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This study aimed to identify and examine the prevalence of Aspergillus species in three types of feed collected from specialized dairy farms and local markets in Chiro town, Dire Dawa, and Harar cities in eastern Ethiopia. A total of 180 dairy feed samples were collected and sown, initially on YES agar and then subcultured to AFPA to identify Aspergillus species based on colony color, conidia, vesicle, and phialide features. Additionally, the aflatoxigenic potential of the colonies was tested using CAM-based UV fluorescence. The study revealed that the prevalence of Aspergillus species was 80.6% in dairy feeds with a mean count of 3.04 log10cfu/g. Among the identified species, A. flavus was found to be highly prevalent (80%) in the feed with a mean of 2.73 log10cfu/g (7.45 × 103 cfu/g). Meanwhile, A. parasiticus and A. niger were observed in 73.3% (mean 2.43 log10cfu/g) and 58.3% (mean 1.68 log10cfu/g) of feeds, respectively. Furthermore, the prevalence rates of all Aspergillus species in feeds were not significant (p > 0.05) among the study sites and feed sources. However, the mean count of total Aspergillus (3.47 ± 1.34 log10cfu/g), A. flavus (3.20 ± 1.27 log10cfu/g), and A. parasiticus (2.82 ± 1.41 log10cfu/g) was significantly higher in feeds from Dire Dawa city. Additionally, both the prevalence rates and mean counts of total Aspergillus (37.9% and 3.65 ± 1.16 log10cfu/g), A. flavus (38.2% and 3.26 ± 1.12 log10cfu/g), A. parasiticus (38.6% and 2.98 ± 1.34 log10cfu/g), and A. niger (37.1% and 2.11 ± 1.57 log10cfu/g) in total mixed ration were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in other feed types. Out of the screened Aspergillus colonies, 81.42% were found to be aflatoxigenic, with 58.32% belonging to A. flavus and 41.68% to A. parasiticus. Therefore, widespread contamination of Aspergillus species in dairy feeds across the study sites raises food safety and public health concerns, which highlights the urgent need for stringent measures in feed quality control to curb its prevalence and the risk of aflatoxin exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aim to determine Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb encapsulated as a feed additive and its implementation on broiler production performance. The method used was a field experiment using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), which consisted of 6 treatments and 4 replicates, namely; (P0-) negative control (commercial feed), (P1+) positive control (antibiotic 0.1%), P2 (C. xanthorrhiza encapsulation 0.25%), P3 (C. xanthorrhiza encapsulation 0.50%), P4 (C. xanthorrhiza encapsulation 0.75%) and P5 (C. xanthorrhiza encapsulation 1%). The results showed that the addition of temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) encapsulation in broiler feed can have a very significant effect (P < 0.01) on IOFC, a significant effect (P < 0.05) on body weight, feed conversion, and gives no significant effect (P>0.05) on feed consumption and carcass percentage. The use of temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) encapsulation at the level of 0.50% in broiler feed, numerically showed positive results on feed consumption, body weight gain, carcass percentage, IOFC and feed conversion. In conclusion, the addition of temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) encapsulated at the level of 0.50% in broiler feed is recommended as a feed additive to replace antibiotics because it tends to increase broiler production performance

This study aimed to identify and examine the prevalence of Aspergillus species in three types of feed collected from specialized dairy farms and local markets in Chiro town, Dire Dawa, and Harar cities in eastern Ethiopia. A total of 180 dairy feed samples were collected and sown, initially on YES agar and then sub-cultured to AFPA to identify Aspergillus species based on colony color, conidia, vesicle, and phialide features. Additionally, the aflatoxigenic potential of the colonies was tested using CAM-based UV fluorescence. The study revealed that the prevalence of Aspergillus species was 80.6% in dairy feeds with a mean count of 3.04 log10cfu/g. Among the identified species, A. flavus was found to be highly prevalent (80%) in the feed with a mean of 2.73 log10cfu/g (7.45 × 103 cfu/g). Meanwhile, A. parasiticus and A. niger were observed in 73.3% (mean 2.43 log10cfu/g) and 58.3% (mean 1.68 log10cfu/g) of feeds, respectively. Furthermore, the prevalence rates of all Aspergillus species in feeds were not significant (p > 0.05) among the study sites and feed sources. However, the mean count of total Aspergillus (3.47 ± 1.34 log10cfu/g), A. flavus (3.20 ± 1.27 log10cfu/g), and A. parasiticus (2.82 ± 1.41 log10cfu/g) was significantly higher in feeds from Dire Dawa city. Additionally, both the prevalence rates and mean counts of total Aspergillus (37.9% and 3.65 ± 1.16 log10cfu/g), A. flavus (38.2% and 3.26 ± 1.12 log10cfu/g), A. parasiticus (38.6% and 2.98 ± 1.34 log10cfu/g), and A. niger (37.1% and 2.11 ± 1.57 log10cfu/g) in total mixed ration were significantly higher (p

Channa is distributed throughout the subcontinent, highly resistive, spine less, adopted to low dissolved oxygen and is commercially important worldwide. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of different diet on growth performance of Channa marulius to develop a rearing technique for promoting it aquaculture. Four different diets i.e. chicken liver, BSF-larvae, commercial feed and beef mince-having different protein levels were administered to compare their suitability as food for the rearing of C. marulius for 45 days. The fry fed with chicken liver and BSF-larvae showed significantly better result in terms of weight and length gain. The survival rate of C. marulius fed with chicken liver, BSF-larvae, commercial feed and beef mince were estimated as 90%, 85%, 80% and 60% respectively. The absolute weight of C. marulius fed with chicken liver, BSF-larvae, commercial feed and Beef mince were estimated as 2.24 g, 2.00 g, 1.9 g, and 1.86 g respectively while the value of the absolute length of C. marulius fed with chicken liver, BSF-larvae, commercial feed and Beef mince were estimated as 0.9 cm, 0.9 cm, 0.8cm, and 0.9 cm respectively. The value of SGR in term of weight is 1.803%, 1.727% 1.5% and 1.7% on chicken liver, BSF-larvae, commercial diet and beef mince respectively. While in term of length the value of SGR is 0.32%, 0.35%, 0.36% and 0.37% on chicken liver, BSF-larvae, commercial diet and beef mince, respectively. The difference in growth performance observed were highly significant (P < 0.05). The relative growth rate was also higher on chicken liver and BSF-larvae and SGR was high on the Chicken liver. It is, therefore determined that C. marulius can be culture on animal-based protein diet for profitable farming. By creating more enticing and delectable artificial feed, changing feeding strategy, and making more attractive artificial feed, additional study is required to reduce the generation of shooters at juvenile stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Rainbow trout meat is characterized by a high nutritional value and microbial safety. The growing demand for trout meat has promoted the rapid development of modern aquaculture methods. Fish feeds are supplemented with various strains of probiotic bacteria to conform to the modern production requirements in aquaculture. Probiotic bacteria, including Carnobacterium maltaromaticum, are defined as live microorganisms that confer health benefits. The beneficial influence exerted by probiotics on fish growth and welfare is determined by the microbial species, its metabolic activity, and origin. However, commercial cultures of probiotic bacteria generally do not deliver the anticipated effects on the farming of fish and other aquatic organisms. In this study, fish feed was supplemented with a probiotic strain of C. maltaromaticum that naturally colonizes cold water in deep lake strata. Juvenile rainbow trout were fed commercial feed supplemented with the analyzed bacterial isolate. Feed supplementation significantly increased the fish biomass, improved the apparent digestibility of feed and nutrients, and contributed to a several–fold decrease in the counts of potentially pathogenic bacteria in the feed, digestive tract contents, and the skin of fish. The results of this study indicate that the C. maltaromaticum environmental strain is a promising probiotic for rearing juvenile rainbow trout in aquaculture. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of commercial feed (CF) supplemented with 0.1% of the Carnobacterium maltaromaticum environmental probiotic strain on the rearing parameters, apparent nutrient digestibility, and microbial safety of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The fish were fed CF (control group, CG) and experimental feed (EF) supplemented with 0.1% of C. maltaromaticum (experimental group, EG) for 56 days. The final body weight and total body length of the fish were measured. The growth rate, condition factor, feed conversion ratio, viscerosomatic and hepatosomatic indices, and apparent digestibility coefficients of protein (PAD), lipids (LAD), ash (AAD), and nitrogen-free extract (NFEAD) were calculated. The total viable counts of C. maltaromaticum bacteria, mesophilic bacteria, hemolytic mesophilic bacteria, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Aeromonas hydrophila, Staphylococcus sp., and sulfite-reducing anaerobic spore-forming Clostridium sp. were determined in digestive tract contents and the skin of fish. Feed supplementation with C. maltaromaticum significantly affected most rearing parameters, as well as the PAD, LAD, AAD and NFE values, and bacterial counts. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed significant positive correlations (p < 0.05) between fish growth rates, PAD and LAD values vs. C. maltaromaticum counts in the EF and in the digestive tract contents of the fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to evaluate the genotoxic potential of nutritional quality of feed, using erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities assay in Nile tilapia and its correlation with available nutrients and common fish growth biomarkers. For this, ten feeds commercialized in Brazil were assessed on digestibility and performance assays with triplicate groups. Venipuncture of the caudal vein for abnormalities analyzed was performed 102 days after the fish were fed with the commercial feed twice a day, to apparent satiation. Nuclear abnormalities were analyzed in blood smears. Principal component analysis and correlation matrix were used to carry out an exploratory analysis of correlation between frequency of abnormalities and performance parameters or available nutrients. The frequency of abnormalities in erythrocytes of Nile tilapia, fish performance, and digestibility were feed-dependent. It was observed correlations between the frequency of most abnormalities and performance parameters or content of nutrients. The frequency of kidney-shaped (6.23 ± 4.14), bud nuclei (2.99 ± 1.95), bridge nuclei (0.53 ± 0.50), and binuclei (0.43 ± 0.59) was the highest in fish that also presented the worst performance among all treatments and correlated with digestible methionine. Micronucleus frequency (0.33 ± 0.49) was higher in fish from the same group that presented depressed feed intake and lower available zinc. Only one group presented vacuolated nuclei and the frequency of this abnormality was correlated with available phosphorus. The frequency of abnormalities in erythrocytes is a fish sensitive indicator of health and plays an important role as a complementary tool in the assessment of fish feeding. The variation in the frequency of nuclear abnormalities in erythrocytes obtained among fish fed with the different feeds allows the assertion that they contained genotoxic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A preliminary study investigated the impact of commercial feed dilution with copra meal (CM) or cassava leaf meal (CLM) and enzyme supplementation on broiler performance. Commercial feed alone (control) or diluted with CM and CLM at a concentration of 100 and 200 g/kg in the starter and finisher diets, respectively, was fed without and with Challenzyme 300A at a concentration of 300 g/tonne in 2 × 2 factorial arrangements with a control. Two hundred, 7-day-old male, Cobb 500 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 5 diets containing 4 replicates of 10 birds each. There were no interaction or main effects (P > 0.05) on feed intake during either the starter or finisher phase. In the starter phase, feed-to-gain ratio (F:G) increased (P 0.05) on weight gain (WG) in the starter phase. Diluting the feed with CM or CLM without enzyme suppressed (P 0.05) on the carcass traits. Enzyme supplementation reduced (P 0.05) between the control and CM groups and between the fiber sources. The results suggest that dilution of commercial diet with CM or CLM may be a viable option for medium- and small-scale broiler production in the region. There is need for more research in the level of dilution, enzyme source, and concentration.

Prawns (Macrobrachiumrosenbergii) is one of the freshwater shrimp species native to Indonesia. Shrimp prawns are the most popular of all freshwater shrimp because of its large size and has a high economic value in both domestic market and abroad. Problems commonly encountered in the cultivation of prawns currently includes several factors such as water quality, disease and feed. Efforts that can be done is by feeding in sufficient quantity and quality and not excessive is a very decisive factor. Technical constraints on the level of farmers are limited in supply mains quality. Therefore, efforts are needed to tackle these problems by managing the stock of prawns parents. This study aims to determine the addition of cod liver oil on a commercial feed can increase protein retention and energy retention prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). This research was carried out experimentally with a completely randomized design (CRD). The treatments were given a dose of cod liver oil 0% (control), and the treatment 1-4 using a 3% increase each treatment dose. Analysis of data using ANOVA followed by Duncan test. Based on the research results giving cod liver oil on a commercial feed effect on increasing protein retention and energy retention of lobster meat. Retention of the best protein found in 4 treatments with a dose of 12%, while the retention of the best energy contained in the second treatment with a dose of 6%.

Aflatoxin contamination of poultry feeds is a major challenge to profitable poultry productivity and trade. This study was carried out to evaluate the levels of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination of poultry feeds commonly sold in Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria. A total of 48 representative feed samples, comprising 24 toll-milled and 24 commercial feeds, were collected. aflatoxin B1 was detected in all (100%) the samples analysed using Indirect Competitive ELISA technique at various concentrations, with AFB1 concentrations of toll-milled and commercial feeds samples ranging from 2.5 – 473.8 ppb and 1.1 – 1683.2 ppb, respectively. The mean AFB1 concentration (77.69 ± 19.36 ppb) of toll-milled feed samples was significantly less (p ≤ 0.05) than the mean AFB1 concentration of commercial feeds brands (231.10 ± 71.1 ppb). The mean AFB1 concentration of commercial brand A feeds (12. 11 ± 3.25 ppb) was significantly less (p < 0.05) than the mean concentrations of commercial brand B feeds (385.91 ± 152 ppb) and brand C feeds (425.90 ± 97.93 ppb). The toll-milled and commercial feeds samples evaluated showed that 79.17% and 70.8% of the feeds, respectively, had AFB1 concentrations above the United State Food and Drugs Administration action value, 20 ppb. The levels of AFB1 contaminations in the feed samples studied were high, and thus make the feeds unsafe for poultry consumption. Therefore, there is need for routine screening and monitoring of AFB1 in poultry feeds marketed in this area to avoid high levels of AFB1 in feeds and the subsequent accumulation in the poultry products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of breed, Jaca Navarra (JN) vs. Burguete (BU), and finishing diet, conventional concentrate and straw, diet 1 (D1), vs. silage and organic feed, diet 2 (D2), on chemical composition and quality parameters of the longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle from forty-six foals. Animals were reared under a semi-extensive system and slaughtered at a mean age of 21 months. The results reported that both studied effects had a significant (p < 0.05) impact on meat quality; however, it was the breed to strongly influence the majority of the parameters evaluated. In particular, BU foals reported the highest amounts of intramuscular fat, positively affecting the meat properties of marbling and texture traits. Moreover, this group presented higher values for L* and b* and the lowest cholesterol contents. As regards the diet, D1 increased the fat content in foals supplemented with this diet, improving the organoleptic properties of this group. On the other hand, the combination of silage and organic feed (D2) had an opposite trend. Thus, both BU and D1 groups presented enhanced quality attributes, such as marbling, juiciness and reduced hardness, which are some of the most demanded by meat consumers.

This study was done to determine the best value of the total electrolyte balance (BET) concerning the variables of performance and egg quality of the laying hens. We investigated 240 Hy-Line Brown laying hens, of 30 to 46 weeks of age, adopting the completely randomized experimental design, which included five treatments (1000, 1250, 1500, 1750 and 2000 µeq / kg), 8 repetitions and 6 birds per unit. The performance and quality of the birds' eggs were evaluated in the different treatments. The results were subjected to the analysis of variance and, wherever significant effect was noted, the regression equations were estimated, taking into account the electrolyte balance (µeq / kg) as a concomitant variable, applying the SAS statistical program (2001). The consumption, production, and feed conversion variables by dozen eggs, final bird weight, egg density, yolk color, Haugh Unit, albumen weight, shell weight, and egg weight, were found to be unaffected by the experimental BET values. The values of the feed conversion per egg mass, yolk weight and uniformity were affected by the different BETs. The electrolyte balance values showing minimum feed conversion, higher yolk weight, and better uniformity were, respectively, BET = 1400, 1330, and 1250 in µeq / kg of loads at the different temperatures. From the regression equations, the value indicated was BET=1390 for the 30- to 46-week-old laying hens. The electrolyte balance of the diet was found to affect the laying hens in terms of performance and egg quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gut microorganisms are the primary need for fish because they produce several enzymes which play pivotal role in the various physiological functioning such as nutrient absorption, digestion, boosting immunity as well as growth regulation in fish body. The enzyme producing microbiota exhibits several enzymatic activity but this review discussed about Cellulase, Phytase and Xylanase activity and their sources. The property by which these enzymes work is that fish is not capable of producing all the nutrients required for its digestion, hence require help from external sources. This is the point where gut microorganism comes to play. Some of them are Bacillus sp., Aeromonas sp., Citrobacter sp., Rhodotorula sp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae and many more. They live in a symbiotic relationship with the fish where fish donates them shelter and food and in turn microbes provide fish with enzymes, that are metabolites of those organisms. They help fish with their metabolism and thus making the bond of symbiosis more strong. One drawback is that the gut micro biota cannot produce these enzyme in all fish, the reason why exogenous supplementation of these enzymes are given through fish feed. So the commercial feeds efficient in mimicking the role of those microorganisms work with significance in today's industry of aquaculture. Feed with such supplements could be applied to fish with absence of such symbiotic relation giving us a choice of wide range of feed and nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A six month feeding experiment was conducted to compare between different diets and its effect on growth performance of an indigenous carp Bangana dero. A total of 360 uniform B. dero (average weight 4.9±0.02 g) were cultured in twelve circular fibreglass tanks @ 15 fish per tank (90 W X 64 H cm.). The fishes were fed by two commercial feeds (T1, T2), formulate feed (T3) and control feed (T4) in triplicates with 4% of body weight twice a day. Fish were maintained in well aerated water system. Analysis of variance showed that the growth performance in T1 was significantly higher than other groups (p<0.05). The formulate diet also had uniform growth rate with significant positive effects on Specific Growth Rate (SGR) and final biomass gain. The present study reveals that there is potential effect of commercial and formulated fish feed on growth performances of this target species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluated the effect of breed, Jaca Navarra (JN) vs. Burguete (BU), and finishing diet, conventional concentrate—diet 1 (D1) vs. silage and organic feed—diet 2 (D2), on the fatty acid composition and volatile profile of longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle from forty-six foals. For this, foals were reared under a semi-extensive system and slaughtered at about 21 months of age. The outcomes showed that breed and finishing regime had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the lipid and volatile profile of foal meat. In particular, JN foals reported higher polyunsaturated fatty acid contents and better nutritional indices in line with the health guidelines; whereas, BU and D1 groups generated higher amounts of total volatile compounds. However, it was the diet to occupy a central role in this study. Indeed, diet 2, due to its “ingredients” and composition, not only ameliorated the lipid profile of foal meat, but also reduced the generation of volatile compounds associated with lipid oxidation and minimized off-flavors. Thus, this diet could give an added value to the aromatic perception of meat and improve its sensorial acceptability.

ABSTRACT The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of feeding vegetable waste (VW) to broilers on their growth performance, serum chemistry, immune status, meat mineral content and lipid oxidation status. For this purpose, 100 one-day-old chicks (Cobb 500) were acquired from a commercial hatchery and allocated according to a completely randomized design into five dietary treatments with four replicates of five birds each. The dietary treatments included: T1 ( 100 % c o m m e r c i a l f e e d ( C F ) + 0 % V W), T2 ( 75 % C F + 25 % V W), T3 ( 50 % C F + 50 % V W), T4 ( 25 % C F + 75 % V W) and T5 ( 0 % C F + 100 % V W). Experimental birds were subjected to dietary treatments from 5 to 7 weeks of age. At the end of week 7 (49 days), eight birds with uniform average body weight were selected per treatment (2birds/replicate), kept off-feed for 4 h and then manually slaughtered according to the Halal method to collect data for serum chemistry, meat minerals and lipid oxidation status. The results indicated better meat lipid oxidation status (p≤0.05) and lower meat mineral content (p≤0.05) when birds fed VW at 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the diets compared with 100% commercial feed. On the other hand, blood chemistry and antibody response parameters did not respond (p>0.05) to dietary intervention. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of vegetable waste had positive influence on meat quality in terms of meat lipid oxidation and meat mineral content, and may be replace up to 75% of commercial broiler feeds with beneficial effects.

Astaxanthin is an essential micronutrient that regulates shrimp physiology, acting as a free radical scavenger, increasing stress resistance, and enhancing the immune response, improving growth and survival in farm-raised organisms. Despite this, accumulation of astaxanthin has not been evaluated regarding rearing conditions of shrimp. Thus, this study aimed to assess the effect of rearing conditions (extensive vs. hyperintensive) in the accumulation of astaxanthin in tissues of shrimp Penaeus vannamei, using wild juveniles as a reference of the levels of astaxanthin present in the natural environment. The main oxycarotenoid found was astaxanthin, which was mostly accumulated in hepatopancreas (>90%) in esterified form, while mostly free astaxanthin was found in exoskeleton and muscle (<60%). Comparing wild and reared shrimp, the content of esterified astaxanthin was significantly higher in the hepatopancreas of shrimp reared under extensive conditions (191.45 ± 23.08 μg g-1) followed by wild shrimp (144.08 ± 13.92 μg g-1), while low values (3 ± 1 μg g-1) were found in shrimp reared under hyper-intensive conditions. Astaxanthin levels found in farm-raised shrimp were not explained by commercial feeds, since no astaxanthin (only traces of its chemical precursor β-carotene), was found in the six different commercial feeds analyzed for rearing shrimp. Thus, the results may be explained by primary productivity (i.e., phytoplankton) that is consumed as natural food by shrimp in the ponds of farming systems, or by the effect of specific rearing conditions on the microbiota associated with carotenogenesis in the gut of shrimp. In any case, commercial feeds should fulfill all nutritional requirements for shrimp, particularly under stressful conditions as it occurs in hyper-intensive farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted to study the effect of breed, Jaca Navarra (JN) vs. Burguete (BU), and finishing diet, conventional concentrate—diet 1 vs. silage and organic feed diet 2—on growth parameters and carcass characteristics from forty-six foals. Parameters as live weight (LW), average daily gain (ADG), body condition score (BCS), and fat depots were monitoring. In addition, the carcass parameters assessed were: carcass weight (CW), conformation, degree of fatness, morphology, and pH. Moreover, hindquarters of the left-half carcasses were sectioned in the main commercial primal cuts of leg. Results showed a clear “breed effect” in favor of BU foals, recording the highest productive values and carcass traits compared with JN foals. On the other hand, finishing diet contributed to improving the productive and carcass features of JN foals. In particular, diet 1 showed to affect positively the features analyzed compared with diet 2. Nevertheless, the meat primal cuts resulted in being unaffected by the breed and diet effects (except for knuckle), obtaining similar values among the groups of animals.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the total phenol content, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of chestnuts (Castanea sativa Mill.) and commercial feed employed in the finishing diet of the Celta pig breed and analyze the effect of the feeding (chestnuts vs. commercial feed) in the finishing diet on total phenol content and antioxidant activity of Longissimus thoracis et lumborum, Psoas major, and Biceps femoris muscles and liver of the Celta pig breed. The antioxidant activity of the feed and animal tissue was investigated using three antioxidant methods (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, 2-2′-Azino-di-[3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonate] (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay). The determination of the total phenol content and total flavonoids showed that chestnut had a significantly lower concentration than commercial feed in these compounds (130.00 vs. 312.89 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g fresh weight and 8.58 vs. 32.18 mg catechin equivalents/100 g fresh weight, respectively). However, the results displayed that chestnuts had a higher antioxidant activity when compared with the commercial feed through the DPPH and ABTS methods (1152.42 vs. 957.33 µg Trolox equivalents/g fresh weight, and 9379.74 vs. 7613.44 µg Trolox equivalents/g fresh weight, for DPPH and ABTS assay, respectively), while the antioxidant activity measured by the FRAP assay turned out to show higher values for commercial feed (1777.49 and 1946.09 µmol Fe2+/100 fresh weight for chestnut and commercial feed, respectively), although significant differences were only found in the ABTS assay. On the other hand, the present study found that chestnut significantly reduces the total phenol content and declines the antioxidant activity of Longissimus thoracis et lumborum, Psoas major, and Biceps femoris muscles and liver of the Celta pig breed. Finally, it has been found that liver is the location that has the best antioxidant characteristics compared to any muscle, regardless of diet utilized.

Abstract The accelerated and disorderly expansion of aquaculture can lead to economic, social, and environmental problems. In this sense, it is necessary to prioritize the adoption of practices that aim for sustainable production. The aims of the present study were to identify the contributions from nature and economy in the system of tilapia cage farming. In addition, emergy accounting was utilized to evaluate whether the use of periphyton as a complementary food and the reduction of storage density improve the sustainability of this production system. Three different production managements were evaluated and compared: using traditional stocking density adopted by farmers (80 kg/m3) with 100% of the daily recommended feed and without substrates for periphyton (TRAD); traditional stocking density (80 kg/m3) with 50% of the daily recommended feed and with substrates for periphyton (TDS); lower density (40 kg/m3) with 50% of the daily recommended feed and with substrates for periphyton (LDS). We calculated using emergy accounting the transformity (Tr), renewability (%R), emergy yield ratio (EYR), emergy investment ratio (EIR), emergy loading ratio (ELR), emergy exchange ratio (EER), and emergy sustainability index (ESI) of the distinct production managements. The results showed that tilapia cage farming is highly dependent on resources from economy, and feed is mainly responsible for this. Thus, the decrease in stocking density and feed rate, combined with the use of periphyton, improved all emergy indices evaluated. This occurred because there was a decrease in the use of resources from economy and increase in the use of renewable natural resources. The study shows through the emergy accounting that the use of periphyton to feed cultured fish combined with a reduction in artificial feed use and a decrease in the stocking density should be encouraged to promote the sustainability on tilapia cage farming. Highlights • Tilapia cage farming is highly dependent on economic resources. • Commercial feed represents the main emergy input. • Periphyton as complementary food reduces dependence on economic resources. • The higher the stocking density, the higher the system's efficiency. • The lower the stocking density, the better the emergy indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aimed of this study was to determine the effect of suplementation level of alfafa (Medicago sativa L.) on hybrid duck’s meat quality with basal diet commercial feed. This study used in vivo tecnique on 108 hybrid ducks. The research consisted of 3 treatments and 6 replications, each replication consisted of 6 ducks. The treatments were P1 = commercial feed + 0 % fresh alfafa, P2 = commercial feed + 5 % alfafa, P3 = commercial feed + 10 % fresh alfafa. Alfalfa was calculated in dry matter based but offered in the form as fed. Feed and water was offered ad libitum. The variables measured include product appereance, carcass quality, physic and chemical hybrid duck’s meat. One way Completely randomized design was used in this research. All data collected was analized with Statistical Package for Sosial Science version 22. Data with significant differences were further tested with Duncan’s new Multiple Range Test. Data resulted significant differences (P0.05). Based on the data resulted, it can be concluded that commercial feed with 5 % alalfa suplementation (P2) was the best treatment to the physic and chemical quality meat of hybrid duck.

The aimed of this research was to determine effect of Supplementation of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on different basal feeds for hybrid duck performance. This research was conducted by in vivo method with 120 MA (Mojosari x Alabio) of hybrid ducks type. The method was being used in this research include 4 treatments and 6 repetitions with 5 ducks each repetition. The treatment consisteds of P1 = Commercial feed 100 %, P2 = Alternative feed 100 %, P3 = Commercial Feed 90 % + supplementation of fresh alfalfa 10 % and P4 = Alternative feed 90 % + supplementation of fresh alfalfa 10 %. Feed and water was offered Ad libitum. The Observed variables were feed consumption, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The data was analyzed by the Program of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 22. Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) analyzed was implanted for significant differences data. The results showed that 10 % alfalfa supplementation in commercial feeds and alternative feeds have significant lower/higher (P

A three-week experiment was conducted to investigate the utilisation of a diet based on cassava root meal and copra meal by finishing broiler chickens. A total of ninety-six 21-day-old Cobb broilers were used for the experiment. The birds were weighed and allotted to six pens containing 16 birds each. A finisher diet based on cassava and copra meal and a commercial broiler finisher diet were fed each to three randomly selected pens for a period of 21 days. Results showed poorer (P< 0.05) final body weight, daily feed intake, daily gain and feed: gain ratio of birds fed the test feed compared to those fed the control commercial feed, but feed cost of meat production (WST$/kg live weight) was reduced (P< 0.05) on the test feed. Birds on the commercial feed had higher (P< 0.05) carcass and breast meat yields, while the yields of thighs and drumsticks were not affected (P> 0.05) by the diet. There were no treatment effects (P> 0.05) on the weights of the liver, heart and caeca, but birds on the test feed recorded higher (P< 0.05) weights of the pancreas, gizzard and small intestine. Birds fed the control commercial feed deposited more (P< 0.05) fat than those fed the test feed. It was concluded that cassava copra meal-based finisher diets could be used to reduce cost of meat production and abdominal fat content and thus meat quality of broiler chickens. Further research into appropriate combinations of these ingredients for optimum growth and feed utilisation by broilers is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study compared the heavy metal concentration in water, sediment, and shrimp at different growth stages of culture and subsequently evaluated the ecotoxicological and human health risk status. Total trace element concentration in the water, sediment and shrimp ranged from not detected (ND) (Hg) to 91.05 (Fe) μg/L, 0.01 (Hg) to 19, 246.33 (Fe) mg/kg, and ND (Hg) to 13.98 (Fe) mg/kg, respectively. Toxic metals such as, Cd, Hg, and Pb in shrimps ranged from ND to 2.11 mg/kg, ND to 0.158 mg/kg, ND to 0.088 mg/kg, and ND to 0.469 mg/kg, respectively. Toxic heavy metals at all the growth stages of shrimps (days of culture (DOC)-01 to DOC-90) were found below the maximum residual limit (MRL) of 0.5 mg/kg set by the European Commission (EC). Similarly, Cu, Zn, and As concentrations in shrimp were also far below the MRLs of 30 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 76 mg/kg set by the World Health Organization and Food Safety and Standard Authority of India, respectively. The concentration of heavy metals increased from DOC-01 to DOC-90 and was positively correlated with the length and weight of the shrimps (p < 0.05). The risk assessment was estimated for both Indians and Americans and found no carcinogenic (lifetime cancer risk (LCR) < 10−4) and non-carcinogenic (THQ and TTHQ<1) health risks through consumption of shrimp cultured in this region. The hazard quotient (HQ dermal < 1), hazard index (HI < 1), and LCR (<10−4) values of the heavy metals indicated that the dermal absorption might not be a concern for the local fishermen and marine fish/shrimp farmworkers. Water and sediment quality indices were applied to assess the surface water and sediment quality, and their results were found nil to low levels of heavy metal contamination at all the sampling sites. All heavy metals studied in sediments were < effect range low (ERL) and < threshold effect level (TEL), indicating no adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms. Therefore, regular monitoring of the shrimp aquaculture system throughout the crop will provide evidence of heavy metals bioaccumulation in shrimps. This research will provide baseline data to help farmers establish the optimal aquaculture practices and regulatory authorities to formulate legislation and strategies to reduce heavy metal biomagnification in shrimps from farm to fork. • Heavy metals concentrations in shrimps were below the maximum residual limit •Total heavy metal concentration in shrimps increased from day 1 to 90 (p<0.05) •Heavy metals in shrimps positively correlated with their length and weight (p<0.05) •Target hazard quotient (THQ) and total THQ (<1) revealed shrimp consumption is safe •Shrimps cultured in India and exported worldwide are safe for consumption [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of spirulina levels and 100 mg kg−1 astaxanthin supplementation in the diets replaced with 50% of fishmeal by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) on growth performance, survival rate (SR) and skin color of discus fish Symphysodon sp.. Fish were randomly distributed into 18 tanks at 10 fish/tank for each of the 6 experimental diets, treatments of which consisted of frozen beef-heart (T1), commercial feed for discus fish (T2), with the remaining four diets being supplemented with dried spirulina at 0 g (T3), 3 g (T4), 6 g (T5) and 9 g kg−1 feed (T6) and 100 mg kg−1 astaxanthin for 10 weeks. Fish fed the frozen beef-heart treatment had the highest growth rate and lowest FCR that differed significantly from the other treatments (p < 0.05). After the 10-week trial, skin color intensity from four locations on the fish evaluated using the CIE LAB color space method. There was an increasing trend for the L* value (brightness) at the four positions on the body from T1 to T6; particularly, increasing spirulina levels in the diets increased brightness. The lowest color value a* (redness) at all points were found in the T1 and T2 treatments and differed significantly from the other diets supplemented with 100 mg kg−1 astaxanthin (T3–T6) (p < 0.05). There was an increasing trend in the color value b* (yellowness) from the four locations on the body when spirulina levels were increased in the diets. In conclusion, the diets for those that replaced 50% of fishmeal by BSFL and supplemented with astaxanthin and spirulina enhanced the SR and color intensity of the fish body but had no effect on growth performance. • Replacement of 50% of fishmeal with black soldier fly meal had no effect on growth performance of the discus fish. • Carotenoid supplementation had no positive or negative effect on the growth and survival rates of the fish. • The addition of carotenoid in the diets significantly enhanced skin coloration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In modern society, the quality, the nutritional value and the environmental impact of foods are factors acquiring a relevant position from the consumers' perspective. In this sense, horsemeat perfectly meets the current market requirements and is arousing great interest, since not only is it claimed as a healthier red meat alternative, but also due to its sustainable image. Nevertheless, it has been demonstrated that meat quality could be affected by several factors. In this sense, the purpose of our study is to assess the impact of breed (Jaca Navarra and Burguete) and type of finishing diet (conventional diet and silage with organic feed) on the composition and quality attributes of meat from Navarre endangered foals. Moreover, considering the shortage of information about the meat quality of these two autochthonous breeds, especially in the case of Jaca Navarra foals, this research could be considered a starting point to revalue and characterize these valuable equine breeds. Data showed that meat belonging to Burguete and traditional diet groups presented the highest intramuscular fat contents conferring ameliorate quality attributes, as marbling, tenderness and juiciness, which are some of the most required by meat consumers. Moreover, lower amounts of cholesterol were detected. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of breed, Jaca Navarra (JN) vs. Burguete (BU), and finishing diet, conventional concentrate and straw, diet 1 (D1), vs. silage and organic feed, diet 2 (D2), on chemical composition and quality parameters of the longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle from forty-six foals. Animals were reared under a semi-extensive system and slaughtered at a mean age of 21 months. The results reported that both studied effects had a significant (p < 0.05) impact on meat quality; however, it was the breed to strongly influence the majority of the parameters evaluated. In particular, BU foals reported the highest amounts of intramuscular fat, positively affecting the meat properties of marbling and texture traits. Moreover, this group presented higher values for L* and b* and the lowest cholesterol contents. As regards the diet, D1 increased the fat content in foals supplemented with this diet, improving the organoleptic properties of this group. On the other hand, the combination of silage and organic feed (D2) had an opposite trend. Thus, both BU and D1 groups presented enhanced quality attributes, such as marbling, juiciness and reduced hardness, which are some of the most demanded by meat consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compared performance (growth, survival, condition, and health indices) of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, fin-gerlings (10.3 g fSE ± 0.5 gl and 92 mm [SE ± 1 mm] total length) fed one of four commercial grower feeds: Purina Aquamax Grower 400 (PAG; PMI Nutrition International LLC), Bio-Oregon BioDiet Grower (BDG; Bio-Oregon), Silver Cup Steelhead (SCS; Silver Cup), and Richloam Bass Fry Diet 12 (RBF; Silver Cup). Sixteen 833-L circular tanks, connected in parallel to a recirculation system, were initially stocked with 2.25 kg offish (219fish each, 0.32 fish ID with four replicates per feed treatment. Water temperature was 25° C, and photoperiod was 15 h light:9 h dark. Feed sizes (2.4-30 mm) were comparable, and protein compositions ranged from 49% to 61%. Fish were fed to satiation multiple times per day (trial duration = 100 days). Overall, performance was best for fish fed RBF, followed by PAG and BDG, and then SCS. The SCS feed resulted in significantly lower growth and survival (P ⩽ 0.05). The PAG and BDG feeds resulted in significantly lower growth than the RBF feed (P ⩽ 0.05); however, survival did not differ (P > 0.05). Performance measures were positively correlated with protein, and protein to energy ratio and negatively correlated with fat and carbohydrate compositions. The four commercial grower feeds resulted in highly varied growth, survival, and health indices, and this research should facilitate feed choice for various largemouth bass production strategies as well as increase contribution of stocked fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compared performance (growth, survival, and condition) of northern largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides salmoides fingerlings fed one of three commercial starter feeds: Otohime Marine Weaning (OMW; Marubeni Nisshin Feed), Bio-Oregon BiVita Fry (BVF; Bio-Oregon), and Purina Aquamax Starter (PAS; PMI Nutrition International LLC). Nine 833-L circular tanks, connected in parallel to a recirculation system, were stocked with 465 fish (1.4 kg), each to provide a rearing density of 1.1 fish/L. Water temperature was maintained at 27°C, and photoperiod was 15:9 h light:dark. Feed sizes (1.5-1.6 mm) were comparable and had similar protein composition (48%-50%). Feed was dispensed by vibratory feeders at a rate of 5% BWPD from 0730 h to 2130 h every 0.5 h for a total of 29 feedings per day (trial duration = 22 days). Overall performance was best for fish fed OMW, followed by BVF, then PAS. The PAS feed resulted in significantly lower growth, survival, and condition factor (P ⩽ 0.05). Though not statistically significant, the BVF feed resulted in lower growth, condition factor, and survival than OMW (P > 0.05). Performance measures were positively correlated with crude fat and negatively correlated with protein to energy ratio of feeds. The OMW or BVF diets may be more appropriate for intensive culture when the artificial feed is the sole food supply, while the PAS diet may be more suitable for extensive culture as a supplemental food source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (3.5g initial weight) and green seaweed Ulva clathrata were co-cultured in outdoors tanks (2000L) for 45days; co-cultured Ulva was suspended on a mesh stretched on the water surface. Four dietary treatments were evaluated: Ulva alone, Ulva+55% feed ration, Ulva +90% feed ration, and 100% feed ration (control group without co-cultured Ulva). The control group was fed a commercial pellet (30% protein, 8% fat) at a daily ration of 3.5% shrimp biomass. Water turbidity in co-culture tanks was lower than that in control group. Survival was similar among the experimental groups (>80%). The Ulva intake by shrimp improved the artificial feed conversion ratio and the growth rate: with 10 or 45% less commercial feed, growth rate improved by 60%. Additionally, U. clathrata intake diminished lipids content in shrimp carcass and also modified the fatty acids profile. Shrimp body carotenoids content was significantly higher in the co-culture groups, suggesting that Ulva carotenoids were efficiently assimilated and metabolized, and also may be involved in growth enhancement. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The fatty acid composition was determined for 14 feeds commonly available in Turkey for marine fish species, particularly sea bream and sea bass (juvenile, adult, and broodstock). Nine of the juvenile and adult fish feeds and 1 of the broodstock fish feeds were imported. The other feeds were produced in Turkey. The n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA) levels in the feeds of juvenile, adult, and broodstock fish were 2.5%-3.9%, 1.5%- 3.5%, and 2.1%-4.9% of the dry weight of diets, respectively. Similarly, the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels of these feeds were 1.4%-2.3%, 0.5%-1.8%, and 1.2%-3.0% of the dry weight of diets, respectively, and the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels of the dry weight in the diets were 1.1%-1.5%, 1.0%-1.6%, and 0.8%-1.8%, respectively. In addition, the arachidonic acid (ArA) levels in the feeds of juvenile, adult, and broodstock fish were 0.5%-0.9%, 0.5%-0.8%, and 0.6%-0.9% of total fatty acids, respectively. The results showed that the DHA, EPA, or ArA levels and DHA/EPA ratios in the feeds of juvenile or adult sea bass and sea bream were sufficient for good growth and development. The broodstock feeds also had adequate levels of EPA, DHA, or ArA and ratios of ArA/EPA or DHA/EPA for normal reproductive performance of sea bass or sea bream broodstock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SummaryBackground: An in vitro study has been undertaken to determine whether liquidized normal food might prove a satisfactory alternative to commercial feed for patients dependent on PEG feeding. Methods: Five different recipes (A to E) were compared with Nutrison Standard in terms of nutritional content, cost, ease of preparation, microbiological safety and flow characteristics. Results: Nutritional content of the recipes was broadly comparable with Nutrison, whilst the most expensive of the recipes was only 58% of the cost. The maximum preparation time, excluding cooking time, was only 15 min and the flow characteristics of recipes B, D and E were comparable to that of Nutrison Standard. Aerobic plate counts of the recipes after 24 h refrigeration were within acceptable limits for nonimmunocompromised patients and no specific pathogens were cultured. Conclusions: Recipes B, D and E might prove satisfactory alternatives to commercial feeds for some PEG-dependent patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Nowadays, populations are more health conscious and pay more attention to the environmental impact of their food choices. In this context, horsemeat plays a significant role, since it is claimed as "dietetic" meat by researchers. In addition, equine meat production is arousing interest due to its relevant environmental potential. However, several factors have been shown to affect carcass and horsemeat quality. In this sense, our study evaluates the impact of breed (Jaca Navarra and Burguete) and type of finishing diet (conventional diet and silage with organic feed) on carcass traits from Navarre endangered foals. Moreover, considering the limited information about Jaca Navarra foals from a meat production perspective, this work represents a starting point to improve the handling of these equids. Data reported Burguete predominance in growth and in most carcass traits, confirming its remarkable aptitude as a meat producer. However, finishing diet showed to improve Jaca Navarra features. A conventional diet showed a positive effect on the majority of variables studied in comparison with the other diet. Thus, breed and the type of finishing diet demonstrated a crucial role in the improvement and optimization of the majority of productive and carcass traits of these endangered equids. This research was conducted to study the effect of breed, Jaca Navarra (JN) vs. Burguete (BU), and finishing diet, conventional concentrate—diet 1 vs. silage and organic feed diet 2—on growth parameters and carcass characteristics from forty-six foals. Parameters as live weight (LW), average daily gain (ADG), body condition score (BCS), and fat depots were monitoring. In addition, the carcass parameters assessed were: carcass weight (CW), conformation, degree of fatness, morphology, and pH. Moreover, hindquarters of the left-half carcasses were sectioned in the main commercial primal cuts of leg. Results showed a clear "breed effect" in favor of BU foals, recording the highest productive values and carcass traits compared with JN foals. On the other hand, finishing diet contributed to improving the productive and carcass features of JN foals. In particular, diet 1 showed to affect positively the features analyzed compared with diet 2. Nevertheless, the meat primal cuts resulted in being unaffected by the breed and diet effects (except for knuckle), obtaining similar values among the groups of animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forty-eight male Guinea pigs of pure lines were used to assess the use of rustic Saccharina as forage alternative in the feeding of these animals through the partial replacement of Axonopus sp forage supplemented with commercial feed. The animals were distributed in four treatments, with four repetitions each and three animals per repetition. A completely randomized design and the multiple comparison Tuckey test were applied. Three levels of forage replacement by rustic Saccharina (20, 40 and 60 %) and a control treatment without Saccharina were used. There were differences (P < 0.05) between the treatments 1 and 3; 1 and 4; 2 and 3; 2 and 4 for the variable feed intake. The treatments 1 and 4 differed for the concentrate intake. There were differences between all treatments for the variables forage (Axonopus sp) intake and Saccharina intake. As the forage replacement by rustic Saccharina increased, the rejection to the diet (represented in rustic Saccharina) was higher. At the same time, the amount of commercial feed supplied decreased. The use of rustic Saccharina in diets for Guinea pigs allows obtaining productive parameters similar to those reached with traditional diets, with lower production costs. Continuing this type of study on Cavia pocellus is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to evaluate the total phenol content, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of chestnuts (Castanea sativa Mill.) and commercial feed employed in the finishing diet of the Celta pig breed and analyze the effect of the feeding (chestnuts vs. commercial feed) in the finishing diet on total phenol content and antioxidant activity of Longissimus thoracis et lumborum, Psoas major, and Biceps femoris muscles and liver of the Celta pig breed. The antioxidant activity of the feed and animal tissue was investigated using three antioxidant methods (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, 2-2′-Azino-di-[3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonate] (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay). The determination of the total phenol content and total flavonoids showed that chestnut had a significantly lower concentration than commercial feed in these compounds (130.00 vs. 312.89 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g fresh weight and 8.58 vs. 32.18 mg catechin equivalents/100 g fresh weight, respectively). However, the results displayed that chestnuts had a higher antioxidant activity when compared with the commercial feed through the DPPH and ABTS methods (1152.42 vs. 957.33 µg Trolox equivalents/g fresh weight, and 9379.74 vs. 7613.44 µg Trolox equivalents/g fresh weight, for DPPH and ABTS assay, respectively), while the antioxidant activity measured by the FRAP assay turned out to show higher values for commercial feed (1777.49 and 1946.09 µmol Fe2+/100 fresh weight for chestnut and commercial feed, respectively), although significant differences were only found in the ABTS assay. On the other hand, the present study found that chestnut significantly reduces the total phenol content and declines the antioxidant activity of Longissimus thoracis et lumborum, Psoas major, and Biceps femoris muscles and liver of the Celta pig breed. Finally, it has been found that liver is the location that has the best antioxidant characteristics compared to any muscle, regardless of diet utilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although there are merits in using commercial "enteral nutrition formula" (ENF) compared with blended ENF, there is a growing preference for the use of blended ENF in many countries globally. However, the nutritional value and physical properties of blended ENF compared with commercial ENF may be limiting its use. We have not found any evidence of a meta-analysis on the nutritional value of blended diets in the adult population. Aim: The aim of this review was to compare the nutritional value, physical properties, and clinical outcomes of blended ENF with commercial ENF. Methods: The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses were used for this review. The search strategy was based on a Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome framework. The following databases; Pubmed, EMBASE, PSYCInfo, and Google scholar were searched for articles of interest using keywords, Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) and Boolean operators (AND/OR) from the inception of each database until 23 February 2020. The articles were evaluated for quality. Results: Based on the systematic review and meta-analysis, four distinct themes were identified; Nutritional value, Physical properties, Clinical outcomes; and Adverse events. The findings of this review showed inconsistencies in the macronutrient and micronutrient values of the blenderised ENF compared with the commercial ENF. The results of the meta-analysis demonstrated that there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the blenderised ENF and the commercial ENF in relation to the fat and protein contents of the diets. However, the blenderised ENF was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than the commercial ENF regarding the energy content of the diets, with an overall mean difference of −29.17 Kcal/100 mL (95% CI, −51.12, −7.22) and carbohydrate content with an overall mean difference of -5.32 g/100 mL (95% CI, −7.64, −3.00). In terms of sodium, potassium, and vitamin A, there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the blenderised and commercial ENF, although significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed between the two diets with respect to calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, iron, and vitamin C contents. Furthermore, the blenderised ENF showed significantly higher levels (p < 0.05) of viscosity and osmolality than the commercial ENF. The significantly lower levels of some of the macro-nutrients and micro-nutrients in the blenderised ENF compared with the commercial ENF and the difference in the expected nutritional values may be due to the fact blenderised ENF is produced from common foods. Thus, the type of foodstuffs, cooking, and processing methods may lead to loss of nutrients and energy density. The deficits in the energy content and some of the macro- and micro-nutrients in the blenderised ENF compared with commercial ENF may have implications for patients' health and clinical outcomes. The clinical implications of the underdelivering of nutrients may include increased risk of undernutrition, including energy malnutrition, which could have a negative effect on body composition and anthropometric parameters, morbidity, mortality, length of hospital stay, and costs. For outpatient care, this could increase the risk of hospital re-admission and homecare costs. Additionally, the higher viscosity and osmolality of the blenderised ENF compared with the commercial ENF can increase the risk of complications, including tube blockage, and impaired delivery of feed, water, and medications, with significant implications for patients' nutritional status and health outcomes. Conclusion: The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis identified significant variability in the nutritional value of blenderised ENF compared with commercial ENF. Furthermore, the nutritional values of the blenderised ENF do not meet the expected recommended levels compared with commercial ENF and these may have implications for patients' nutritional status and health outcomes, including the effect on body composition, morbidity, mortality, hospital re-admission, and costs. Further studies are needed to elucidate the nutritional value of blenderised ENF on patients' clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RESUMO Objetivou-se estudar o efeito da alimentação caseira, da ração comercial a granel e da ração comercial fechada para cães adultos sobre análises clínicas e aspectos comportamentais de ingestão das dietas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com três tratamentos, sendo o tratamento 1 constituído de dieta caseira, o tratamento 2 por ração a granel tipo premium, e o tratamento 3 por ração comercial fechada do tipo premium. Foram utilizados três cães em cada um dos tratamentos, totalizando nove animais. As variáveis analisadas foram: teste de glicemia, odor fecal, escore fecal, volume fecal, análise química da urina (pH urinário, presença de proteína, sangue, corpos cetônicos, bilirrubina e glicose), avaliação visual do pelo e consumo voluntário da dieta. Os cães submetidos à dieta caseira apresentaram menor resultado de glicemia sanguínea (83,90). A urina apresentou pH mais alcalino para cães que receberam a ração a granel (8,06). Cães da dieta caseira apresentaram o mais alto escore para a qualidade do pelo. Houve um maior volume das fezes de cães que receberam a dieta de ração a granel. Cães que receberam a dieta de alimentação caseira ou a ração comercial fechada apresentaram um consumo total do alimento em menos de 10 minutos. A maioria dos resultados foi semelhante entre a dieta caseira e a ração fechada do tipo premium. A ração a granel apresentou os piores resultados.