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Copper is one of the toxic heavy metal, it has to be eliminated from the polluted environment. Thus, the present work was aimed to prepare glutaraldehyde crosslinked chitosan oligosaccharide (COS)-based binary and ternary blend using carboxymethyl starch (CMS) and kaolin clay (KC) and applied as a sorbent for copper(II) ions to overcome excessive heavy metal pollution. Initially, the binary and ternary blends are prepared using sol–gel method and then examined for its formation and suitability for adsorption using FTIR, XRD, BET, Zeta potential and SEM studies. The prepared COS/CMS and COS/CMS/KC blends demonstrated outstanding adsorption properties for the arrest of Cu2+ ion. The adsorption efficiency of the prepared binary and ternary blends was examined through batch mode, and the experimental data were fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and kinetic models. The obtained results revealed that the Langmuir model showed better fit for binary blend and for ternary blend Freundlich isotherm model showed better fit through the highest R2 values. The maximum adsorption capacity was 98.91 mg/g and 132.45 mg/g for binary and ternary blends, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, 3D cryogels with the interconnected macropore structure have gained great attention owing to their immense application potential in wastewater cleanup. Here, we fabricated a pure poly(vinyl imidazole) cryogel through improved cryogelation method, adding the pre-freezing–thawing step, which reduced the temperature difference between the different positions of the precursor solution during reaction. Compression experiments showed that the prepared 3D cryogel featured a robust underwater elastic performance. The adsorption capacity of Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Co(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions by the poly(vinyl imidazole) cryogel was explored. The results showed the specific adsorption of Cu(II), in which the adsorption capacity and removal efficiency reached 148 mg/g and 99.99%, respectively. The adsorption capacity was 58 times higher than that of the reported poly(vinyl imidazole) cryogel which was prepared using hydroxyethyl methacrylate as the comonomer frameworks. In the reusability studies, the cryogel exhibited accumulating Cu(II) ions performance and excellent regeneration capability, making it a promising adsorbent for Cu(II) removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the adsorption potential of pine cone powder (PCP) for the removal of copper ions (Cu(ii)) from aqueous solutions. The process of adsorption was reasonably fast, completed within a time of 60 min. The pseudo-second order kinetic model describes properly the Cu(ii) adsorption by PCP. The adsorbent was characterised by various instrumental techniques and batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of PCP dose, solution pH, particle size and initial Cu(ii) concentration on adsorption efficiency. Optimum Cu(ii) removal occurred at a slightly acidic pH, with a particle size less than 100 pm. The effective PCP dose was estimated to be 36 g L1. The increase in the initial concentration of Cu (II) was accompanied by a reduction in the rate of its reduction by almost half. The Langmuir model was the best fitting isotherm with a maximum adsorption capacity of 9.08 mg g-. The thermodynamic parameters values showed that the Cu(ii) adsorption was a spontaneous and endothermic process. The results of this research suggest that Cu(ii) could be removed through an environmentally friendly process using PCP as low-cost natural waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), prepared from rice straw, were used for hydrogel preparation, separately or in a mixture of both of them in a ratios of 1:1, 1:4, 1:9, 2:3 and 3:7 (by weight).They were polymerized with partially neutralized acrylic acid (AA) in the presence of potassium persulphate, as initiator, and vinylsulphone (VS), as cross-linker. Moreover, glutaraldehyde, N,N-methylene bis acrylamide (MBA) and Epichlorohydrin (ECH) were used as cross-linker for the mixture of 1:1 of Cellulose: CMC. The mechanism of the polymerization was studied and the resulted hydrogels were characterized for their appearances, yields percentage, and water absorbencies. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and XRD analysis were also investigated for the hydrogel samples. Since the textile industry produces large volumes of wastewaters which contain hazardous compounds such as dyes, heavy metals like Cu(II), and surfactants, so we aimed in this research to use the hydrogel samples for Cu2+ absorption that can be presented in the wastewater. The FT-IR spectrum, before and after absorption, indicated that the prepared hydrogels were able to absorb the Cu2+. The Cu2+ ions can be recovered and dried to be reused again as well as the hydrogel samples can be available again for reuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study mainly focuses on the preparation, characterization, and sorption performance for Cu(II) and Zn(II) by using nano-alumina material (NA) synthesized through the sol-gel method. The SEM, EDS, FT-IR, and XRD analysis methods were implemented to identify the micromorphology and crystal structure of the synthesized NA absorbent and its structure after the adsorbing procedure. The effect of effective variables including various absorbent dose, contact time, initial ion concentration, and temperature on the removal of Cu(II) and Zn(II) from aqueous solution by using NA was investigated through a single factor experiment. Kinetic studies indicated that adsorption of copper and zinc ions by NA was chemical adsorption. The adsorption isotherm data were fitted by Langmuir (R2: 0.919, 0.914), Freundlich (R2: 0.983, 0.993), and Temkin (R2: 0.876, 0.863) isotherms, indicating that copper and zinc ions were easily adsorbed by NA with maximum adsorption capacities of 87.7 and 77.5 mg/g for Cu2+ and Zn2+, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters indicated that the adsorption of Cu2+ was spontaneous(G<0) and the adsorption of Zn2+ might not be spontaneous (G > 0) by NA.ᅟ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A lignocellulose-based composite hydrogel, as a novel biosorbent, was prepared for Cu2+ removal from wastewater. TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (TOCN) were dispersed in a 7 wt% NaOH/12 wt% urea aqueous solution at room temperature. Meanwhile, the dissolved cellulose was obtained in the same system at subzero temperature. The composite hydrogels were prepared by blending the dissolved cellulose solution, TOCN dispersion, and alkali lignin solution in an NaOH/urea aqueous solution. The composite hydrogel exhibits excellent adsorption capacity for heavy metals, which can be attributed to the synergistic effects of physical adsorption (porous 3D structure) and chemical adsorption (active sites: carboxyl and phenolic groups). The maximum amount of adsorbed Cu2+ onto composite hydrogel can reach 541 mg/g, which was achieved after 45 min. The adsorption behavior is well-described by the pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Freundlich model (R2 > 0.999). Furthermore, the composite hydrogel exhibits high-strength properties, indicating that the presence of TOCN and lignin contributes to mechanical improvements.Graphical abstract: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TiO2 porous films were prepared on ITO coated glass slides by the sol-gel dip-coating method assisted with Polyethylene glycol (PEG). The films were used as photo-anodes in the photo-assisted electrolytic removal of cuprous ions in cyanide media. These were characterized by SEM, UV-Visible spectroscopy and XRD. The PEG modified films were free of cracks and developed a porous structure after heat treatment at 500 ºC, due to the thermal decomposition of the structure associated PEG. It was demonstrated that the photo-assisted electrochemical reduction of copper is promoted by the use of modified TiO2 films as photo-anodes, thanks to the greater surface area given by the PEG decomposition. However, the film thickness was found to be a critical factor in the process, to such an extent that films composed of 5 layers were completely inefficient, meaning that despite the open porosity, multilayered films acted as a barrier within the photo-electrolytic process.

A one-dimensional (1-D) mesoporous TiO2 nanotube (TINT) was successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal-calcination process, and employed in simultaneous photocatalytic Cu2+ removal and H2 production. Under irradiation, CU2+ in the wide concentration range of 8-800 ppm, could be reduced rapidly, and the reduction was not severely impacted by co-existing inorganic ions in solution. Simultaneous with Cu2+ reduction, noticeable H2 was produced over the in-situ fabricated Cu incorporated TiNT (Cu-TINT) photocatalyst, while H2 evolution rate was controlled by the Cu2+ reduction process, due to competition of electron capture between protons and Cu2+. In addition, H2 generation activity of Cu-TINT depended on the initial Cu2+Tri ratio, and could be depressed by coexisting ions in solution. Fast Cu2+ reduction and remarkable H2 evolution confirmed the feasibility of simultaneous Cu2+ removal and H2 production over a TiNT photocatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyelectrolyte membranes (PEMs) are a novel type of material that is in high demand in health, energy and environmental sectors. If environmentally benign materials are created with biodegradable ones, PEMs can evolve into practical technology. In this work, we have fabricated environmentally safe and economic PEMs based on sulfonate grafted sodium alginate (SA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). In the first step, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulphonic acid (AMPS) and sodium 4-vinylbenzene sulfonate (SVBS) are grafted on to SA by utilizing the simple free radical polymerization technique. Graft copolymers (SA-g-AMPS and SA-g-SVBS) were characterized by 1H NMR, FTIR, XRD and DSC. In the second step, sulfonated SA was successfully blended with PVA to fabricate PEMs for the in vitro controlled release of 5-fluorouracil (anti-cancer drug) at pH 1.2 and 7.4 and to remove copper (II) ions from aqueous media. Moreover, phosphomolybdic acids (PMAs) incorporated with composite PEMs were developed to evaluate fuel cell characteristics, i.e., ion exchange capacity, oxidative stability, proton conductivity and methanol permeability. Fabricated PEMs are characterized by the FTIR, ATR-FTIR, XRD, SEM and EDAX. PMA was incorporated. PEMs demonstrated maximum encapsulation efficiency of 5FU, i.e., 78 ± 2.3%, and released the drug maximum in pH 7.4 buffer. The maximum Cu(II) removal was observed at 188.91 and 181.22 mg.g–1. PMA incorporated with PEMs exhibited significant proton conductivity (59.23 and 45.66 mS/cm) and low methanol permeability (2.19 and 2.04 × 10−6 cm2/s). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]