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Water induced soil erosion has always been a matter of concern in watersheds as they increase the soil vulnerability towards erosion. If unchecked, the eroded material reduces the capability of the river to carry the adequate amount of water and increase the amount of sediments in the watershed area. Determining vulnerability of soil to erosion plays a key role in identifying the extent of fragility and helps in making appropriate plans for conservation. Among various methods present to assess soil erosion vulnerability, there is a need to understand the frequently used methods so far and its advancement with time. Various models have been used in past two decades (1991-2019) and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) is the most used model because of its quantitative ability to estimate the average annual soil loss due to erosion in a watershed and its compatibility with the GIS interface. Different approaches like MCDM, SWAT etc. are being utilised to study soil erosion vulnerability of watersheds. This review showed that the frequently used MCDM method is a Compound Factor (CF) method and that RUSLE is a most used quantitative approach. The review identifies 14 different methods which includes 4 methods which provide quantitative estimation while the other 10 methods are used for qualitative assessment of soil erosion vulnerability. Being the most adopted approach, various modifications of different factors of RUSLE introduced by researchers have made it more efficient with time. This review identifies the trend in advancement of various approaches and methods to study soil erosion vulnerability of watersheds around the world and also how various studies are distributed in the Himalayan and non-Himalayan region. The review also provides an understanding of the status of various current approaches to study soil erosion in a watershed and lists the improvements adopted in the frequently used approaches during 1991 and 2019.

This paper presents the results of an erosion processes research on the territory of the morphological unit of Šutilovacki stream, the prevention measures of same processes, as well as the justification of socio-economic investments and a sensitivity analysis of the economic efficiency parameters. The research includes a period from 2017-2032 year, whereby the evaluation methods of professor Gavrilović are applied in erosion process intensity assessment, on the whole research area, and universal soil loss equation - USLE, on the agricultural land area. Different rates of soil erosion vulnerability are established on the whole research area by applying these methods. Present erosion processes are prevented by the predicted model of future production from the aspect of soil resource protection in the area of the city of Belgrade, by professor Zlatić (1994). Erosion soil losses are significantly diminished and reduced under a tolerable limit, along with the accomplishment of socio-economic justification of investment, examined by the dynamic methods of internal rate of yield, term for the repayment of invested funds, cost-benefit ratio, and net present value. In addition, an analysis of internal rate of yield sensitivity and term for repayment of invested funds are executed. The obtained data indicate justification of the investment.

The process of establishing protected areas in Serbia has been influenced by specific social-economic changes in period after World War II, which have resulted in constant growth of protected area surface and changes in protected area type of manager. Because of that, this research analysis changes in the area of established protected area, through average annual absolute change and average annual exponential growth rate. These elements are important because of estimation of the future growth of protected areas in public and private sectors, as well as for defining the necessary measures for the implementation of defined goals.

The subject of this paper is the influence of anthropogenic factors on the state of erosion in the rural part of the municipality of Voždovac. The aim of the research is the analysis of the influence of the local population on land resources, based on the past and present state of erosion and sediment production, the usage of land resources, as well as natural and mechanical population movements. The municipality of Voždovac is one of the 17 municipalities in Belgrade area, which covers an area of 15,000 ha. The municipal territory includes both urban and rural parts (9216 ha). When it comes to how land resources are used, it is a characteristic example of erosion processes in the mountainous Belgrade area. This paper presents an analysis of the degree of erosion threat to agricultural land in the municipality of Voždovac, including three periods (1971; 1988; 2012), where the method used is the erosion potential method by professor Gavrilović. However, the calculation of sediment yield was made by the method of S. Gavrilović. The analysis of demographic factors pointed to the influence of anthropogenic factors on the state of erosion. Mathematical methods were used - geometric and exponential progression for population projections in 2020 and 2030. The results of this study showed that the intensity of erosion in that area significantly decreased and that it has a tendency of further decline.

In terms of the visible effects of climate change, in Serbia as well as in other countries is present an increase of average annual temperature, reduced amount of precipitation, the occurrence of floods, droughts, forest fires and ice breakage. The aim of the research is to determine the pattern of the trends in the extent of damages from natural hazards in the forests in Serbia, their share in the total forest damage and the impact of temperature and precipitation on the extent of damage from natural hazards in the forests during the researched period. A modelling method was used as a basic scientific method, with an application of trend, regression and correlation analysis, methods of reasoning (abstraction and concretization, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, etc.), along with other methods and techniques necessary for obtaining all needed elements (processes, absolute growth, growth rate, etc.). Regardless of the lack of significance in all models, the research results indicate that the damages from natural hazards in the forests in Serbia are expanding, with increased share in total forest damages, which might be related to significantly lower temperatures and higher rainfall (snow-breaks, snow uprooting, ice-breaks, ice uprooting, floods, etc.). [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 43007: Studies of climate changes and their impact on the environment -monitoring impacts, adaptation and mitigation, sub-project br. 43007/16-III: Socio-economic development, mitigation and adaptation to climate change]

Torrential floods have caused great material and economic damage in Serbia, in the past and even more frequently nowadays. Definitely, the reduction of negative consequences can be achieved by taking preventive measures which include integral basin arrangement. The economic justification of investment in the protection against torrential floods includes a specific approach, especially when it comes to technical facilities in this area. On the basis of the example of flood control on a part of the river Ljuboviđa, variants of protection were selected on the basis of economic criteria. On the basis of the techniques of avoided damage, evaluation of the economic effects of provided embankments for flood control was done using dynamic methods: the cost-benefit relationship and net present value. It was concluded that the second option is more economical, even though it does not protect the whole area from floods, because a part of that role would be taken over by the intended dam in the upper flow of this river.

This paper investigates the issue of the culture of written expression in primary school students. Starting from the fact that teaching practices increasingly points to the fact that knowledge of rules of writing in primary school students presents the weakest link in teaching Serbian language, we sought to describe the problem, point to the possible causes, propose measures and illustrate all this on concrete examples of students' essays. Our microinvestigation showed that primary school students display considerably poorer mastery of rules of writing than previously thought, to the extent that it presents a serious obstacle in language teaching as well as in other areas of educational process.