the required limits (RSD < 15%). Conclusion: A total of 56 terpenoids were identified in CCG and 16 prototype components in plasma after oral CCG. The validated quantitative method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of six major terpenoids in plasma. The pharmacokinetic parameters are clarified, which can guide the clinical application of CCG. A total of 56 compounds in Croton crassifolius Geisel. (CCG) and 16 prototype components in plasma after oral CCG extract were identified by UPLC‐Q/TOF‐MS. In addition, the contents of six terpenoids in CCG were determined. The UPLC Q/TOF‐MS method was further developed and successfully applied to elucidate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the six components in plasma after oral CCG extract. According to that, it can better guide the clinical application of CCG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Betulinic acid (BA), a naturally occurring lupane-type triterpenoid, possesses a wide range of potential activities against different types of cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in anti-cervical cancer about BA were rarely investigated. Herein, the role of BA in cervical cancer suppression by ROS-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and autophagy was deeply discussed. The findings revealed that BA activated Keap1/Nrf2 pathway and triggered mitochondria-dependent apoptosis due to ROS production. Furthermore, BA increased the intracellular Ca2+ levels, inhibited the expression of Beclin1 and promoted the expression of GRP78, LC3-II, and p62 associated with ERS and autophagy. Besides, BA initiated the formation of autophagosomes and inhibited autophagic flux by the co-administration of BA with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and chloroquine (CQ), respectively. The in vivo experiment manifested that hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) enhanced the apoptosis induced by BA. For the first time, we demonstrated that BA could initiate early autophagy, inhibit autophagy flux, and induce protective autophagy in HeLa cells. Thus, BA could be a potential chemotherapy drug for cervical cancer, and inhibition of autophagy could enhance the anti-tumor effect of BA. However, the interactions of signaling factors between ERS-mediated and autophagy-mediated apoptosis deserve further attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ideal and highly anticipated dressing for skin wounds should provide a moist environment, possess antibacterial properties, and ensure sustained drug release. In the present work, a hyaluronic acid‐based hydrogel was formed by cross‐linking crocetin and CaCO3@polyelectrolyte materials (CaCO3@PEM) microspheres with HA hydrogels via hydrogen bond and amido bonding (CaCO3@PEM@Cro@HA hydrogel, CPC@HA hydrogel). Moreover, the CPC@HA hydrogel had the capability of sustained, controlled release of calcium ions and crocetin via pH‐sensitive and accelerated skin wound healing. The experiment results showed that the CPC@HA hydrogel exhibited porous network structures, stable physical properties, and had antibacterial properties and biocompatibility in vitro. In addition, the CPC@HA hydrogel covering on the skin wound could reduce inflammation and promote wound healing. The high expression of angiogenic cytokines (CD31) and epidermal terminal differentiation markers (Loricrin) of wound healing tissue suggested the CPC@HA hydrogel also had the function of promoting the remodeling of regenerated skin. Overall, CPC@HA hydrogel has promising potential for clinical applications in accelerating skin wound repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical epigenetic manipulation of Aspergillus terreus GZU-31-1 led to the discovery of five butanolide derivatives (1–5), including two new ones (1 and 2), and four known diphenyl ether derivatives (6−9). Compound 1 featured a Z-configuration double bond in the isoprenyl group was a potential anti-inflammatory bioactive group. Compound 2 was a new natural product. Moreover, compound 3 with a deacetylated group at C-4 was rarely reported as a butanolide analogue, which was isolated from the liquid culture treated with polyketide pathway inhibitor sodium citrate dihydrate. All of the isolates (1−9) were tested for their anti-inflammatory effects on the production of nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial cells (RAW 264.7 cells). Compounds 1, 7, 8 and 9 exhibited more potent anti-inflammatory activity with IC50 values of 16.31, 20.16, 9.53 and 21.64 μM than the positive control (indomethacin, IC50, 24.0 μM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the seasonal variability of the semidiurnal internal tide steric sea surface height (SSSH) and energetics using 8-km global Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) simulations with realistic forcing and satellite altimeter data. In numerous previous studies, SSSH has been used to explore the seasonal changes in internal tides. For the first time, we compare the seasonal variability of the semidiurnal internal tide SSSH with the seasonal variability of the semidiurnal baroclinic energetics. We explore the seasonal trends in SSSH variance, barotropic to baroclinic conversion rate, kinetic energy, available potential energy, and pressure flux for the semidiurnal internal tides. We find that the seasonal cycle of monthly semidiurnal SSSH variance in the Northern Hemisphere is out of phase with the Southern Hemisphere. This north-south phase difference and its timing are in agreement with altimetry. The amplitudes of the seasonal variability in SSSH variance are about 10–15 % of their annual-mean values when zonally averaged. The normalized amplitude of the seasonal variability is higher for the SSSH variance than for the energetics. The largest seasonal variability is observed in Georges Bank and the Arabian Sea, where the seasonal trends of monthly SSSH variance and energetics are in phase. However, outside these hotspots, the seasonal variability in semidiurnal energetics is out of phase with semidiurnal SSSH variance and a clear phase difference between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres is lacking. While the seasonal variability in semidiurnal energy is driven by seasonal changes in barotropic to baroclinic conversion, semidiurnal SSSH variance is also modulated by seasonal changes in stratification. Surface intensified stratification at the end of summer enhances the surface perturbation pressures, which enhance the SSSH amplitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]