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The thymus, a primary lymphoid organ, plays a critical role in T lymphocyte development and adaptive immunity. This study focuses on the anatomical, histological and geometric morphometric characteristics of the thymus in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) during postnatal development. Thymus samples were collected from camels aged approximately 4, 8, 12 and 16 months. Using photogrammetry and 3D modelling, the samples were analysed to generate landmarks and conduct geometric morphometry with the 3D Slicer and ALPACA algorithm. Principal component analysis (PCA) was then performed to evaluate shape variations. Histologically, the samples underwent Haematoxylin and Eosin and Masson's trichrome staining. Image analysis using QuPath software quantified trabeculae, adipose tissue and Hassall's corpuscles. The results revealed significant anatomical and histological changes in the thymus across the different age groups. Notable variations in tissue composition and structural integrity were observed, with the PCA highlighting distinct morphometric patterns associated with age‐related development. These findings provide a deeper understanding of thymus maturation in dromedaries and offer valuable data for comparative anatomy and veterinary medicine. This comprehensive analysis enhances our knowledge of species‐specific immune development, with important implications for the health and resilience of these animals in arid environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The morphometric study of the Algerian dromedary population, specifically the Reguibi breed (Camelus dromedarius), involves analyzing various physical measurements and characteristics of these camels. Morphometric studies aim to understand the phenotypic diversity within a population, which can provide insights into their adaptation, genetic variability and potential for selective breeding or conservation efforts. Methods: This study used 60 live dromedaries from the Tindouf slaughterhouse in Algeria's extreme southwest. The animals, 30 males and 30 females, were adults over the age of five years old who grazed in Tindouf's southwestern regions. After four measurements, the substernal void index and live weight were calculated. Result: The mean live weights for males were 507.9 kg±97.3 kg and 445.6 kg±63 kg for females. The average withers height was 1.94±0.10 m for males and 1.84±0.10 m for females. The findings were compared to previous studies on Sahraoui, Targui and Steppe Camels. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of the Reguibi population in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The objectives of the present study were to describe specific anatomical structures of the dromedary udder. In this study, udders from 86 dromedaries were examined by taking morphological measurements and producing injection casts using resin, gelatin, and paraffin. We examined the different udder, teat, and teat tip shape. The results of this study increase the knowledge of the anatomical structures of the dromedary udder, which may be useful for breeding a selection of dairy dromedaries. The objectives of the present study were to describe specific anatomical structures of the dromedary udder. Eighty-six dromedary udders were examined, taking morphological measurements and producing injection casts using resin, gelatin, and paraffin. The udder of the dromedaries consists of four quarters. The shape of the udders and teats varies considerably between animals and is influenced by age, breeding, and lactation status. The most frequently found udder form was the globular udder (48.8%) and the most common teat form in this study was the funnel teat (44.2%). The most common teat tip shape was a smooth or a slightly rough ring teat (61.6%). Injection casts showed a complete separation of the teat canals. There is also no communication between tributary mammary complexes. Resin injections of the glandular tissue adjacent to the teat cistern showed an extensive branching into large, medium, and small milk ducts. Frozen sections of the udder revealed complete separation of the right and left mammary complex through the Sulcus intermammarius. The teat sections showed longitudinal folds from the tip of the teat to the base of the teat. A ring fold at the transition from the Ductus papillaris to the teat cistern was present. The results of this study increase the knowledge of the anatomical structures of the dromedary udder, which may be useful for breeding a selection of dairy dromedaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to examine the mammary gland of dromedary camels using ultrasonography, endoscopy and radiography. These techniques are easy to perform in the field and feasible to diagnose pathological conditions of the mammary gland. Udders of 49 slaughtered and 26 adult dromedary camels submitted for necropsy were used for the examinations. Additionally, 11 lactating female dromedary camels were selected for the ultrasonographic udder examination. The transition from the milk ducts into the udder cistern, the teat cistern and the teat canals were examined in individual udders. Teat cistern length, teat end width, teat wall thickness, teat cistern width and middle cistern wall thickness were measured using ultrasonography. The measurements resulted in mean values of the teat cistern length of 37.3 mm, the teat end width of 2.0 mm, the teat wall thickness of 4.4 mm, the teat cistern width of 8.2 mm and the cistern wall thickness of 3.5 mm. The teat wall was differentiated into three layers, a hyperechoic outer layer, a hypoechoic middle layer and a hyperechoic inner layer. The mid cistern wall was hyperechoic. Endoscopic examination is an easy to perform and practicable method for examining the inner structures of the teats of dead animals; however, the feasibility has not been shown in lactating animals yet. Ring-like folds were present in the teat cistern, which protruded horizontally into the lumen. It was also possible to visualize the branchlike transition of the teat cistern into the larger milk ducts. Radiographic examination using barium sulfate contrast medium showed that the teat cistern ends in a network of initially wide but branching and narrowing milk ducts. The two teat canals and cisterns are completely independent of each other and there is no communication between the glandular tissue of the two canals and cisterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionThe Awarik camel population in southwestern Saudi Arabia exhibits unique genetic and phenotypic traits compared to other domestic camel populations. This study aims to explore the genomic signatures of positive selection in Awarik camels to understand their evolutionary history and identify genetic adaptations potentially shared with East African camel populations.MethodsWhole genome sequencing data from nine Awarik camels were analyzed using two robust intra-population haplotype-based statistical methods: integrated haplotype score (iHS) and number of segregating sites by length (nSL). These analyses were conducted to identify candidate regions under positive selection within the Awarik camel genome.Results and discussionThese analyses identified 66 and 53 candidate selection regions, encompassing 185 and 123 genes, respectively. The iHS analysis revealed significant selection signals on chromosomes 15 and 16, including a robust overlap on chromosome 15 (10 regions) involving the TRNAI-AAU gene, suggesting its critical role in adaptive processes. Additionally, chromosome 3 exhibited the highest number of candidate regions totaling 10. The nSL analysis highlighted statistically significant regions on chromosomes 2 and 7, as well as a high concentration of candidate regions on chromosome 14, totaling five regions. Notably, large candidate regions were also identified on chromosome 11 (200 kb: 51.750–51.950 kb) and chromosome 9 (325 kb: 45.825–46.150 kb). Functional annotation of these genes revealed involvement in diverse biological processes including olfactory activity, immune regulation, metabolism, insulin secretion, reproductive performance, kidney function, and cellular signaling, with specific genes like BAG5, septin 7, SLC13A1, PCED1B, BMPR1B, ZAR1, JAKMIP2, and NOTCH2 highlighted. These findings contribute to our understanding of the adaptive mechanisms of Awarik camels and have important implications for breeding and conservation strategies. Further research on these genetic adaptations, particularly those affecting immune response, is crucial to mitigate the impacts of climate change on camel populations.

Background: The dromedary spleen plays a crucial role in the immune system and maintaining homeostasis. However, there is limited research on the developmental changes in the spleen during the first few years of a dromedary's life. Objectives: The objective of this study was to comprehensively investigate the developmental changes in the dromedary spleen during the crucial first three years of life. This aim was achieved through a multi-faceted approach involving macroscopic examination, which entailed measuring the absolute and relative mass of the spleen and morphometric analysis. Additionally, histological and histomorphometric analyses were employed to study the cellular composition of the spleen at different ages. Methods: Five groups of dromedaries were examined in Southeastern Algeria. Their spleens were analyzed using both gross anatomy and histological examination. The cellular composition of their spleens was studied on histological slides of different ages, stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Results: The results showed that the spleen's size, weight, and volume significantly increased as the animals grew. The splenic mass of the animal of the first group showed an average absolute mass of 251±14.19 g, whereas in the fourth group, they showed an average mass of 318±23.91 g. Also, the length, width, and thickness showed average values of 43.78±1.95 cm, 19.44±1.52 cm, and 1.88±0.16 cm, respectively, at 8 months. However, they showed average values of 49.6±1.86 cm, 24.32±1.69 cm, and 3.18±0.34 cm, respectively, at the age of 3 years. The cellular composition of the spleen changed over time, with a higher percentage of lymphoid tissue at 8 months, more red pulp at 1 year, and a higher percentage of white pulp at 2 years. Finally, the spleen had a mature mixture of red and white pulp and fully developed immune function by 3 years. Conclusion: This study provides new insights into the development and maturation of the dromedary spleen. The findings have important implications for understanding the health and well-being of these animals. The results could potentially contribute to the development of better strategies for the management and care of dromedaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brucellosis and coxiellosis/Q fever are bacterial infections caused by Brucella species and Coxiella burnetii, respectively; camels are highly susceptible to both pathogens. Trichinellosis is a parasitic infection caused by various Trichinella nematode species. Reportedly, camels are susceptible to experimental infection with Trichinella spp., but information on this potential host species is scarce. All three infections are of zoonotic nature and thus of great public health concern. The current study aimed to determine antibodies against the three pathogens in recently imported camels (n = 491) from Sudan at the two main ports for the entrance of camels into southern Egypt using commercial indirect ELISAs. Samples were collected in two sampling periods. The seropositivity rates of Brucella spp., C. burnetii, and Trichinella spp. were 3.5%, 4.3%, and 2.4%, respectively. Mixed seropositivity was found in 1% for Brucella spp. and C. burnetii. Marked differences were found between the two study sites and the two sampling periods for Brucella. A higher rate of seropositivity was recorded in the Red Sea/older samples that were collected between 2015 and 2016 (4.3%, 17/391; odds ratio = 9.4; p < 0.030) than in those collected in Aswan/recent samples that were collected between 2018 and 2021 (0/100). Concerning C. burnetii, samples collected during November and December 2015 had a significantly higher positivity rate than the other samples (13%, 13/100; OD = 4.8; p < 0.016). The same effect was observed for antibodies to Trichinella spp., with samples collected during November and December 2015 showing a higher positivity rate than the other samples (7%, 7/100; OD = 10.9; p < 0.001). This study provides valuable information on the seroprevalence of Brucella spp. and additional novel information on C. burnetii and Trichinella spp. in recently imported camels kept in quarantine before delivery to other Egyptian regions. This knowledge can be utilized to reduce health hazards and financial burdens attributable to brucellosis, Q fever, and trichinellosis in animals and humans in Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carcass yield varies from one animal species to another and depends on various factors, such as the age of the animal, its health condition, diet, and activity level. The main objective of this study was to determine the yield of meat production from the main Algerian population of dromedaries (Camelus dromedaries L, 1758), namely, Sahraoui, Targui, steppe camels, and Reguibi, while minimizing unnecessary losses to guide the choices for development in camel meat production. A total heterogeneous sample of 240 dromedary camels was collected, distributed as follows: 60 camels from each population (Sahraoui, Targui, steppe camels, and Reguibi). Within each population, the animals were further divided into the following categories: 15 young adult males, 15 adult males, 15 young adult females, and 15 adult females. Live weights were determined before slaughter using body measurements and calculated using the Boué (1949) method. The weights of the hot carcasses were collected from the slaughterhouses (the sum of the weights of the nine separated parts constituting the carcass): Ouargla for the Sahraoui and Targui populations, Biskra for the steppe camel population, and Tindouf for the Reguibi population. These animals were from extensive breeding populations. The average carcass yields of the different dromedary populations indicate that, among adult males, Reguibi had the highest yield (64.86 ± 7.17%), whereas the lowest average yield was observed in Targui males (49.99 ± 6.27%). For females, the highest average value of 53.65 ± 7.17% was recorded in the Reguibi camels and the lowest was in the Targui population (44.48 ± 6.27%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algeria, the camel is one of the greatest riches and resources reservoir of the Saharan territory. Compared to other farm animals, this species was relegated to the background, despite a past that testifies to a preponderant role in a hostile environment. Due to its legendary sobriety, it is the emblematic animal of the merchant caravan and renowned for its versatility. It appears as an excellent means of locomotion, saddle, with interesting traction capacities in addition to being endowed with remarkable strength for ploughing and the use of noria or delou. Today, the increase in numbers has been accompanied by changes in production systems, while the notable increase in the demand for camel products revealed by the socio-economic changes in nomadic communities, in terms of education and health, have contributed to modifying animal husbandry practices. Indeed, the emergence of new specialized camel systems has disrupted the habits that are now reflected into an increased interest in both the systems adopted and the products related to them. The future of the dromedary would be projected according to a dimension of renewal, the camel sector, local products and camel services are as many assets to consider. It is in this perspective that the present contribution, as a synthesis, attempts to highlight camel breeding in the Algerian Sahara. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A prospective study on camel breeding was carried out in the province of Bechar from January to May 2023. For this, we consulted the logs of the agricultural services department, and a questionnaire was sent to 10 camel farmers in order to identify several parameters such as: breeding system, camel population, feeding and the main parameters of camel reproduction. Our results showed an estimated camel population of 12 243 head spread over 6 communes, with a large number (3865; 31.65%) in Abadla and a small number (149; 1.21%) in Knadssa. According to (62%) of camel breeders, the type of livestock system most practised in the Bechar region is semi-sedentary. Five camel populations were observed in the study area. (85%) of survey respondents indicated that camels use wood resources. A higher rate of water frequency (60%) was observed in summer. Concerning reproductive parameters, (84%) of camel breeders said that females are breed at the age of 3years, whereas (56%) indicate that males are bred later at the age of 5 to 6 years. However, (67%) of camel breeders indicate that the period of the calving interval is between 1 and 2 years, (88%) say that weaning is between 7 and 8 months and (75%) report that dry-off is at 8 months of lactation period. Finally, our study has clarified the main characteristics of camel breeding in the wilaya of Bechar. Other studies on this subject should be set up in other regions of southern Algeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was carried out with the aim to evaluate the anaerobic digestion (AD) of llama and dromedary dungs (both untreated and trampled) in batch mode at mesophilic temperature (35 °C). The biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests with an inoculum to substrate ratio of 2:1 (as volatile solids (VS)) were carried out. The methane yield from trampled llama dung (333.0 mL CH4 g−1 VSadded) was considerably higher than for raw llama, raw and trampled dromedary dungs (185.9, 228.4, 222.9 mL CH4 g−1 VSadded, respectively). Therefore, trampled llama dung was found to be the best substrate for methane production due to its high content of volatile solids as well as its high nitrogen content (2.1%) and more appropriate C/N ratio (23.6) for AD. The experimental data was found to be in accordance with both first-order kinetic and transference function mathematical models, when evaluating the experimental methane production against time. By applying the first-order kinetic model, the hydrolysis rate constants, kh, were found to be 19% and 11% higher for trampled dungs in comparison with the raw dung of dromedary and llama, respectively. In addition, the maximum methane production rate (Rm) derived from the transference function model for trampled llama dung (22.0 mL CH4 g−1 VS d−1) was 83.3%, 24.4% and 22.9% higher than those obtained for raw llama manure and for raw and trampled dromedary dungs, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of the present study were to describe specific anatomical structures of the dromedary udder. Eighty-six dromedary udders were examined, taking morphological measurements and producing injection casts using resin, gelatin, and paraffin. The udder of the dromedaries consists of four quarters. The shape of the udders and teats varies considerably between animals and is influenced by age, breeding, and lactation status. The most frequently found udder form was the globular udder (48.8%) and the most common teat form in this study was the funnel teat (44.2%). The most common teat tip shape was a smooth or a slightly rough ring teat (61.6%). Injection casts showed a complete separation of the teat canals. There is also no communication between tributary mammary complexes. Resin injections of the glandular tissue adjacent to the teat cistern showed an extensive branching into large, medium, and small milk ducts. Frozen sections of the udder revealed complete separation of the right and left mammary complex through the Sulcus intermammarius. The teat sections showed longitudinal folds from the tip of the teat to the base of the teat. A ring fold at the transition from the Ductus papillaris to the teat cistern was present. The results of this study increase the knowledge of the anatomical structures of the dromedary udder, which may be useful for breeding a selection of dairy dromedaries.

Objective Growth performance and growth-related traits have a crucial role in livestock due to their influence on productivity. This genome-wide association study (GWAS) in Pakistani dromedary camels was conducted to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with growth at specific camel ages, and for selected SNPs, to investigate in detail how their effects change with increasing camel age. This is the first GWAS conducted on dromedary camels in this region. Methods Two Pakistani breeds, Marecha and Lassi, were selected for this study. A genotyping-by-sequencing method was used, and a total of 65,644 SNPs were identified. For GWAS, weight records data with several body weight traits, namely, birthweight, weaning weight, and weights of camels at 1, 2, 4, and 6 years of age were analysed by using model-based growth curve analysis. Age-specific weight data were analysed with a linear mixed model that included fixed effects of SNP genotype as well as sex. Results Based on the q-value method for false discovery control, for Marecha camels, five SNPs at q

Background: The immune system of the dromedary has remained a subject that has not been extensively researched in immunology. Researchers in morphology and immunology have long sought to delve into the structure and function of the dromedary's immune system to gain a deeper understanding of its mechanisms and potential applications in human and animal health. Objectives: This study aims to elucidate the histological architecture and cellular composition of the lymph nodes in the indigenous dromedary breed of the El Oued region in Algeria and to compare the results with those of prior investigations of lymph node structures in other mammalian species. Methods: Hematoxylin, eosin stain, and Masson's trichrome stain techniques were used for histological analysis. In contrast, methylene blue, eosin, and May-Grünwald Giemsa staining techniques were used for cytological analysis. The study data were collected and analyzed using qualitative and quantitative methods to identify the histological and cellular features of the lymph nodes. Results: Our study revealed that the lymphatic follicles in the dromedary's lymph nodes have a higher concentration of lymphocytes within the follicles' germinal center than other species. The lymph nodes were observed to be divided into conglomerates. The cytological study showed that the major cellular population consisted of lymphocytes, followed by macrophages and reticulocytes according to the localization and the functional zone. Conclusion: The study provided novel insights into the architecture and cellular composition of the lymph nodes of dromedaries, distinct from those of other species. These findings may have implications for the understanding and treatment of immune-related conditions in dromedaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Milk proteins are crucial for a healthy diet and offer various health benefits. Genetic variants of milk proteins are often drivers of different technological and nutritional milk characteristics, as shown in cow milk research. Similarly, genetic variants have been identified in camel caseins, but information on the αs2-casein gene (CSN1S2) is limited. Therefore, this study investigated the CSN1S2 gene in Old-World camels (Camelus bactrianus and Camelus dromedarius). Both camel species share most of the gene characteristics, including the presence of the exon 12, formerly not described in large camels. Two novel allelic variants were discovered: one was a missense mutation (Bactrian camel), and the other was a noncoding mutation (dromedary camel). The gene promoter mutations affected the binding sites of transcription factors, and there were differences in microRNA seed sequences due to a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at the 3′Untranslated region (UTR). The gene structure and interspersed element locations indicate a divergence between Tylopoda and Ruminantia. The CSN1S2 gene encodes αs2-casein, the third most abundant protein in camel milk. Despite its importance in foals, human nutrition, and dairy processing, the CSN1S2 gene in camels has received little attention. This study presents the first complete characterization of the CSN1S2 gene sequence in Old-World camels (Camelus bactrianus and Camelus dromedarius). Additionally, the gene promoter, consisting of 752 bp upstream of exon 1, was analyzed. The entire gene comprises 17 exons, ranging in length from 24 bp (exons 4, 8, 11, and 13) to 280 bp (exon 17). Interesting was the identification of the exon 12 in both species. The promoter analysis revealed 24 putative binding sites in the Bactrian camel and 22 in dromedary camel. Most of these sites were typical elements associated with milk protein, such as C/EBP-α, C/EBP-β, Oct-1, and AP1. The SNP discovery showed relatively high genetic diversity compared to other camel casein genes (CSN1S1, CSN2, and CSN3), with a total of 34 polymorphic sites across the two species. Particularly noteworthy is the transition g.311G>A in the CSN1S2 promoter, creating a new putative consensus binding site for a C/EBP-β in the Bactrian camel. At the exon level, two novel variants were found. One was detected in exon 6 of the Bactrian camel (g.3639C>G), resulting in an amino acid replacement, p.36Ile>Met. The second variant was found in noncoding exon 17 of dromedary CSN1S2 (g.1511G>T). Although this mutation occurs in the 3′-UnTranslated Region, it represents the first example of exonic polymorphism in the CSN1S2 for this species. This SNP also affects the binding sites of different microRNAs, including the seed sequence of the miRNA 4662a-3p, highlighting its role as a regulatory factor for CSN1S2 gene. A PCR-RFLP was set up for genotyping a dromedary Tunisian population (n = 157), and the minor allele frequency was found to be 0.27 for the G allele, indicating a potential yield improvement margin. The interspersed elements (INEs) analysis revealed 10 INEs covering 7.34% and 8.14% of the CSN1S2 sequence in the Bactrian and dromedary camels, respectively. Furthermore, six elements (A, B, F, H, I, and L) are shared among cattle and camels and are partially found in other ruminants, suggesting a common ancestral origin of these retrotransposons. Conversely, elements C, D, E, and G are specific to camels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first study to test the embryo transfer (ET) of hybrid embryos in Old World camelids and produces a live calf from a dromedary recipient. Hybrid embryos were collected from 7 dromedary and 10 Bactrian donors, with or without ovarian super‐stimulation, and transferred to dromedary recipients. Pregnancy diagnosis was conducted on Day 10 post‐ET by using the progesterone‐ELISA test and trans‐rectal ultrasonography at 1 and 2 months of gestation. The date of abortion, stillbirth, or normal calving for each pregnant recipient was recorded. Without ovarian super‐stimulation, two and one recipients were pregnant at 10 days post‐ET, from ♂ Bactrian X ♀ dromedary and ♂ dromedary X ♀ Bactrian, respectively. While at 2 months of gestation, only one recipient was diagnosed pregnant from ♂ Bactrian X ♀ dromedary. Response to ovarian super‐stimulation was successful in all 4 of the tested dromedary donors and in 8 out of 10 Bactrian donors. Additionally, 4 super‐stimulated Bactrian donors (40%) showed failure of ovulation. The number of super‐stimulated developed follicles and recovered embryos was higher in dromedary donors compared to Bactrian donors. Ten and two recipients were diagnosed pregnant at 10 days post‐ET for ♂ Bactrian X ♀ dromedary and ♂ dromedary X ♀ Bactrian, respectively. At 2 months of gestation, the number of pregnant recipients from ♂ Bactrian X ♀ dromedary was reduced to eight, while the two pregnant recipients from ♂ dromedary X ♀ Bactrian remained pregnant. Total early pregnancy loss at 2 months gestation for all transferred hybrid embryos, obtained with or without ovarian super‐stimulation, was 4/15 (26.6%). One healthy male calf was born from a recipient, with a total gestation period of 383 days, that received an embryo from a Bactrian male and a dromedary donor. Stillbirth was observed in six cases after 10.5–12 months of gestation and three cases aborted between 7 and 9 months of gestation due to trypanosomiasis. In conclusion, ET of hybrid embryos in Old World camelids is successful. However, further studies are required to improve the outcome of this technology to be used for meat and milk production in camels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Growth performance and growth-related traits have a crucial role in livestock due to their influence on productivity. This genome-wide association study (GWAS) in Pakistani dromedary camels was conducted to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with growth at specific camel ages, and for selected SNPs, to investigate in detail how their effects change with increasing camel age. This is the first GWAS conducted on dromedary camels in this region. Methods: Two Pakistani breeds, Marecha and Lassi, were selected for this study. A genotypingby- sequencing method was used, and a total of 65,644 SNPs were identified. For GWAS, weight records data with several body weight traits, namely, birthweight, weaning weight, and weights of camels at 1, 2, 4, and 6 years of age were analysed by using model-based growth curve analysis. Age-specific weight data were analysed with a linear mixed model that included fixed effects of SNP genotype as well as sex. Results: Based on the q-value method for false discovery control, for Marecha camels, five SNPs at q<0.01 and 96 at q<0.05 were significantly associated with the weight traits considered, while three (q<0.01) and seven (q<0.05) SNP associations were identified for Lassi camels. Several candidate genes harbouring these SNP were discovered. Conclusion: These results will help to better understand the genetic architecture of growth including how these genes are expressed at different phases of their life. This will serve to lay the foundations for applied breeding programs of camels by allowing the genetic selection of superior animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Dutch legislators have recently introduced domestication as a requirement for animals that can be safely kept by humans and it seems likely that other countries may follow this approach. The dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) was considered to be insufficiently domesticated and will no longer be able to be kept in the Netherlands as livestock from 2024 onwards. In a previous scientific publication, we showed that the domestication stage of the dromedary is actually very advanced and that its evaluation by the Dutch advisory committee must be considered as a mistake. Here, we further elaborate on this topic by using the three criteria that were used by the Dutch legislators to assess the degree of domestication even though it should be noted that these criteria have neither been peer-reviewed, nor published in international scientific journals. To validate the criteria, we also assessed the domestication stage of the house cat (Felis silvestris catus) as this species is obviously included in the positive list. The results confirm that the domestication stage of the dromedary is very advanced. However, application of the same criteria would lead to the exclusion of the house cat. This shows that "being in an advanced stage of domestication" is not a suitable requirement for animals to be kept by humans. Instead, scientific evidence-based, peer-reviewed methodologies should be applied for legislation as to keeping livestock or pets. Being in an advanced stage of domestication is a newly proposed requirement to decide which animals can be safely kept by humans. Dutch legislators were the first to apply it and other European countries may be tempted to adopt a similar approach. Unexpectedly, the Dutch assessors considered the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) as being insufficiently domesticated and this species will therefore no longer be able to be kept as a production animal from 2024 onwards. In a recent publication on this topic, we showed that the domestication of the dromedary is actually very advanced. In this paper, we apply the same criteria that were used by the Dutch assessors to determine the degree of domestication, taking into account the most recent scientific developments in this area, even though it should be noted that these criteria have neither been peer-reviewed, nor published in an international scientific journal. For the sake of comparison, and in order to validate the procedure, we also applied these criteria to the house cat. The results confirm that the dromedary is highly domesticated, but also that the house cat (Felis silvestris catus) is at most semi-domesticated. Obviously, we agree with the decision of the Dutch legislators to place the house cat on the positive list, but our analysis demonstrates that this was decided on false grounds. Our analysis makes it clear that the requirement of being in an advanced stage of domestication is not suitable. Instead of maintaining this requirement, we recommend implementing evidence-based, peer-reviewed methods to decide which animals can be kept by humans, and to include species specific-guidelines in the legislation on how this can be achieved safely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diorama Lion Attacking a Dromedary found in the Carnegie Museum of Natural History rightfully belongs to an Orientalist artistic tradition that crystallized many of the discriminatory misrepresentations of people of color that have plagued our society to this day. Camels and dromedaries, associated with the "Orient," constituted an integral element of the exotic vision held and disseminated by Europeans. The motif of the camel and its dark‐skinned rider, however, emerged many centuries prior to the context of colonial Europe and across media. This paper explores the surfacing and subsequent proliferation of the camel as a symbol of otherness and foreignness in Antiquity and the Middle Ages in relation to Christian and imperial ideologies. I argue that the material evidence points to a long‐standing associative combination of the camel with people of color and/or of foreign origin and thus establishes a precedent worth our attention as we continue to wrestle with the racial and political ramifications of Lion Attacking a Dromedary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main mode of transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) between dromedaries is likely via the respiratory route. However, there must be other modes to explain how the infection is brought to MERS-CoV-negative closed herds, such as transmission by ticks. Here, we present a study performed at three different locations in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) involving 215 dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) and the ticks attached to them. We tested the camels and ticks via RT-(q)PCR for the presence of MERS-CoV nucleic acids, as well as flaviviruses that may be present in the region (e.g., Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever virus). Camel sera were additionally analyzed for evidence of previous exposure to MERS-CoV. In total, 8 out of 242 tick pools were positive for MERS-CoV RNA (3.3%; Ct 34.6–38.3), 7 of which contained Hyalomma dromedarii ticks, and one contained a Hyalomma sp. tick (species not identified). All of the virus-positive ticks' host camels were also positive for MERS-CoV RNA in their nasal swab samples. Short sequences established in the N gene region from two positive tick pools were identical to viral sequences from their hosts' nasal swabs. In total, 59.3% of dromedaries at the livestock market had MERS-CoV RNA in their nasal swabs (Ct 17.7–39.5). While dromedaries at all locations were negative for MERS-CoV RNA in their serum samples, antibodies were detected in 95.2% and 98.7% of them (tested by ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence test, respectively). Given the probably transient and/or low level of MERS-CoV viremia in dromedaries and the rather high Ct values observed in the ticks, it seems unlikely that Hyalomma dromedarii is a competent vector for MERS-CoV; however, its role in mechanical or fomite transmission between camels should be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present radiologic study included the identification of chronological appearance of primary and secondary ossification centers and their development in the seven cervical vertebrae of the dromedary. Twenty-six fetuses of different CVR lengths ranging between 6.5-125 cm were X-rayed laterally and dorsoventrally. The three primary centers of ossification (one for the body and two for the neural arch) of each vertebra were distinguished in the 51 CVR length fetuses. They increased in size in the larger CVR length X-ray photos. The secondary five ossification centers (one for spinous process, two for the transverse processes and two cranial and caudal to the epiphysis) of C3-7 began to be identified by the CVR length of 94 cm. The results were discussed with that of camels and other animals and expressed with 10 figures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study intends to evaluate the morphological changes in the mesenteric lymph nodes of dromedaries in different rearing systems. we aimed to evaluate the adaptative behavior of the animal's immune system with environmental variations, and to conduct a comparative analysis on the morphological features of the mesenteric lymph node of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in the region of El Oued, with two different rearing systems, with different practices and different purposes. The study was conducted using histo-morphometric techniques to analyze the morphological features of the mesenteric lymph node of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in the region of El Oued. Two groups of dromedaries were used in the study, one group raised in a free-roaming housing system and another group raised in a restricted-roaming housing system. The results revealed that there were significant differences between the two groups in terms of active follicle ratio and size and also the cellular population of functional zones. Animals living and roaming outside the farm barriers were more exposed to pathogens, which leads to the installation of an adaptative process, whereas the animals living under restricted-roaming housing system were not exposed to pathogens. This study indicated that the adaptative behavior of the animal's immune system with environmental variations is the functional translation of morphological changes. The obtained findings revealed that the morphological features of the mesenteric lymph node of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in the region of El Oued are directly linked to the rearing system practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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BackgroundThe study of coronaviruses has grown significantly in recent years.Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) replicates in various cell types, and quick development has been made of assays for its growth and quantification. However, only a few viral isolates are now available for investigation with full characterization. The current study aimed to isolate MERS-CoV from nasal swabs of dromedary camels and molecularly analyze the virus in order to detect strain-specific mutations and ascertain lineage classification.MethodsWe isolated the virus in Vero cells and adapted it for in vitro cultivation. The isolates were subjected to complete genome sequencing using next-generation sequencing followed by phylogenetic, mutation, and recombination analysis of the sequences.ResultsA total of five viral isolates were obtained in Vero cells and adapted to in vitro cultures. Phylogenetic analysis classified all the isolates within clade B3. Four isolates clustered close to the MERS-CoV isolate camel/KFU-HKU-I/2017 (GenBank ID: MN758606.1) with nucleotide identity 99.90–99.91%. The later isolate clustered close to the MERS-CoV isolate Al-Hasa-SA2407/2016 (GenBank ID: MN654975.1) with a sequence identity of 99.86%. Furthermore, the isolates contained several amino acids substitutions in ORF1a (32), ORF1ab (25), S (2), ORF3 (4), ORF4b (4), M (3), ORF8b (1), and the N protein (1). The analysis further identified a recombination event in one of the reported sequences (OQ423284/MERS-CoV/dromedary/UAE-Al Ain/13/2016).ConclusionData presented in this study indicated the need for continuous identification and characterization of MERS-CoV to monitor virus circulation in the region, which is necessary to develop effective control measures. The mutations described in this investigation might not accurately represent the virus’s natural evolution as artificial mutations may develop during cell culture passage. The isolated MERS-CoV strains would be helpful in new live attenuated vaccine development and efficacy studies.

Brucellosis and coxiellosis/Q fever are bacterial infections caused by Brucella species and Coxiella burnetii, respectively; camels are highly susceptible to both pathogens. Trichinellosis is a parasitic infection caused by various Trichinella nematode species. Reportedly, camels are susceptible to experimental infection with Trichinella spp., but information on this potential host species is scarce. All three infections are of zoonotic nature and thus of great public health concern. The current study aimed to determine antibodies against the three pathogens in recently imported camels (n = 491) from Sudan at the two main ports for the entrance of camels into southern Egypt using commercial indirect ELISAs. Samples were collected in two sampling periods. The seropositivity rates of Brucella spp., C. burnetii, and Trichinella spp. were 3.5%, 4.3%, and 2.4%, respectively. Mixed seropositivity was found in 1% for Brucella spp. and C. burnetii. Marked differences were found between the two study sites and the two sampling periods for Brucella. A higher rate of seropositivity was recorded in the Red Sea/older samples that were collected between 2015 and 2016 (4.3%, 17/391; odds ratio = 9.4; p < 0.030) than in those collected in Aswan/recent samples that were collected between 2018 and 2021 (0/100). Concerning C. burnetii, samples collected during November and December 2015 had a significantly higher positivity rate than the other samples (13%, 13/100; OD = 4.8; p < 0.016). The same effect was observed for antibodies to Trichinella spp., with samples collected during November and December 2015 showing a higher positivity rate than the other samples (7%, 7/100; OD = 10.9; p < 0.001). This study provides valuable information on the seroprevalence of Brucella spp. and additional novel information on C. burnetii and Trichinella spp. in recently imported camels kept in quarantine before delivery to other Egyptian regions. This knowledge can be utilized to reduce health hazards and financial burdens attributable to brucellosis, Q fever, and trichinellosis in animals and humans in Egypt.

Compared to other mammals, Arabian camels are ideal models for exploring the structural adaptations that enable camels to survive in arid environments. Thus, this study aimed to explore how evolutionary adaptation to arid conditions modifies the characteristics of the kidneys in Arabian camels (Camelus dromedarius) compared to oxen. Urine samples were physically and chemically analyzed. Harvested kidneys were subjected to topographical and fast spin echo magnetic resonance (FSE-MR) imaging. Histology, histomorphometry, and Aquaporin-2 (AQP2) expression by immunohistochemistry were also performed. Here, in dromedaries, sodium and potassium values in the urine were much higher (p=0.001, for both), whereas chloride was much lower (p=0.004) than the values of oxen. Compared with oxen, the level of the hormone aldosterone in serum was significantly lower (p=0.002), whereas creatinine and urea were significantly higher (p=0.005 and p=0.001, respectively). Uric acid in dromedaries and oxen did not differ significantly (p=0.349). Like sodium levels (p=0.001) in dromedary serum, chloride was also much higher (p=0.002) than in oxen. The average value of potassium was much lower (p=0.009) than that of oxen. Morphologically, anatomical and FSE MRI studies revealed that minor and major calyces were not found in dromedary kidneys. The renal pelvis was not found in oxen, and the major calyx was directly connected to the ureter. The dromedary kidney contained a wider medullary portion as well as increased diameters for renal corpuscles (RCs), proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs), and collecting tubules (CTs, p

The aim of this research is to make an investigation about the cellular population of the dromedary lymph nodes in the region of El Oued in Algeria in order to identify the cytological structure of these organs; a classic histological staining technique had to be performed in order to identify the cellular population in each compartment of the organ. Moreover, it was necessary to make an immunohistochemical staining technique using monoclonal ant bodies in order to identify the localization of both T & B lymphocytes. The obtained results revealed that the location of both T and B lymphocytes in the dromedary's lymph node is identical to the general organization of lymph nodes of other mammalian species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Algeria, the camel is one of the greatest riches and resource reservoirs of the Saharan territory. Compared to other farm animals, this species was relegated to the background, despite a past that testifies to a preponderant role in a hostile environment. Due to its legendary sobriety, it is the emblematic animal of the merchant caravan and is renowned for its versatility. It appears as an excellent means of locomotion, saddle, with interesting traction capacities in addition to being endowed with remarkable strength for plowing and the use of noria or delou. Today, the increase in numbers has been accompanied by changes in production systems, while the notable increase in the demand for camel products revealed by the socio-economic changes in nomadic communities, in terms of education and health, has contributed to modifying animal husbandry practices. Indeed, the emergence of new specialized camel systems has disrupted the habits that are now reflected in an increased interest in both the systems adopted and the products related to them. The future of the dromedary would be projected according to dimensions of renewal; the camel sector, local products, and camel services are many assets to consider. It is in this perspective that the present contribution, as a synthesis, attempts to highlight camel breeding in the Algerian Northern Sahara. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Until the beginning of this century, dromedaries were mainly utilized as multi-purpose animals, suitable for various activities like transport and production of meat, milk, and wool. In recent decades, however, the production of dromedary milk has increased constantly, not only as staple food in marginal eco-agricultural desert regions of the Global South but also in the Global North, due to presumed health benefits. The enlarged number of dromedaries kept in dromedary dairies has changed the susceptibility of these dromedaries to diseases. Nutrition and social behaviour have also changed as a result. In addition to these influences on animal welfare, the gene composition changes. Protocols for checking animal safety monitor overall animal welfare. Gene banks are going to prevent inbreeding and unwanted gene change. Governments are working on improved regulation concerning the food safety of dromedary milk and on drawing up legislation to ensure the well-being of dromedaries. However, this legislation is still in a preliminary phase requiring sound scientific support to identify and correct illegalities and other imperfections well in advance. The worldwide dromedary milk production has increased sharply since the beginning of this century due to prolonged shelf life, improved food-safety and perceived health benefits. Scientific confirmation of health claims will expand the market of dromedary milk further. As a result, more and more dromedaries will be bred for one purpose only: the highest possible milk production. However, intensive dromedary farming systems have consequences for animal welfare and may lead to genetic changes. Tighter regulations will be implemented to restrict commercialization of raw milk. Protocols controlling welfare of dromedaries and gene databases of milk-dromedaries will prevent negative consequences of intensive farming. In countries where dromedaries have only recently been introduced as production animal, legislators have limited expertise on this species. This is exemplified by an assessment on behalf of the Dutch government, recommending prohibiting keeping this species from 2024 onwards because the dromedary was deemed to be insufficiently domesticated. Implementation of this recommendation in Dutch law would have devastating effects on existing dromedary farms and could also pave the way for adopting similar measures in other European countries. In this paper it is shown that the Dutch assessment lacks scientific rigor. Awareness of breeders and legislators for the increasing knowledge about dromedaries and their products would strengthen the position of dromedaries as one of the most adapted and sustainable animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Twenty-five spleens of adult, healthy dromedary of the local breed from the region of El Oued, Algeria, were collected at the slaughterhouse in order to carry out research to determine the macroscopic and microscopic structure of spleen in this species, macroscopic study revealed that the spleen has a rectangular shape with a triangular section, rounded edges, a little bit striated, its surface is smooth in which the aspect of the capsule and the parietal surface is shiny and smooth, the morphometric study was carried out after classifying the sampled spleen in five groups according to the animal's body weight which increases with age. Materials and methods: Our study revealed that the groups show a different value of mass which declines towards a drop of the index, also the indexes of length and width are following a decreasing order. Results: The histological study revealed that the zone occupied by stroma did not exceed 26.81% of the total components of the capsule which is composed essentially of connective tissue and an inner layer of smooth muscle cells. Vascular and avascular trabeculae extend from the capsule. The immunohistochemistry study made it possible to visualise T lymphocytes of the splenic parenchyma using monoclonal antibodies where a statistical study was carried out to determine the composition of the various compartments of this organ. The localisation of immunocompetent cells in the splenic parenchyma has been elucidated with antibodies specific for T lymphocytes. Conclusions: The red pulp occupied a maximum area of the spleen with an average of 68.1% composed of sinusoids venous, the cords extend between the sinuses and the interlobular zone contain many cells: macrophages, plasma cells, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Up to the present day, studies on the therapeutic properties of camel (Camelus spp.) urine and the detailed characterization of its metabolomic profile are scarce and often unrelated. Information on inter individual variability is noticeably limited, and there is a wide divergence across studies regarding the methods for sample storage, pre-processing, and extract derivatization for metabolomic analysis. Additionally, medium osmolarity is not experimentally adjusted prior to bioactivity assays. In this scenario, the methodological standardization and interdisciplinary approach of such processes will strengthen the interpretation, repeatability, and replicability of the empirical results on the compounds with bioactive properties present in camel urine. Furthermore, sample enlargement would also permit the evaluation of camel urine's intra- and interindividual variability in terms of chemical composition, bioactive effects, and efficacy, while it may also permit researchers to discriminate potential animal-intrinsic and extrinsic conditioning factors. Altogether, the results would help to evaluate the role of camel urine as a natural source for the identification and extraction of specific novel bioactive substances that may deserve isolated chemical and pharmacognostic investigations through preclinical tests to determine their biological activity and the suitability of their safety profile for their potential inclusion in therapeutic formulas for improving human and animal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CSN1S2 gene encodes αs2-casein, the third most abundant protein in camel milk. Despite its importance in foals, human nutrition, and dairy processing, the CSN1S2 gene in camels has received little attention. This study presents the first complete characterization of the CSN1S2 gene sequence in Old-World camels (Camelus bactrianus and Camelus dromedarius). Additionally, the gene promoter, consisting of 752 bp upstream of exon 1, was analyzed. The entire gene comprises 17 exons, ranging in length from 24 bp (exons 4, 8, 11, and 13) to 280 bp (exon 17). Interesting was the identification of the exon 12 in both species. The promoter analysis revealed 24 putative binding sites in the Bactrian camel and 22 in dromedary camel. Most of these sites were typical elements associated with milk protein, such as C/EBP-α, C/EBP-β, Oct-1, and AP1. The SNP discovery showed relatively high genetic diversity compared to other camel casein genes (CSN1S1, CSN2, and CSN3), with a total of 34 polymorphic sites across the two species. Particularly noteworthy is the transition g.311G>A in the CSN1S2 promoter, creating a new putative consensus binding site for a C/EBP-β in the Bactrian camel. At the exon level, two novel variants were found. One was detected in exon 6 of the Bactrian camel (g.3639C>G), resulting in an amino acid replacement, p.36Ile>Met. The second variant was found in noncoding exon 17 of dromedary CSN1S2 (g.1511G>T). Although this mutation occurs in the 3′-UnTranslated Region, it represents the first example of exonic polymorphism in the CSN1S2 for this species. This SNP also affects the binding sites of different microRNAs, including the seed sequence of the miRNA 4662a-3p, highlighting its role as a regulatory factor for CSN1S2 gene. A PCR-RFLP was set up for genotyping a dromedary Tunisian population (n = 157), and the minor allele frequency was found to be 0.27 for the G allele, indicating a potential yield improvement margin. The interspersed elements (INEs) analysis revealed 10 INEs covering 7.34% and 8.14% of the CSN1S2 sequence in the Bactrian and dromedary camels, respectively. Furthermore, six elements (A, B, F, H, I, and L) are shared among cattle and camels and are partially found in other ruminants, suggesting a common ancestral origin of these retrotransposons. Conversely, elements C, D, E, and G are specific to camels.

Copyright of Journal of Animal & Poultry Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A morphometric study was carried out on the developing kidneys of forty (40) apparently normal fetal dromedary, one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) sampled at the Metropolitan abattoir, Maiduguri, Nigeria. The fetuses were obtained from the four prenatal developmental phases of the dromedary: 2 – 4 months, 4 – 7 months, 7 – 10 months and 10 – 13 months. The renal length and diameter showed significant progressive increase in sizes (p<0.005 to 0.001), so were the renal cortical and medullary lengths (p<0.001). The absolute mean weights of the prenatal kidneys showed significant increase across the growth periods (p<0.001). These progressive increases in absolute mean renal weights were without corresponding increases in the relative mean renal weights known with organ system establishment in mammals. Thus, the dromedary was concluded to have a unique pattern of kidney development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expression of aquaglyceroporin 3 (AQP-3) has been demonstrated in the spermatozoa of several mammalian species and its role has been associated with cryotolerance. Post-thaw sperm quality from individual dromedary males with different response to freezing-thawing process was evaluated through sperm head morphometry. In order to understand the cellular mechanisms affected by cryoinjury we have explored the presence and distribution of sperm AQP-3 using western blotting and immunocytochemistry. WB showed different intensity of the specific signal bands at 28 kDa. Immunofluorescence assessments allowed us to identify five different and clear AQP-3 distribution patterns of labelling in the sperm plasma membrane; acrosome, post-acrosome, mid-piece, and principal and final tail. Although expression of AQP-3 varied among male ejaculates, the individual sperm response to freeze-thawing was not associated with AQP-3 expression. Thus, AQP3 expressions do not seem like a reliable predictor of sperm response to freeze-thawing process in this species. This work is the first to describe the morphometric characteristics of the heads of dromedary spermatozoa. No correlation was found between sperm head dimensions and sperm quality variables after freeze-thawing suggesting that dromedary camel sperm head morphometry is also not a reliable predictor of cryosurvival. • The dromedary sperm response to freeze-thawing was not associated with aquaporin 3 expression. • The sperm head morphometry is not predictive of cryosurvival in dromedary camel. • Aquaporin 3 was identified in different regions of dromedary sperm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionToxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are closely related intracellular protozoan parasites of medical and veterinary concern by causing abortions and systemic illness. Limited or ambiguous data on the prevalence of T. gondii and N. caninum in camels triggered us to conduct this study.MethodsCamels (n = 460) recently imported from Sudan and destined mainly for human consumption, were tested for specific antibodies against these protozoans using commercially available ELISAs. From the two only quarantine stations for camels from Sudan, 368 camels were sampled between November 2015 and March 2016 in Shalateen, Red Sea governorate, and 92 samples were collected between September 2018 and March 2021 from Abu Simbel, Aswan governorate.Results & DiscussionOverall, seropositive rates in camels were 25.7%, 3.9% and 0.8% for T. gondii, N. caninum and mixed infection, respectively. However, marked differences were found between the two study sites and/or the two sampling periods: For T. gondii, a higher rate of infection was recorded in the Red Sea samples (31.5%, 116/368; odds ratio 20.7, 5.0-85.6; P

Being in an advanced stage of domestication is a newly proposed requirement to decide which animals can be safely kept by humans. Dutch legislators were the first to apply it and other European countries may be tempted to adopt a similar approach. Unexpectedly, the Dutch assessors considered the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) as being insufficiently domesticated and this species will therefore no longer be able to be kept as a production animal from 2024 onwards. In a recent publication on this topic, we showed that the domestication of the dromedary is actually very advanced. In this paper, we apply the same criteria that were used by the Dutch assessors to determine the degree of domestication, taking into account the most recent scientific developments in this area, even though it should be noted that these criteria have neither been peer-reviewed, nor published in an international scientific journal. For the sake of comparison, and in order to validate the procedure, we also applied these criteria to the house cat. The results confirm that the dromedary is highly domesticated, but also that the house cat (Felis silvestris catus) is at most semi-domesticated. Obviously, we agree with the decision of the Dutch legislators to place the house cat on the positive list, but our analysis demonstrates that this was decided on false grounds. Our analysis makes it clear that the requirement of being in an advanced stage of domestication is not suitable. Instead of maintaining this requirement, we recommend implementing evidence-based, peer-reviewed methods to decide which animals can be kept by humans, and to include species specific-guidelines in the legislation on how this can be achieved safely.

Simple Summary: The dromedary is a multipurpose livestock species. Growing interest in dromedary meat production, increasing intensification of meat production systems and rising business turnover for the dromedary athletic competition sector point to the need for a more effective genetic selection. To this aim, the identification of genetic markers, to be implemented in phenotype–genotype association studies, represents a pre-requisite. The myostatin gene is known to affect, to a various extent, muscularity in several animal species. In this study, we investigated the dromedary myostatin gene sequence variation through the analysis of data from 183 worldwide animals. A total of 99 variants were detected in the target region. Through a bioinformatic approach, we explored the possible functional effects of the detected variants. Several hints emerged, suggesting that natural variants at the dromedary myostatin locus may determine quali-quantitative changes in the myostatin expression, thus likely impacting on dromedary muscularity. Further efforts are needed to collect reliable phenotypic data on dromedary muscularity and racing performances, thus allowing for the unveiling of those genetic markers that are associated with the phenotypic variability in muscularity-related traits. Under intensive rearing systems, large-scale screening of genotypes at those markers in dromedary populations will effectively orient selection decisions and positively impact on rates of genetic gain. Myostatin (MSTN) is a highly conserved negative regulator of skeletal muscle in mammals. Inactivating mutations results in a hyper-muscularity phenotype known as "double muscling" in several livestock and model species. In Camelus dromedarius, the gene structure organization and the sequence polymorphisms have been previously investigated, using Sanger and Next-Generation Sequencing technologies on a limited number of animals. Here, we carried out a follow-up study with the aim to further expand our knowledge about the sequence polymorphisms at the myostatin locus, through the whole-genome sequencing data of 183 samples representative of the geographical distribution range for this species. We focused our polymorphism analysis on the ±5 kb upstream and downstream region of the MSTN gene. A total of 99 variants (77 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and 22 indels) were observed. These were mainly located in intergenic and intronic regions, with only six synonymous Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in exons. A sequence comparative analysis among the three species within the Camelus genus confirmed the expected higher genetic distance of C. dromedarius from the wild and domestic two-humped camels compared to the genetic distance between C. bactrianus and C. ferus. In silico functional prediction highlighted: (i) 213 differential putative transcription factor-binding sites, out of which 41 relative to transcription factors, with known literature evidence supporting their involvement in muscle metabolism and/or muscle development; and (ii) a number of variants potentially disrupting the canonical MSTN splicing elements, out of which two are discussed here for their potential ability to generate a prematurely truncated (inactive) form of the protein. The distribution of the considered variants in the studied cohort is discussed in light of the peculiar evolutionary history of this species and the hypothesis that extremely high muscularity, associated with a homozygous condition for mutated (inactivating) alleles at the myostatin locus, may represent, in arid desert conditions, a clear metabolic disadvantage, emphasizing the thermoregulatory and water availability challenges typical of these habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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