Search

This study aimed to determine a typical profile of elite breath-hold divers (BHDs), in relation to loss of consciousness (LOC) and episodic memory. Forty-four BHDs were evaluated during a world championship with anthropometric and physiological measurements, psychosociological factors and memory assessment. Seventy-five percent of the BHDs had at least one LOC with the predominance being men (p < 0.05). Thirty six percent of BHDs presented a low-risk profile and 64% a high-risk profile with no particular psychological pattern. Stepwise multiple linear regression showed that body fat, years of BH practice, age and forced vital capacity explained a significant amount of the variance of LOC for all BHDs (F(4,39) = 16.03, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.622, R2Adjusted = 0.583). No correlation was found between resting physiological parameters and their training or depth performances. In conclusion, anthropometric data, pulmonary factors and breath-holding experience were predictive of LOC in elite BHDs, with men taking more risks. BHDs episodic memory was not impaired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our visual system enables us to effortlessly navigate and recognize real-world visual environments. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies suggest a network of scene-responsive cortical visual areas, but much less is known about the temporal order in which different scene properties are analyzed by the human visual system. In this study, we selected a set of 36 full-color natural scenes that varied in spatial structure and semantic content that our male and female human participants viewed both in 2D and 3D while we recorded magnetoencephalography (MEG) data. MEG enables tracking of cortical activity in humans at millisecond timescale. We compared the representational geometry in the MEG responses with predictions based on the scene stimuli using the representational similarity analysis framework. The representational structure first reflected the spatial structure in the scenes in time window 90-125 ms, followed by the semantic content in time window 140-175 ms after stimulus onset. The 3D stereoscopic viewing of the scenes affected the responses relatively late, from ~140 ms from stimulus onset. Taken together, our results indicate that the human visual system rapidly encodes a scene's spatial structure and suggest that this information is based on monocular instead of binocular depth cues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sea of Marmara (SoM) holds significant importance for both local and regional fisheries due to its characteristic as a semi-enclosed sea on the migratory route of small and medium pelagic fish. While this area sees active fishing with numerous small-scale vessels and approximately 150 purse seiners, there has been a noticeable absence of research on the spatial and temporal distribution of intense fishing pressure in this relatively small sea. Concerns regarding the sustainability of purse seining in the region, specifically in relation to its potential interaction with the seafloor, have emerged over time. This study aimed to assess the spatial and temporal distribution of purse seine fishing effort in the Sea of Marmara (SoM) from 2012 to 2022. The objectives were to identify the locations of concentrated purse seine fishing effort, determine if these clusters were statistically significant hotspots, and uncover any spatio-temporal variations in fishing activity. To address these issues, this study assessed the apparent fishing effort of purse seiners from 2012 to 2022 using data from Global Fishing Watch. Various statistical tools of geographic information systems (ArcGIS and QGIS) were applied to achieve the following. identify the locations where apparent clusters of purse seine fishing effort were concentrated in the SoM; determine if these identified clusters were statistically significant hotspots; and uncover any spatio-temporal variations in fishing activity. The analyses revealed persistent and intensifying purse seine fishing efforts concentrated in the eastern sector of the SoM. This area includes ecologically sensitive habitats and serves as a habitat for vulnerable species, such as Posidonia meadows, Pinna nobilis, and Octocorals. Additionally, it was found that 50% of the fishing effort occurred in areas shallower than 50 m, raising public concerns about the protection of these specific zones. The findings indicate significant and increasing fishing pressure in the eastern sector of the SoM, posing potential risks to sensitive marine habitats and vulnerable species. These results underscore the need for targeted management strategies to ensure the sustainability of purse seine fishing and the protection of critical habitats in the SoM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Connected bipartite graphs whose binomial edge ideals are Cohen–Macaulay have been classified by Bolognini et al. In this paper, we compute the depth, Castelnuovo–Mumford regularity, and dimension of the generalized binomial edge ideals of these graphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the construction and maintenance of railway track systems, studying the influence of ballast depth on the performance of railway track structures is important to ensure the safety and sustainability of the built environment, and for making informed decisions on how to allocate resources and plan for the future. The present study uses the discrete-element method to study the mechanical behavior of the ballast, the permanent deformation, and the vibration of the railway track system under cyclic loading conditions. Ballast block and linear contact models are proposed to capture the overall behavior of the railway track system. According to the particle size distribution of the French railway ballast, 10 different shapes are created to form the ballast layers. Based on direct shear experiments, our model using a new set of parameters is able to correctly capture the dynamics response based on different depths of the ballast layer and different loading conditions including the rail speed and loads. The obtained bulk density of the ballast layer after being precompacted is equal to 1,280 kg/m3. The ballast located vertically below the sleepers carries the largest contact force under cyclic loading, while the ballast located on the horizontal plane of the sleepers has the smallest contact force. Based on the stability of the ballast layer performance, a depth of 0.3 m for the ballast layer is recommended for high-speed and heavy-haul railway. The dynamics response at high speed and load suggests that in future experiments, the frequency should be increased to at least 25 Hz to obtain an accurate and realistic response. Our results conclude that the newly built railway track system needs to be precompacted, as then the ballast bed will be stable for future long-term use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Testate amoebae are widely used as proxies in palaeoecological reconstructions of lacustrine environments. However, our knowledge on their morphological adaptation to depth is still limited. This study aims to determine correlations between the morphological and size structure of testate amoeba communities and depth and some other environmental variables along a depth gradient from 0 to 57 m in mesotrophic Valdayskoe Lake, Russia. The morphological structure of testate amoeba communities in the bottom surface sediments of the lake and their distribution along the depth gradient were described. Redundancy analysis indicated that sampling depth, temperature, pH, and slope angle significantly explained the total variance in the community compositions, which were classified into three morphological groups. The set of morphotraits of testate amoebae communities differed drastically above and below the thermocline and may be used as an indicator of the depths. Above and below the thermocline, the morphological structure of testaceans is also determined by other environmental variables associated with the habitats they were found. The weighted and median body size of testate amoebae generally decreases with depth, but bottom relief influences the body size structure of the community via differences in the accumulation of organic matter on slopes and flat sites. These data may contribute to a better interpretation of palaeoecological records of subfossil testate amoebae in lacustrine surface sediments and serve as a basis for the development of a transfer function for reconstructing lake depths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scatter halfspace depth (sHD) is an extension of the location halfspace (also called Tukey) depth that is applicable in the nonparametric analysis of scatter. Using sHD, it is possible to define minimax optimal robust scatter estimators for multivariate data. The problem of exact computation of sHD for data of dimension d ≥ 2 has, however, not been addressed in the literature. We develop an exact algorithm for the computation of sHD in any dimension d and implement it efficiently for any dimension d ≥ 1 . Since the exact computation of sHD is slow especially for higher dimensions, we also propose two fast approximate algorithms. All our programs are freely available in the R package scatterdepth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to investigate the distribution and abundance of shellfish fauna from the river Burhi Gadak in North Bihar, India. The hydro-morphology of the river were studied and revealed that river width varied from 87.34±10.17 to 102.77±11.58 m and maximum river width was recorded in August 2020. The maximum depth was observed between 8.62±0.99 to 13.55±1.21 m and maximum depth was observed in August 2020 and minimum depth ranged from 6.44±0.80 to 9.92±1.06 m and minimum depth was found in June 2021. The maximum water flows varied between 0.55±0.11 to 0.74±0.11m/s and the minimum flow rate was recorded in August 2020 and minimum water flow ranged from 0.40±0.07 to 0.47±0.06 m/s and low water flow was recorded in June 2021. The investigation recorded a total of 12 shellfish species under 4 orders, 9 families and 10 genera. Identified shellfishes comprised of 5 species of crustaceans (3 species of freshwater prawns and 2 species of crab under 2 orders, 2 families and 3 genera) and 7 species of molluscs (5 species of snails and 2 species of mussels under 2 orders, 7 families and 6 genera). The highest species abundance was observed at Muzaffarpur sampling site having Palaemonidaeas the predominant family with 3 species. The Shanon-Wiener diversity index, Pielou's evenness index and Margalef's species richness index ranged from 2.30 to 2.50, 0.90 to 1.0, 2.0 to 2.30, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Inorganic Analytical Chemistry / Zhongguo Wuji Fenxi Huaxue is the property of Beijing Research Institute of Mining & Metallurgy Technology Group and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, An UWOC system using a hybrid LD/LED link is proposed. A simulation was assumed to study the quality of the received optical signal with different modulation schemes such as 64-PPM, 4-QAM, NRZ-OOK, and RZ-OOK. A total of 64-PPM modulation schemes have enhanced the distance link compared with other modulation schemes. PIN and APD PDs are employed to validate the quality of the received optical signal under different water depths. Various metrics of BER, Q. factor, and data rate was introduced to assess the reliability of the hybrid LD/LED link. The simulation results show the proposed system can be achieved a good link with different water depths. The attenuation coefficient of water varies with depth and restricted the performance link distance by hybrid LD/LED link. The 64- PPM is a suitable modulation scheme for getting a long-distance link. The photodetector APD PD outperforms the PIN PD when 64-PPM and 4-QAM are applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Natural Hazards & Environment (JNHE) / Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi (DACD) is the property of Artvin Coruh University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We recall and delve into the different characterizations of the depth of an affine semigroup ring, providing an original characterization of depth two in three and four dimensional cases which are closely related to the existence of a maximal element in certain Apéry sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the intraday dynamics of liquidity and trading activity on the Egyptian Exchange (EGX) to assess its market quality. Using reconstructed five-minute limit order book data, this study measures liquidity dimensions and explores anomalies through interval-of-day and day-of-week models. Key findings reveal an inverted J-shaped pattern in spreads due to information asymmetry, a U-shaped pattern in total depth, and a J-shaped market depth pattern. Additionally, significant day-of-week effects are observed, with Sundays showing the lowest liquidity and Thursdays the highest trading activity. These patterns highlight the impact of the EGX's unique microstructure, including tick sizes and a preference for limit orders. This study underscores the influence of market structure on liquidity, trading efficiency, and cost, emphasizing the need for tailored regulatory and trading strategies. It provides valuable insights for investors optimizing trading strategies and policymakers seeking to enhance market integrity. Concluding, this research offers a foundation for understanding intraday liquidity patterns in emerging markets like the EGX and proposes future exploration of how information flows and trading mechanisms affect price discovery and market efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flooding is a natural disaster that causes loss of life and property worldwide. Floods can be predicted and their damages can be reduced. Various natural and man-made factors can cause floods. Sediment movement can be counted as one of the causes of floods, albeit rarely. The Sakarya River bed and river mouth is one of the risky areas for flooding due to sediment deposition. Due to the activities of quarries on the Sakarya River, the amount of sediment carried by the river increases, and the damage to the river bed morphology. In rare cases, the mouth of the river is completely closed due to sedimentation, which has caused many disasters such as coastal flooding and capsizing of marine vessels, leading to loss of life and property. Therefore, the occurrence of floods due to sediment deposition at the mouth of Sakarya River was investigated. The 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 500-year return period flows in the downstream part of the Sakarya River and Karasu district were analyzed with the 2D flood model in case of insufficient discharge from the river mouth. Water depth, velocity, and flood hazard maps for these return periods were prepared. The impact of flooding on Karasu district was analyzed in terms of affected buildings and affected area (ha). Thus, the effects of the floods occurring in the downstream region as a result of the interventions to the river bed in the upstream region were analyzed.

In this paper, we study the residue rings modulo edge ideals associated with multi-whisker graphs from a local cohomological viewpoint. The main tool that we exploit is a structural result for the local cohomology of these rings which allows us to find formulas for depth and regularity of them. We also show that multi-whisker graphs are vertex-decomposable and sequentially Cohen–Macaulay for which the arithmetical rank and big height of their edge ideals are equal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tennis players engage in strength training to improve their tennis-specific skills and reduce the risk of injury during matches. However, this approach may not adequately develop tennis-specific skills and could potentially increase the risk of injury among young players. There is a need to examine new methods that will both support technical development and be easily tolerated by young tennis players. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of tennis training combined with core exercises on the tennis-specific skills of young tennis players. Twenty young tennis players participated in this study. They were divided into two groups: the training group (n=10, age 14.30 years) and the control group (n=10, age 14.00 years). The training group (TRAIN) participated in a combined training program of core stability and tennis training, while control group (CONT) participated in tennis training program. Both groups trained for three sessions per week over eight weeks. Tennis performance was assessed at the baseline and after eight weeks. Forehand and backhand depth (p=0.005; ES=0.25), volley (p=0.009; ES=0.33), forehand and backhand accuracy (p=0.007; ES=1.39) and service performance (p=0.021; ES=1.78) improved significantly after training program in TRAIN group (p < 0.05). The changes in volley, forehand and backhand accuracy, service test scores were not significant after training program in CONT group (p > 0.05). The combined training program, utilizing portable and lightweight equipment near the training court, has been shown to effectively enhance tennis-specific performance. This model demonstrates significant benefits for the development of tennis-related skills.

ABSTRACT Importance Umbilical venous catheterization (UVC) is a common procedure for critically ill newborn infants. The insertion depth was estimated before the procedure using various formulae. Objective To compare the accuracy of five published formulae based on birth weight (BW). Methods This is a secondary retrospective analysis using data collected in a previous study, in which the actual final insertion depth of UVC was recorded. Predicted insertion depths were calculated by five published formulae based on BW. Then the actual depth and predicted depth were compared. Accurate position was defined as predicted depth being within ± 10% of actual depth. The accuracy rate calculated as “(accurately positioned UVCs/ all UVCs) × 100%” and the ratio of difference calculated as “(|predicted depth − actual depth|/ actual depth)” were compared among five formulae. Results Totally 1298 were enrolled, with gestational age 29.8 ± 2.3 weeks and BW 1215 ± 273 g. The accuracy rates were: Tambasco formula (67.2%), Shukla formula (65.0%), JSS formula (64.4%), BW formula (48.9%), and revised Shukla formula (26.9%). Tambasco formula had the highest accuracy rate in newborns with BW ≥ 1000 g. JSS formula had the highest accuracy rate in newborns with BW

Abstract Spatial permeability is a distinctive characteristic of urban form. However, a definitive method for measuring it remains a challenge. This study aims to investigate factors affecting permeability within urban systems, with a focus on incorporating a theoretical framework to support a mathematical approach. Moreover, a method for testing reliability and consistency is suggested. The methodology comprised theoretical and empirical sections. The theoretical part explores the concept of permeability and the core variables that affect permeability in cities. The experimental section involved analyzing 52 zones in Erbil City, extracting their physical and spatial attributes to be utilized as input data for the model. Ultimately, it is evident that the permeability of the built environment is defined by factors such as depth, choice, block size, and spatial maneuverability. The proposed model shows how permeability stands out from other spatial indicators, offering important initial insights into the expanding field of urban form analysis.

This paper explores the phenomenon of ‘slow’ cinema, its aesthetic and stylistic features, which allows highlighting a number of important aspects characteristic of this kind of films. First of all, the slow pace of narration helps to build a certain ‘contemplative’ relationship with the viewer. Supported by a complex of cinematographic techniques, it presupposes emotional and intellectual involvement of the viewer and enhances deep and conscious perception of the work. Secondly, the directors’ attention to the problems of time and history, the crisis of interpersonal communication and the difficulties of human adaptation in the conditions of the changing reality form the thematic focus of ‘slow’ films. Emerging at the turn of the 2000s — 2010s and reflecting the crisis mood of the period, ‘slow’ cinema ideologically coincided with the movement of metamodernism, the main provisions of which were formulated by T. Vermeulen and R. van den Akker. In their opinion, such patterns as ‘Historicity’, ‘Affect’, and ‘Depth’ reappeared in contemporary art. This idea is confirmed by the films The Syndromes and a Century (2006) by A. Weerasethakul, The Mourning Forest (2006) by N. Kawase, and Silent Light (2007) by C. Reygadas, which constitute the research subject in this article. The asynchronous present facing the past and the future, the affective ‘discovery’ of the nature of reality and the depth of the worldview — such are the aspects addressed in the ‘slow’ films under consideration. Thus, the relevance of the study lies both in consideration (and comparing) the two trends that have manifested themselves in the first third of the 21st century, and in the interdisciplinary analysis of the films which shows that society is experiencing a breakdown and revision of cultural formations. Post-postmodern movements such as metamodernism, which attempted to find a new way of describing the world, and ‘slow’ cinema designed to renew the film language are among the first exponents of the sociocultural changes taking place.

Abstract River systems once safeguarded from water development are being developed. This includes intermittent rivers that annually dry to a series of pools. Describing fish species relationships between abundance and pool depth can help managers set water-take rules that protect fish in dry-season pools. We sampled fish in main-channel and floodplain pools that spanned a gradient of depths and overcame sampling challenges by accounting for interacting effects of species mean length, environmental attributes, and sampling attributes on fish capture probabilities. Fish abundance-depth relationships varied systematically with species mean length, mesohabitat type (main channel, floodplain), water turbidity, and structural complexity, highlighting system complexity and the potential generality of abundance-depth relationships. Similarly, fish length moderated the effects of environmental attributes on capture probability for all sampling methods. We evaluated impacts of hypothetical water-take regulations on fish species’ distributions. Results suggested that water-take rules prohibiting draining of main-channel pools below 1.65 m and reducing floodplain pools by no more than 14% minimises impacts to species’ distributions, promoting conservation of the fish community. Additionally, our approach demonstrates the capacity of species length for predicting distributional and sampling patterns of fish species.

Background and Aims: Various methods are used to predict the depth of insertion of central venous catheters (CVCs). We evaluated a bronchoscopy-based carinal measurement technique to predict this depth. Methods: We randomised adults undergoing cardiac surgery into a bronchoscopy group or the Peres’ formula-based method group. CVCs were inserted through the right internal jugular vein. The skin insertion reference point was at the level of the cricoid cartilage lateral to the carotid artery. In the bronchoscopy group, the depth of insertion was determined by the total length from the carina to the proximal end of the tracheal tube (TT) (measured with a flexible bronchoscope) minus (the sum of the distances from the skin insertion reference point to the TT and the length of the TT outside the mouth). In the Peres’ group, height (cm)/10 determined the depth of insertion. Confirmation of CVCs’ distal tip position was done with transoesophageal echocardiography. The area from 2 cm proximal to 1 cm distal to the superior vena cava–right atrium junction was considered ideal. The primary outcome was the proportion of correct CVC placements. The secondary outcome was the alignment of the CVCs. Results: Forty-one patients in the bronchoscopy group and 40 patients in the Peres’ group were enroled. A greater proportion of CVCs was placed correctly in the bronchoscopy group (87.8% vs. 37.5%; P = 0.001). A more significant proportion of CVC tips was abutting the vessel wall in the Peres’ group (45% vs. 19.5%; P = 0.014). Conclusion: Bronchoscopy-based carinal measurement technique results in more accurate placement of CVCs compared to the Peres’ method.

Abstract Juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), known as post-smolt as they enter the sea, undergo an arduous migration from their natal rivers to their feeding grounds in the North Atlantic Ocean. It has become increasingly important to understand how post-smolts use the fjord environment as they migrate in order to properly assess the potential threats posed by large-scale salmon farming. Chief among these threats is the increased numbers of ectoparasitic salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) inhabiting the water column, which are known to have specific depth preferences based on light, temperature, and salinity. Here, we present data on the depth use of wild Atlantic salmon post-smolts migrating through fjords. We aimed to investigate to what extent depth use varied throughout the fjord and from year to year. Using acoustic telemetry, tagged fish from four rivers in two fjords in western Norway were monitored as they migrated towards the open sea during two consecutive years. We found that post-smolts predominantly migrated in the top three meters of the water column throughout the length of both fjord systems. Among 61 successful migrants and 7013 detections, 98% of detections were in the top three meters of the water column. This corresponds well with past findings showing similar depth use in hatchery-reared smolt and in adult Atlantic salmon kelts returning to their feeding grounds after spawning. We found little evidence of a consistent diel pattern in depth use. Our results support assumptions of representative sampling when trawling the upper portion of the water column for post-smolts in order to estimate sea lice infection rates and may improve the precision of efforts to model salmon lice infection risk. The results may also be valuable in evaluating other threats to wild salmon.

This study examines the trend in the depth of the financial markets over the 2001-2011 period with a particular focus on the period surrounding the 2008-2009 global crisis. We examine the trend in 11 depth variables for high-income OECD, high-income non-OECD, middle-income, and low-income countries. Our results show that stock market capitalization went down for all groups after 2007. We also find that there was a big jump in the stock market value traded in low-income countries in 2007 which later reversed in 2008. We find that after 2007 or 2008, outstanding domestic and international public debt and international private debt went up, while domestic private debt securities went down for the high- and middle-income groups (no data were available for the low-income group). There were more international debt issues for high-income groups after 2008. In terms of liabilities and assets, our results show that gross portfolio equity assets and liabilities as well as debt liabilities went down in 2007 and then up after 2008 for the high-income and middle-income groups. Gross portfolio debt assets went down in 2006 and then up after 2007 for the high-income groups. Overall, the results show that there were changes in all of these depth measures (especially for the high-income and middle-income countries) due the 2008-2009 global crisis. Most of these measures reversed one year later. These findings should help policymakers by showing them the types of changes that happen in their country’s financial system when a global economic crisis happens.

Abstract Recycled manure solids (RMS) are dried cow dung processed using a manure dewatering machine and subsequently sun-dried to ~ 20% moisture. Benefits of RMS include abundant availability, low cost, and eco-friendliness, but its use as bedding material for cows is hindered by a moisture content that promotes microbial growth. This in vitro study evaluated impacts of calcium hydroxide (CH; 5 and 7.5%) and sodium hydrosulphate (SHS; 6 and 8%), independently and in combinations, at various depths of RMS, on physicochemical and microbial properties. The CH-treated groups had increased pH and reduced moisture on Day 0. Incorporating 7.5% CH + 6% SHS at 15–20 cm, and 7.5% CH + 8% SHS at all depths, effectively suppressed Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. Furthermore, a combination of 7.5% CH + 8% SHS at 20 cm inhibited coliform growth, whereas 7.5% CH with 6% SHS inhibited Streptococcus spp. In conclusion, a combination of 7.5% CH with either 6 or 8% SHS at a depth of 15 cm in RMS was particularly effective in controlling environmental mastitis-causing pathogens, specifically E. coli and Klebsiella spp. Graphical Abstract

Spatial permeability is a distinctive characteristic of urban form. However, a definitive method for measuring it remains a challenge. This study aims to investigate factors affecting permeability within urban systems, with a focus on incorporating a theoretical framework to support a mathematical approach. Moreover, a method for testing reliability and consistency is suggested. The methodology comprised theoretical and empirical sections. The theoretical part explores the concept of permeability and the core variables that affect permeability in cities. The experimental section involved analyzing 52 zones in Erbil City, extracting their physical and spatial attributes to be utilized as input data for the model. Ultimately, it is evident that the permeability of the built environment is defined by factors such as depth, choice, block size, and spatial maneuverability. The proposed model shows how permeability stands out from other spatial indicators, offering important initial insights into the expanding field of urban form analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geoscientists are interested in investigating the subsurface mineral resources such as crude oil through exploration of the Earth's subsurface. The availability and extent of these important commercial minerals can be ascertained by the characteristics of their geophysical properties through a geophysical survey in the area under investigation. Gravity method is a non-destructive geophysical method primarily used for locating the presence of solid minerals. This research work is aimed at using data coordinate interpolation techniques to extract information from aerogravity data obtained over Ewekoro in order to estimate the depth of the overburden thickness of the geological contact of the observed causative potential field anomaly. Hence, Source Parameter Imaging (SPI) and Euler deconvolution methods were applied on airborne gravity data of Ewekoro in both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The airborne gravity data sheets 260 and 279 acquired by the Bureau Gravimetrique International (BGI), through the Earth Gravity Model (EGM08) in 2008 were used. The raw gravity data recorded in digital format of X, Y and Z representing latitude, longitude and the Bouguer gravity values, respectively, were exported into Oasis Montaj software for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The datasets were gridded using the minimum curvature algorithm. Regional-residual separation was carried out to remove low frequency anomalies from the total field by applying a high-pass filter in sharpening the edges of the anomaly and enhancement. A Two-Dimensional Fast Fourier Transform (2D FFT) filtering technique was used in computing different derivative grids. The interpolated gravity map revealed a decrease in anomaly from SW to NE of the study area, with an anomaly range of 15-19 mGal. The SPI revealed a depth range of 235-698 m with the deeper gravity source concentrated in the central region and shallower source discovered in the SE of the study area. The 3D Euler depth estimates corresponding to Structural Index (SI) = 0 applied to the gravity data revealed a depth range of 132-692 m with a scattered Euler solution trending in NW, NE and SSE of the study area. The results for both methods indicate an average correlation in terms of their depths. The investigation revealed Bouguer anomaly thickness of Ewekoro trends in the SW-NE with significant depth for mineral exploration. The heterogeneity of the subsurface of the study area and the overburden thickness of Ewekoro trending in the NNE-NNW with an appreciable depth to harbour mineral resources were established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Two‐dimensional (2D) color appearance scales, including attributes such as whiteness, blackness, vividness, and depth, are closely aligned with our daily experiences and are thus highly sought after. This article presents a psychophysical experiment utilizing the magnitude estimation method under four levels of luminance (10, 100, 1000, and 10 000 cd/m2). Observers evaluated both traditional one‐dimensional scales (brightness, colorfulness, and hue) and 2D scales (whiteness, blackness, vividness, and depth). The collected data were utilized to evaluate existing color appearance models, including CIECAM16, CAM16‐UCS, V*ab, and D*ab. Subsequently, new scales derived from the CAM16‐UCS model were developed to more accurately reflect the experimental data. These scales were further validated against independent data sets. The findings indicated that the scales developed from this study outperformed existing models when applied to external data sets. Moreover, Berns's scales for vividness and depth demonstrated strong predictive accuracy. Finally, four simple and accurate 2D scales are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This note details the first formal report of a spinal deformation in whale sharks, Rhincodon typus. An individual whale shark with suspected kypholordoscoliosis was observed at Ewing Bank in the Gulf of Mexico during aggregation events in 2010 and 2013. Despite the significant deformity, the shark was observed feeding on fish eggs at the surface during both encounters. Based on satellite tag tracking, its movements, temperature preferences, and depth use were within the range of other whale sharks from the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breadth and depth of curriculum are important for success in science teaching and learning. Curriculum theorists recommend less breadth and more depth than overloaded, superficial science curricula. This study investigates breadth and depth in the official biology syllabi in the seventh to eighth or ninth years in four diverse jurisdictions, Kenya, South Africa, British Columbia (Canada) and Singapore. Breadth was the number of generic topics included in each syllabus. Depth comprised focus, meaning the proportion of statements devoted to each topic, and demand, meaning the complexity and abstractness of each topic. High-performing jurisdictions, British Columbia and Singapore, have contrasting profiles of breadth and depth, with British Columbia having low breadth, high focus and high demand, while Singapore has high breadth, low focus and lower demand than British Columbia. Low-performing South Africa has high breadth, some focus but lower demand than the high-performing jurisdictions. Kenya has low breadth, high focus, but low demand. Breadth, focus and demand are independent parameters of biology syllabus. High-performing jurisdictions have higher demand but not focus nor breadth than South Africa and Kenya. The British Columbia syllabus best fits the appeal for less breadth and more depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Mediterranean Sea, pelagic longline fisheries, targeting tuna and swordfish, have contributed significantly to the bycatch of threatened chondrichthyan species, such as blue shark (Prionace glauca). The Mediterranean blue shark population is assessed as critically endangered, making a timely implementation of mitigation measures crucial. A comprehensive understanding of blue shark habitat use dynamics is essential for deriving appropriate mitigation measures. This study aimed at evaluating vertical movement behaviour and investigating factors potentially influencing the movements of blue sharks in the Mediterranean Sea. Twenty-six blue sharks, bycaught in a longline fishery in the southern Adriatic, were tagged with pop-up satellite archival tags. Analysis of data from thirteen recovered tags revealed a distinctive diel movement pattern. Blue sharks used shallower waters during the night and deeper waters during the day, characterised by steep ascents and descents during sunset and sunrise, respectively. In addition, lunar phases were also influencing the depth of blue shark movements, with sharks using deeper waters right before and during full-moon. Shark size, salinity, currents, spatial location and time of the year were additional factors influencing blue shark depth use. The observed tendency of blue sharks to use deeper areas at daytime and prior and during the full moon period offers possibilities to develop and test bycatch mitigation strategies. Aligning longline fishing schedules and fishing depths with blue shark behaviour during the fishing seasons could hold promise to effectively reduce spatio-temporal overlap between fishing and blue shark distribution and may ultimately decrease the bycatch impact of the fishery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Our study objective was to evaluate changes in ETT tube depth throughout the initial intubation course in very and extremely preterm infants in order to evaluate the risk of outgrowing an endotracheal tube (ETT). Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of preterm infants born at <32 weeks of gestation who were admitted to the NICU between 2012 and 2021 and required intubation for mechanical ventilation. Infants who were intubated only for surfactant administration and those with airway malformations were excluded. Descriptive statistics were used to define the range of ETT depths at the time of extubation, stratified by gestational age (<28 weeks vs 28–32 weeks of gestation). Relative ETT depth was defined as the final depth minus the initial depth. Results: Out of 496 infants, 140 patients met all criteria for inclusion. Descriptive analysis of extubation depths across the populations demonstrated median relative ETT depth of 0 cm for the 28–32-week gestational age group, and −0.25 cm for the <28-week gestational age group. The 95th percentile for both gestational age groups was a relative depth of 0.5 cm and the 99th percentile was 1.0–1.5 cm. Conclusion: The results of our study suggest that the vast majority of patients in the NICU are unlikely to "outgrow" ETT tube length which should be taken into account when deciding where to trim the ETT in order to minimize airway resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: Umbilical venous catheterization (UVC) is a common procedure for critically ill newborn infants. The insertion depth was estimated before the procedure using various formulae. Objective: To compare the accuracy of five published formulae based on birth weight (BW). Methods: This is a secondary retrospective analysis using data collected in a previous study, in which the actual final insertion depth of UVC was recorded. Predicted insertion depths were calculated by five published formulae based on BW. Then the actual depth and predicted depth were compared. Accurate position was defined as predicted depth being within ± 10% of actual depth. The accuracy rate calculated as "(accurately positioned UVCs/ all UVCs) × 100%" and the ratio of difference calculated as "(|predicted depth − actual depth|/ actual depth)" were compared among five formulae. Results: Totally 1298 were enrolled, with gestational age 29.8 ± 2.3 weeks and BW 1215 ± 273 g. The accuracy rates were: Tambasco formula (67.2%), Shukla formula (65.0%), JSS formula (64.4%), BW formula (48.9%), and revised Shukla formula (26.9%). Tambasco formula had the highest accuracy rate in newborns with BW ≥ 1000 g. JSS formula had the highest accuracy rate in newborns with BW<1000 g. Interpretation: It is suggested to use the Tambasco formula for estimating the UVC insertion depth for newborns, especially for those with BW ≥ 1000 g, and to apply the JSS formula for newborns with BW < 1000 g. There is no universal formula for achieving 100% accurate positioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

River systems once safeguarded from water development are being developed. This includes intermittent rivers that annually dry to a series of pools. Describing fish species relationships between abundance and pool depth can help managers set water-take rules that protect fish in dry-season pools. We sampled fish in main-channel and floodplain pools that spanned a gradient of depths and overcame sampling challenges by accounting for interacting effects of species mean length, environmental attributes, and sampling attributes on fish capture probabilities. Fish abundance-depth relationships varied systematically with species mean length, mesohabitat type (main channel, floodplain), water turbidity, and structural complexity, highlighting system complexity and the potential generality of abundance-depth relationships. Similarly, fish length moderated the effects of environmental attributes on capture probability for all sampling methods. We evaluated impacts of hypothetical water-take regulations on fish species’ distributions. Results suggested that water-take rules prohibiting draining of main-channel pools below 1.65 m and reducing floodplain pools by no more than 14% minimises impacts to species’ distributions, promoting conservation of the fish community. Additionally, our approach demonstrates the capacity of species length for predicting distributional and sampling patterns of fish species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let m = (x1, . . ., xn) be the maximal graded ideal of S := K [x1, . . ., xn]. We present a new method for computing the Hilbert depth of mt, using the polarization and a combinatorial characterization of the Hilbert depth of a quotient of squarefree monomial ideals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a generalization of random recursive trees and preferential attachment trees, we consider random recursive metric spaces. These spaces are constructed from random blocks, each a metric space equipped with a probability measure, containing a labelled point called a hook, and assigned a weight. Random recursive metric spaces are equipped with a probability measure made up of a weighted sum of the probability measures assigned to its constituent blocks. At each step in the growth of a random recursive metric space, a point called a latch is chosen at random according to the equipped probability measure, and a new block is chosen at random and attached to the space by joining together the latch and the hook of the block. We use martingale theory to prove a law of large numbers and a central limit theorem for the insertion depth, the distance from the master hook to the latch chosen. We also apply our results to further generalizations of random trees, hooking networks, and continuous spaces constructed from line segments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let R be a commutative Noetherian ring, I an ideal of R and M a finitely generated R-module with dimR(M) = d. Denote by depthR(I,M) the depth of M in I. In [C. Huneke and V. Trivedi, The height of ideals and regular sequences, Manuscr. Math. 93 (1997) 137–142], Huneke and Trivedi proved that if R is a quotient of a regular ring then there exists a finite subset ΛM of Spec(R) such that depthR(I,M) =min픭∈Λ M{depthR픭(M픭) + ht((I + 픭)/픭)}. Denote by PsuppRi(M) = {픭 ∈Spec(R)|H픭 R픭i−dim(R/픭)(M픭)≠0} the ith pseudo support of M defined by Brodmann and Sharp [On the dimension and multiplicity of local cohomology modules, Nagoya Math. J. 167 (2002) 217–233]. In this paper, we prove that if PsuppRi(M) is closed for all i ≤ d then the above formula of depthR(I,M) holds true, where ΛM =⋃0≤i≤dmin PsuppRi(M). In particular, if R is a quotient of a Cohen–Macaulay local ring then ΛM = ⋃0≤i≤dminVar(AnnR(H픪i(M))). We also give some examples to clarify the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), known as post-smolt as they enter the sea, undergo an arduous migration from their natal rivers to their feeding grounds in the North Atlantic Ocean. It has become increasingly important to understand how post-smolts use the fjord environment as they migrate in order to properly assess the potential threats posed by large-scale salmon farming. Chief among these threats is the increased numbers of ectoparasitic salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) inhabiting the water column, which are known to have specific depth preferences based on light, temperature, and salinity. Here, we present data on the depth use of wild Atlantic salmon post-smolts migrating through fjords. We aimed to investigate to what extent depth use varied throughout the fjord and from year to year. Using acoustic telemetry, tagged fish from four rivers in two fjords in western Norway were monitored as they migrated towards the open sea during two consecutive years. We found that post-smolts predominantly migrated in the top three meters of the water column throughout the length of both fjord systems. Among 61 successful migrants and 7013 detections, 98% of detections were in the top three meters of the water column. This corresponds well with past findings showing similar depth use in hatchery-reared smolt and in adult Atlantic salmon kelts returning to their feeding grounds after spawning. We found little evidence of a consistent diel pattern in depth use. Our results support assumptions of representative sampling when trawling the upper portion of the water column for post-smolts in order to estimate sea lice infection rates and may improve the precision of efforts to model salmon lice infection risk. The results may also be valuable in evaluating other threats to wild salmon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]