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Copyright of Critique of Law: Independent Legal Studies / Krytyka Prawa: Niezalezne Studia nad Prawem is the property of Akademia Leona Kozminskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Terroryzm: Studia, Analizy, Prewencja is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies & Work of the Collegium of Management & Finance / Studia i Prace Kolegium Zarzadzania i Finansów is the property of SGH Warsaw School of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the article is to present issues related to the security of remote control of cardiac implantable devices. Therefore, the focus was on the medical aspect to be able to show what risks are posed by negligence in the field of cybersecurity of these devices. The forensic aspect focuses on presenting the potential motives that cybercriminals could use to take remote control of medical equipment, as well as the methods they could use to do so. Preventive measures that should be used to prevent incidents related to cybersecurity were also presented, and a three-stage division of roles in the field of ensuring the security of implantable devices was presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) is the property of International Institute of Innovation Science-Education-Development in Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Police Review / Przegląd Policyjny is the property of Police Academy in Szczytno and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Police Review / Przegląd Policyjny is the property of Police Academy in Szczytno and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia z Zakresu Nauk Prawnoustrojowych. Miscellanea is the property of Kujawy & Pomorze University in Bydgoszcz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces is the property of Gen. Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military Academy of Land Forces and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the issue of cyber security, with a particular focus on the strategic energy sector. The aim of the publication is to show the risks associated with cybercrime, as well as to discuss the most important legal and organisational solutions operating within the EU. Increasing cybercrime, due to its scope and negative consequences for the security of the EU internal market in general and individual Member States, is a major challenge for the EU. In addition, the increased interdependence of individual economic sectors, as well as the SARS-CoV-2 virus outbreak prevailing from January 2020, are reviewing the EU's existing functioning mechanisms. They are thus forcing decisive action to be taken in this area. Developing effective incident response mechanisms, enforcing compliance by Member States, as well as educating and supporting Member States in the development of digital security are key. The authors of the article presented the general EU and global trends in the issue of cyber security, the legal initiatives undertaken and analysed the future development of this field taking into account, among other things, the prevalence of 5G technology. Key EU normative acts and cooperation mechanisms are analysed. The article takes into account the current EU cybersecurity strategy, which is part of the December 2020 cybersecurity package, and considerations for updating the NIS Directive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to present the basic issues related to identity theft on the Internet. It places particular emphasis on the risk of identity theft in social networks. The author also presents the basic ways to prevent and reduce the effects of identity theft. The purpose for which the criminals use the image of the victim was also presented. Attention was also paid to the legal issue related to the discussed issue occurring in the territory of the Republic of Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeszyty Naukowe KUL is the property of John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Wydawnictwo KUL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Yugoslavia’s disintegration in the 1990s resulted in the differentiation of five different countries, meaning the building of five different criminal legal systems with many similarities at that time, but also with differences in the years to come. The Republic of North Macedonia brought its first Criminal Code in 1996, decriminalising some of the previous crimes connected to socialist system norms, and criminalising activities characteristic of capitalist social systems. From its basic draft, the Criminal Code had been changed twenty-eight times by 2018 in accordance with crime changes and flows, and societal changes. Using crime statistics published by the Republic of North Macedonia’s State Statistical Office in an annual publication, ‘Perpetrators of Crimes’, this paper’s goal will be to present the trends in crime volume and dynamics, the changes in the breakdown of crimes as result of decriminalisation and criminalisation, and the possible future challenges and changes, as well as the trends and changes to the state’s criminal policy, the frequent use of imprisonment as a sanction, and the very rare use of alternative measures apart from probation. The authors will use the comparative method, basic statistics, and content analysis in the general overview of crime volume and dynamics, crime structure, and structural changes. Such an analysis can help in tackling the most important chronological points during the period in question and connect them with political, social, security, and economic challenges for the country.

Copyright of Polish Journal of Management Studies is the property of Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia is the property of Wydawnictwo SGGW and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) is the property of International Institute of Innovation Science-Education-Development in Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biuletyn Kryminologiczny is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Legal Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zbadanie świadomości konsumentów w zakresie korzystania z bankowości mobilnej w Polsce. Zaprezentowano również ewolucję bankowości mobilnej, a także skalę zjawiska jej występowania. Opracowanie przedstawia wyniki badania kwestionariuszowego przeprowadzonego wśród studentów lubelskich uczelni dotyczącego poziomu wiedzy oraz typowych nawyków podczas korzystania z m-bankingu. Ponadto w oparciu o informacje prezentowane przez wybrane banki i instytucje sektora finansowego zostały omówione przykładowe metody działania cyberprzestępców.

Copyright of Annals of Juridica Sciences / Roczniki Nauk Prawnych is the property of Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL & Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawla II and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Motywacja: Dynamiczny rozwój technologii telekomunikacyjnych i związana z tym zmiana społeczna, tworzą nowe warunki dla funkcjonowania gospodarki. Wiążą się one ze zmianą roli państwa i jego możliwości regulacyjnych. E-gospodarka jest globalnym zjawiskiem, które regulowane jest lokalnie. Z punktu widzenia nauk ekonomicznych, zrozumienie obecnie istniejących zasad jej funkcjonowania, zarówno w kontekście szans, jak i zagrożeń, stanowi podstawę do prowadzenia skutecznych badań i modelowania. Pozwala także zweryfikować dotychczasowe teorie ekonomiczne w nowych warunkach. Jest to punkt wyjścia do badań nad nową rzeczywistością gospodarczą. Cel: Celem artykułu jest przegląd teorii dotyczących regulacji e-gospodarki, a także istniejących obecnie rozwiązań problemu regulacji tego globalnego zjawiska. Na podstawie zebranego materiału podjęto próbę określenia kierunku rozwoju e-gospodarki i możliwości jej regulacji. Wyniki: Obecne rozwiązania w zakresie regulacji e-gospodarki mogą być uznane za niewystarczające. Na podstawie przypadku bitcoina można stwierdzić, że brak jest jednolitego podejścia do e-gospodarki w skali globalnej. Brak jest również jednolitego podejścia do regulacji nowych zjawisk gospodarczych w ogóle. Biorąc pod uwagę dynamiczny rozwój techniki i wysokie prawdopodobieństwo tworzenia kolejnych innowacji rynkowych, koniecznym wydaje się poszukiwanie elastycznych rozwiązań i teorii specyficznych dla e-gospodarki.

Opracowanie ma na celu wskazanie na jedno z kluczowych wyzwań, jakim jest funkcjonowanie sektora bankowego wobec rosnących przypadków fraudów bankowych. W artykule zanalizowano tą tematykę poprzez kilka podpunktów. W pierwszej kolejności zdefiniowano pojęcie fraudów, a także przedstawiono powiązaną z tym cyberprzestępczość. Następnie przytoczono kilka przykładów ataków na systemy bankowe i opisano ślady elektroniczne, które pozostawiają te ataki. Na zakończenie wskazano sposoby walki ze zjawiskiem fraudów bankowych.

Copyright of Safety & Fire Technology / Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza is the property of Centrum Naukowo-Badawcze Ochrony Przeciwpozarowej and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nowadays the network infrastructures of financial institutions/companies, are often reported as targets of cyber-attacks and risk to be attacked grows each year. The economic motives of performance of such a cyber-attack are very strong. The aim of this paper is to present the overview of current threats in the cyber world as well show possible economic damages caused by DDoS attacks on network structure of an enterprise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]