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Over the last decades, sport federations have been confronted with new variants of sports, such as parkour. Parkour is considered a lifestyle sports which embraces a specific culture that often conflicts with the culture of federation-organized sport (Sterchele and Ferrero Camoletto 2017). Participation in lifestyle sports is increasing rapidly, which may pose a threat to the market position of federations regarding leisure sports (Gilchrist and Wheaton 2011). Despite the studies emphasizing the dichotomous relation between sport federations and lifestyle sports, our study explores why and how both can reconcile. In particular, our study examined how and why readiness for change was achieved in the gymnastic federation as well as in the parkour community for integrating parkour into the federation. Applying a single-case study design, drawing on Oakland and Tanner (2007) change framework, our study revealed several key mechanisms to develop a lifestyle sport in a federation context. Organizational learning proved to be an essential determinant to overcome the cultural differences. Furthermore, our results emphasized the importance of leveraging behavioural and technical leadership in the change process. This study enhances sport managers' knowledge on how they should approach lifestyle sport communities, while delivering insights to lifestyle sport communities on the intentions of federations regarding their sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sport-for-All encompasses efforts to make organised sport accessible for all people. Although Sport-for-All is integrated in sport federations' missions, many organisations struggle to attain their Sport-for-All goals. In particular, the Sport-for-All logic of sport federations is challenged by several institutional trends. By applying an institutional theory perspective, our study explores to what extent and how sport federations respond to the trends challenging their Sport-for-All logic. To measure the response of sport federations, a newly developed questionnaire, based on the model of Greenwood et al. (2002). [Theorizing change: The role of professional associations in the transformation of institutionalized fields. Academy of Management Journal, 45(1), 58–80.], was sent to all recognised Flemish sport federations (n = 70). In total, 53 sport federations participated in our study. Our results revealed that 53% of the federations reported a high degree of response to the trends. Furthermore, a cluster analysis based on a quantitative application of Greenwood et al.'s (2002). [Theorizing change: The role of professional associations in the transformation of institutionalized fields. Academy of Management Journal, 45(1), 58–80.] institutional model distinguished five clusters of federations. These clusters indicated differences in the response towards the trends of Sport-for-All. In particular, our study demonstrated that not only institutional pressure but also the preinstitutionalisation and theorisation stages are important stages to trigger the sport federations' response. Insights are provided into sport federations' responses to the institutional trends of Sport-for-All informs sport federations and sport managers on how to adapt to the changing Sport-for-All landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]