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Introduction: Topical ivermectin is commonly prescribed extra-label for the control of mite infestations in backyard chicken flocks in the US. Methods: Domestic laying hens (n = 8; 78 weeks of age, weight 1.7–2.2 kg) were administered injectable ivermectin solution topically over the jugular vein (0.4 mg/kg every 7 days for 2 doses). Ivermectin concentrations in egg white and egg yolk were determined using UPLC with fluorescence detection. Results: The average period between eggs laid was 1.52 days. Ivermectin preferentially distributed to the egg yolk with an observed C max of 3.54 ng/g occurring at observed T max of 6.6 days and a T 1/2 of 9.5 days. Residues persisted at low concentrations in egg yolk for up to 71 days after the final dose. WDIs for the egg yolk matrix were estimated using the FDA, EMA, and terminal-elimination half-life multiplier methods (HLM). The longest estimated WDI was 102 days for the EMA 95/95 method (95% confidence interval for 95th population percentile) with the limit of detection (LOD; 0.03 ng/g) set as the maximum residue limit. The FDA 95/99 method using the LOD as the tolerance estimated an 81 day WDI, the HLM method estimated a 96 day WDI. Discussion: This study improves the understanding of the residue depletion kinetics of ivermectin in eggs after topical administration to older hens with inconsistent egg production. Ivermectin is systemically absorbed following topical administration of the injectable formulation in domestic egg laying chickens, resulting in prolonged egg residues. Ivermectin is preferentially distributed to the egg yolk over the egg white following topical administration of the injectable formulation in egg laying chickens. Since plasma kinetics were not evaluated, the impact of systemic exposure on egg residue kinetics following topical administration remains unknown. The results provide insight into how the estimated ivermectin egg WDIs using regulatory methods differ based on the maximum residue limit/tolerance applied and portion of the terminal elimination phase sampled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photodegradable photosensitizers have gained significant attention in recent years due to their potential advantages in photodynamic therapy. By degrading upon light exposure, these photosensitizers reduce post-treatment drug residues, minimize toxicity, and enhance the safety and precision of therapy. This review provides an overview of the design and current applications of photodegradable photosensitizers, addressing challenges related to light absorption efficiency, toxicity of degradation products, and tissue penetration. Furthermore, future optimization strategies, including chemical modifications, nanocarrier integration, and combination therapies, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sheep coccidiosis could disturb the balance of intestinal microbiota, causing diarrhea, and even death in lambs. Chemical drugs are the primary method of treating sheep coccidiosis, but their use will bring drug resistance, toxic side effects, drug residues, and other problems. Chinese herbal medicines are investigated as alternative methods for controlling coccidian infections. Methods: In this study, the effect of fermented Artemisia annua (FA) on oocysts per gram (OPG), average daily gain (ADG), and expression of inflammatory factors were investigated in lambs that were naturally infected with coccidia. Results: The results showed that the FA had similar anti-coccidiosis effect to the original drug, while the FA demonstrated a more significant effect on weight gain, and a better ability to reduce the inflammatory response compared to the unfermented drug during the treatment period (P < 0.05). Furthermore, High-throughput sequencing technology was used to study the effects of FA on intestinal microbiota, and fecal metabolites of naturally infected lambs. The species richness of intestinal microbiota of lambs was significantly improved by FA. The abundance of bacteria unclassified_Muribaculaceae , and UCG_005 were increased by fermentation of A. annua. The abundance of bacteria Escherichia_Shigella , unclassified_Clostridia_UCG_014 , and Alistipes was reduced. The prevention, and treatment of coccidiosis by fermentation of A. annua may also be related to a series of metabolites affected by intestinal microbiota, including artemisinin, Lysyl-Proline, and TRP-tyrosine. Conclusion: FA was found to have superior anti-coccidiosis, anti-inflammatory, and weight gain effects compared to the original Artemisia annua. Intestinal microbes and metabolites such as unclassified_Muribaculaceae , UCG-005 , and Artemisinin were identified, suggesting their potential significance. Alistipes was proposed as a biomarker for predicting intestinal coccidia outbreak risk in lambs, pending further validation. The correlation between microbiota, and metabolites may provide new insights into pathogenic changes associated with Eimeria spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Illicit drug consumption is associated with public health effects and criminal activities. This study aimed to estimate Illicit drug consumption and annual market in the Netherlands from wastewater analysis of drug residues. Methods: Residues of cocaine, amphetamine and 3,4‐methylene dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) were measured between 2015 and 2022 in 30 Dutch wastewater treatment plants serving both rural and urban populations. These wastewater treatment plants covered 20% of the total Dutch population. The Dutch annual retail market was estimated by extrapolating consumption to the total Dutch population, back‐calculating consumption volume, correcting for drug purity and street price collected in voluntary checking services, and accounting for the correlation of consumption and urbanity. Results: The per capita MDMA and cocaine consumption correlated positively with the urbanity of the wastewater treatment plant catchments with r2 of 31% and 64%, respectively. Amphetamine did not show a significant correlation with urbanity. The three studied drugs were conservatively estimated to cover an average annual market value of 903 (95% prediction interval 829 to 987) million Euro for the studied period. Market estimations from prevalence figures and interceptions of international trade were similar. Conclusions: Illicit drug consumption in the Netherlands appears to correlate positively with urban (in contrast to rural) areas. Wastewater analysis can be used to estimate the volume and monetary value of illicit drug markets as a proof of concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the beneficial impacts of using drugs in animal husbandry, the risks of drug residues in animal products are a concern worldwide. Therefore, most countries have developed systems and methods to detect and monitor drug residues in animal products using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with mass spectrometry (MS). However, MS detectors are not available in all universities; thus, we developed a new method suitable for ultraviolet detection. We first validated a new method targeting tetracycline and albendazole in milk and evaluated these drug residues in 50 samples collected from farms and supermarkets in Mongolia. The practical limit of quantification (PQL) calculated in our newly developed method was suitable to detect the maximum residual limits defined in Codex Alimentarius, and the accuracy and precision of a new method were comparable to previous studies. In particular, inter-day analysis showed great precision, with albendazole showing a 99% recovery rate with ± 3.3 of relative standard deviation (RSD). In addition, we evaluated our drugs contamination, but targeted drugs residues were not detected in the current sample set. However, this may reflect the decreased use of tetracycline in the veterinary field and seasonal use of albendazole in Mongolia. Therefore, these drugs must be continuously monitored. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about drug residues in milk published in an international journal by a Mongolian domestic institution. Further investigations of drug residue in Mongolia are urgently needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of drug residue compounds such as antibiotics in the aquatic environment is an enhancing concern due to their toxicity and resistance of these pollutants. The fabrication of new eco-friendly catalyst and simple method for removal of antibiotics in water remediation has become an important challenge. In this work, we show that nanostructured SnFe2O4 decorated on bentonite could be conducted as an impressive catalyst in degradation of amoxycillin (AMX) from water under UV light irradiation. The prepared SnFe2O4/bentonite was instrumentally characterised using different techniques. The average particle sizes for the SnFe2O4 nanoparticles and SnFe2O4/bentonite nanocomposites were 45.00 and 51.00 nm, respectively. It can be seen that the pure SnFe2O4 nanoparticles and SnFe2O4/bentonite nanocomposites have a band gap of about 2.37 eV and 2.08 eV, respectively. The active surface of the SnFe2O4/bentonite nanocomposites increases due to the presence of bentonite. The AMX was degraded after 40 min using the SnFe2O4/bentonite nanocomposites about 98.00%. The SnFe2O4 nanoparticles show the lowest photocatalytic activity (77.4%) compared to the composite sample. The order roles of active species in the AMX degradation were as follows: •O2− > •OH > e− > h+. The operational functions including pH of solution, reaction time and catalyst dosage that influence the degradation were optimised. The statistical optimisation was performed using Box–Behnken design of response surface methodology. The best AMX degradation (98.0%) was observed at pH: 5.00 with 0.500 g/L of SnFe2O4/bentonite nanocomposites in 40 min under UV light irradiation. At acidic pH, the catalyst has a negative charge and amoxycillin has a positive charge, and, hence, the degradation is completed on the catalyst surface. Validation model of this process shows the negligible difference response and was 97.62% at this condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A multi‐template molecularly imprinted photocatalyst based on Black TiO2 was used for selective and simultaneous adsorption and degradation of Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) under LED irradiation from aqueous solutions. diclofenac (DCF) and ibuprofen (IBP) were chosen as the target chemicals and the performance of the Black TiO2‐MIP nanocomposite in removing these pollutants was investigated. The imprinting procedure was confirmed by characterization tests of the nanocomposite. The synthesized mesoporous nanocomposite exhibited excellent fit with the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model (R2 ≥ 0.99). Moreover the experimental data demonstrated a good fit with the Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.99). The findings imply that the binding sites are homogeneous and indicate monolayer chemical adsorption on the adsorbent. Toxicity assessment of targeted chemicals and their by‐products, worked out using the Ecological Structure–Activity Relationships (ECOSAR) program, revealed a significant decrease in the toxicity of the target compounds during photocatalytic degradation. In addition, the use of Black TiO2‐MIP nanocomposite in the cartridge structure led to notable removal efficiencies, 98.7% and 97.6% for DCF and IBP, respectively. The findings also provided evidence that the use of Black TiO2‐MIP in the cartridge structure not only facilitated the removal of target pollutants but also addressed challenges related to the collection and separation of the nanocomposite from the aqueous solution. The results implied that the integration of molecular imprinting and photocatalysis processes exhibits high effectiveness in the simultaneous and selective removal of contaminants. This approach holds promise as an effective solution for addressing the challenge of drug residues in aqueous samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models can provide forecasts of the drug residues within the organism. Ractopamine (RAC) is a typical β-agonist. In this study, we developed a PBPK model for RAC in goats. The goal was to predict the distribution of the drug after multiple oral administrations. The preliminary PBPK model for RAC in goats performed well in predicting the drug's distribution in most tissues. In our sensitivity analysis, we found that the parameter of Qclu (Blood Flow Volume through Lungs) had the greatest impact on the RAC concentrations in plasma, liver, and kidney and was the most sensitive parameter. Furthermore, our study aimed to assess the withdrawal time (WT) of RAC in different tissues after RAC long-term exposure in goats. We found that the WT of RAC in the kidney was the longest, lasting for 13 days. Overall, the insights gained from this study have important implications for optimizing drug administration in goats and ensuring appropriate withdrawal times to prevent any potential risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rabbit mange called rabbit plaque, it is a contagious disease affects all rabbits in the farm, spread rapidly and characterized by pruritus, alopecia, and crust formation on the legs, lips, ears or different parts of the body. This disease lead to severe economic losses include weight loss, reduced production, medication cost, misshaped rabbit, and mortality. In spite of many topical medications were used for treatment of rabbit mites, there were no satisfied results as well as the irritant effect of some of them, in addition to the long withdrawal time and drug residue of ivermectin injection so this study tried to apply a new approach to use an Ivermectin carried on glycerin as a topical treatment to overcome the side effect of other treatments. In this study fourty two rabbits naturally infested with mange were divided into seven groups (six rabbits/each), 1st group treated with Ivermectin 1% injection, 2nd group treated with topical Ivermectin 0.05%, and 3rd group treated with topical Ivermectin 0.1%, 4th group treated with topical Ivermectin 0.15%, 5th group treated with topical sulphur 15%, 6th group treated with topical cibermethrin 10%, and 7th group treated with topical cebacil gel (phoxim 50%). All rabbits were observed daily recording recovery and mortality rate, skin lesions sent for histopathology, and serum samples were taken at 0, 4, 8, 15, 22 days post treatment to measure Total protein, Albumin, Creatinine, Glucose, Cu, Zn, Fe, SOD and MDA. Our findings showed Cebacil gel caused 100% mortalities, so it should be excluded where it was toxic if used more than two days post treatment, Ivermectin 0.1% produced significant body weight changes when compared with control groups, Ivermectin 1% injection, and topical sulphur 15% while the remaining treatments produced non-significant body weight changes with an improvement of all biochemical blood parameters including SOD, MDA, Fe, Cu, Zn, Tp, Alb, Crea, and Glu.. Ivermectin 0.1% recorded 100% survival, no persistent skin scales, and the highest reduction rate of damaging indicator, SOD, while the other treatments revealed persistent skin scales and/or mortalities, so Ivermectin 0.1% was preferred as drug of choice for topical treatment of external mange in rabbits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Veterinary drugs are widely used in poultry farming. However, the overuse and/or misuse of veterinary drugs on farms poses severe threats to public health. This study aimed to investigate the residue profiles of veterinary drugs in silkie chickens, focusing on 48 veterinary drugs and 23 antiprotozoal agents. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) was employed to analyze drug residues. Among the investigated samples, almost all samples were compliant, with only a few cases exceeding the maximum residue limits based on regulations in Taiwan. Furthermore, different samples from the same sampling flock could produce inconsistent test results. There was also a positive correlation between drug residues and sample weight. The findings suggest that veterinary drug usage is generally appropriate, reflecting the commitment of both government authorities and farmers to maintain food safety. This study reports epidemiological data on drug residues in silkie chickens in Taiwan and provides possible directions for further studies. Veterinary drugs are extensively utilized in poultry farming for purposes such as disease prevention, disease treatment, and feed efficiency enhancement. However, the application of these drugs can lead to unacceptable residues in edible products. This study aimed to investigate the residue profiles of veterinary drugs in silkie chickens. A total of 130 chicken samples were collected from two major retail markets in Taiwan between 2022 and 2024. The analysis of drug residues was conducted using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The overall detection rate of drug residues was 57.7%, and most of these residues were found to be below the maximum residue limits. Among the detected drugs, trimethoprim was the most prevalent, followed by nicarbazin, robenidine, decoquinate, diclazuril, and sulfamonomethoxine. Notably, there was a 31.4% chance that different samples from the same flock would yield varying results. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between drug residues and sample weight. In conclusion, this study provides valuable epidemiological data on drug residue profiles in silkie chickens in Taiwan. In the future, it is highly recommended that veterinary drug residues be continuously monitored, and food product sampling protocols be adjusted annually to ensure ongoing compliance with safety standards and protect consumer health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional Chinese medicine, as a high-quality natural medicine, contains a variety of active components and has been widely used in the animal production industry. The use of natural, green, and safe traditional Chinese medicine to replace hormones, antibiotics, and other drugs can effectively reduce the residue of drugs in animals, decrease the production of drug-resistant strains, and improve feed utilization. Oxymatrine, extracted from the Sophora flavescens, a plant in the Fabaceae family, is a monomer of traditional Chinese medicine with various pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-fibrosis, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. It can enhance animal immunity and improve growth performance. This article summarizes the physicochemical properties, biological functions, and research progress of oxymatrine in animal production, providing a reference for the effective use of matrine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk analysis is critical to determine its intrinsic quality, as well as its nutritional and economic value. Currently, the advancements and utilization of spectroscopy-based techniques combined with machine learning algorithms have made the development of analytical tools and real-time monitoring and prediction systems in the dairy ruminant sector feasible. The objectives of the current review were (i) to describe the most widely applied spectroscopy-based and supervised machine learning methods utilized for the evaluation of milk components, origin, technological properties, adulterants, and drug residues, (ii) to present and compare the performance and adaptability of these methods and their most efficient combinations, providing insights into the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges of the most promising ones regarding the capacity to be applied in milk quality monitoring systems both at the point-of-care and beyond, and (iii) to discuss their applicability and future perspectives for the integration of these methods in milk data analysis and decision support systems across the milk value-chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, flexible electronic devices such as radio frequency identification (RFID) tags and flexible sensors have been applied in the field of intelligent food packaging. The research progress of the application of flexible electronic devices in food quality inspection and food packaging in China and abroad was clarified, such as drug residue detection, microbiological detection, freshness detection, storage environment monitoring, tamper-evident packaging design, and logistics tracking. The development of flexible electronic devices in the field of intelligent packaging was also prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of South China Fisheries Science is the property of South China Fisheries Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Simple Summary: Antibiotic growth promoters are encountering diminishing social acceptance due to escalating public concern regarding the potential risks of drug residues to human health. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), with its extensive history of use for human health, has been validated as safe and effective through numerous clinical practices. TCM encompasses a wide range of natural herbs and plants that are used to treat or prevent diseases or promote health. The natural constituents of TCM minimize the risk of drug residue accumulation, making it a potential alternative to antibiotics in livestock feed. The present study introduced a TCM extract as a potential substitute for antibiotics that could improve feed efficiency and alter nutrient metabolism in sheep. The findings offer significant data for advancing research into TCM's application in boosting ruminant productivity. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) encompasses a wide range of natural herbs and plants that are used to treat or prevent diseases or promote health. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding a TCM formula extract on nitrogen (N) balance, microbial nitrogen supply (MNS), and plasma leucine kinetics in sheep. Six sheep were fed with mixed hay (Hay-diet) only or supplemented with 2% TCM (mixture of Astragalus root, Angelica root, and Atractylodes rhizome; TCM-diet) in a crossover design over two 21-day periods. An isotope dilution of [1-13C]leucine was used to measure the rate of plasma leucine turnover. Purine derivative (PD) excretion in urine was determined to estimate the MNS. The TCM-diet significantly increased N intake (p < 0.01) and N digestibility (p = 0.02) compared to the Hay-diet, with less N excretion (p = 0.02) in feces, while no significant difference was observed between diets in terms of N excretion in urine and N retention. Total PD excretion and MNS were higher (p < 0.01), as well as the turnover rate of plasma leucine tended to be higher (p = 0.06) with the supplementation of TCM. The present results suggested that the TCM formula could be considered as a potential feed additive for ruminant production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Insomnia is a common sleep disorder affecting approximately 10-20% of adults worldwide. Despite various available treatment modalities, significant gaps remain in improving sleep maintenance and reducing functional impairments. Objective: To systematically review and synthesize studies on the efficacy and safety of Dimdazenil for the treatment of insomnia. Methods: A comprehensive search of multiple databases and websites was conducted to identify published and unpublished trials from inception to July 19, 2024. Due to the limited number of studies available, quantitative data were synthesized narratively. Results: This synthesis included four randomized controlled trials. The primary efficacy endpoints of these studies met the predetermined criteria for superiority. Dimdazenil significantly improved certain objective and subjective sleep measures in patients with insomnia, including reduced sleep latency and longer total sleep duration. Importantly, these outcomes were achieved without causing significant excessive daytime drowsiness or impairing daytime functionality. Furthermore, Dimdazenil demonstrated a generally acceptable safety profile and was well tolerated. Most evaluation indicators related to withdrawal symptoms, drug residues, and rebound effects did not show significant statistical differences. Limitations: The number of included studies and sample sizes were small, and there is a lack of data on the long-term efficacy and safety of Dimdazenil. Conclusions: Dimdazenil offers significant benefits in improving sleep onset and maintenance in patients with insomnia. It presents a favorable safety and tolerability profile while preserving daytime functioning. Future studies should extend the duration and scale to assess the long-term efficacy and safety of Dimdazenil across diverse populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pesticide residues were extracted using the QuEChERS method, followed by detection by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The non-carcinogenic health risk in adult and child consumers was calculated by target hazard quotient (THQ) and total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) in the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method. The rank order of pesticides detected by UHPLC-MS/MS based on median concentration in onion was tebuconazole (0.004551 mg/kg) > imidacloprid (0.00233 mg/kg) > boscalid (0.00211 mg/kg) > diazinon (0.00079 mg/kg) > thiabendazole (0.00075 mg/kg) > acetamiprid (0.00052 mg/kg) > thiophanate-methyl (0.00052 mg/kg) > dichlorvos (0.000349 mg/kg) > fenitrothion (0.000132 mg/kg) > penconazole (0.00005 mg/kg). The median of TTHQ in adults and children's consumers were 4.00E–3 and 2.00E–2, respectively. TTHQ in adults and children's consumers was lower than 1 value. Hence, consumers were in the acceptable range (TTHQ <1). Consequently, onion consumption cannot endanger consumers' health status due to the pesticide residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An enhanced quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) purification method utilizing multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) has been developed and coupled with liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of eight quinolone drug residues in quail eggs. The sample was extracted using ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid‐McIlvaine buffer (pH = 4.0) and 2% formic acid in acetonitrile, followed by salting out with MgSO4, and purification with primary secondary amine (PSA), MWCNT, and Octadecylsilane (C18). The method demonstrated linear relationships for the target compounds within the range of 2–100 µg/L with correlation coefficients (r) exceeding 0.99. The limits of detection and quantification were determined to be 0.4 and 0.8 µg/kg, respectively. Validation through a three‐level spiking test (low, medium, and high) in quail eggs resulted in an average recovery rate ranging from 86.8% to 113.7%, with relative standard deviations between 2.6% and 10.2% (n = 6). This method offers rapid operation, excellent purification efficiency, and high sensitivity, making it suitable for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of quinolone drug residues in eggs. Application of this method to a batch of 20 quail eggs revealed the presence of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, suggesting a potential risk of non‐compliant quinolones use in quail egg production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Veterinary medications used for disease treatment and prevention may remain in animal‐origin foods, such as milk, eggs, honey and meat, which could pose a risk to the public's health. These drugs come from different groups of drugs, mostly with antibiotic, anti‐parasitic or anti‐inflammatory actions, in a range of food matrices including milk, meat or egg. This review is intended to provide the reader with a general insight about the current status of veterinary drug residues in food products of animal origin, detection methods and their public health consequences. The discovery of antimicrobials has led to the development of antibiotics for treating and preventing cattle illnesses and encouraging growth. However, the rise of drug resistance has led to increased antibiotic consumption and resistance among microbes in the animal habitat. This resistance can be passed to humans directly or indirectly through food consumption and direct or indirect interaction. Improper and illegal use, inadequate withdrawal periods and environmental contamination from veterinary drugs are reported to be the major causes for the formation of residue in food products of animal origin. The use of veterinary products above or below the advised level may also result in short‐ or long‐term public health issues, such as the creation of resistant strains of micro‐organisms, toxicity, allergy, mutagenesis, teratogenicity and carcinogenetic effects. To ensure consumer safety, veterinary drug residues in food must be under control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although antibiotics are the main therapy for bacterial infections, the reports showed that the overuse (or misuse) of antibiotics will results in several problems such as the development of antibiotic-resistant strains, persistence of drug residues, and numerous environmental concerns. Therefore, finding antibiotic alternatives is considered of vital importance. Investigation of the antimicrobial properties of several plant substances and extracts is of great value to replace antibiotics. With this objective, this study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of an ethanolic extract prepared from olive mill wastewater (OMWW), which is a by-product of olive oil production with considerable environmental burden, against 38 bacterial strains, including fish-associated pathogens, non-pathogenic isolates, collection strains, and one yeast strain, Candida albicans. Disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) tests were used to determine the antimicrobial activity of the OMWWE. According to the results, OMWWE provoked strong inhibitory effects against Shewanella baltica strain SY-S145. It also showed a moderate inhibitory effect on Plesiomonas shigelloides strain SY-PS16 and Vibrio anguillarum strain SY-L24. The MIC and MBC of OMWWE on Shewanella baltica SY-S145, Vibrio gigantis strain C24, and V. anguillarum strain SY-L24 were 500 µg/mL. The MIC and MBC on V. parahaemolyticus ATCC 17802 were 1000 µg/mL, whereas the values for Aeromonas salmonicida ATCC 33658 were 500 µg/mL and 1000 µg/mL, respectively. To put it briefly, the OMWW extract showed high antimicrobial activity and can act as an environmentally friendly additive for the control and prevention of diseases caused by A. veronii, A. hydrophila, P. shigelloides, S. baltica, V. anguillarum, and V. parahaemolyticus. Its active agents also prevented infections of both fish-associated pathogens and food spoiling bacteria, which means it can not only help in the disease control mechanism but also in improving the safety of food by reduction of the microbial contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Parasitic infections in dairy cattle reduce herd immunity, milk production, and conception rates. This leads to higher production costs, compromised animal welfare, and increased interest in extralabel drug use. The extralabel use of anthelmintics poses food safety risks for consumers since appropriate withdrawal intervals in milk have yet to be established. Although topical eprinomectin has no milk withdrawal time, more research is needed to determine the residues present in milk after subcutaneous administration. This study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetics of injectable eprinomectin in dry dairy cows. We hypothesized that, when given at the labeled dose, eprinomectin residues in dry dairy cattle would be below the FDA milk tolerance at the onset of lactation. Plasma was collected daily from 13 mature dairy cattle for 7 days postadministration, followed by periodic samples for 90 days. After calving, milk was collected daily until 90 days. Eprinomectin concentrations were measured using HPLC‐fluorescence detection. The maximum eprinomectin concentration in plasma and milk was approximately 36 ng/mL 43 h after administration and 3 ng/mL at the onset of lactation, respectively. The low eprinomectin levels in milk collected from these lactating dairy cattle suggest that administering eprinomectin at dry‐off is unlikely to result in violative residues. However, subcutaneous eprinomectin in lactating dairy cattle would be hard to justify unless there is evidence that the approved topical formulation is clinically ineffective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models can provide forecasts of the drug residues within the organism. Ractopamine (RAC) is a typical β-agonist. In this study, we developed a PBPK model for RAC in goats. The goal was to predict the distribution of the drug after multiple oral administrations. The preliminary PBPK model for RAC in goats performed well in predicting the drug's distribution in most tissues. In our sensitivity analysis, we found that the parameter of Qclu (Blood Flow Volume through Lungs) had the greatest impact on the RAC concentrations in plasma, liver, and kidney and was the most sensitive parameter. Furthermore, our study aimed to assess the withdrawal time (WT) of RAC in different tissues after RAC long-term exposure in goats. We found that the WT of RAC in the kidney was the longest, lasting for 13 days. Overall, the insights gained from this study have important implications for optimizing drug administration in goats and ensuring appropriate withdrawal times to prevent any potential risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractResidues of harmful substances in food can severely damage human health. The content of these substances in food is generally low, making detection difficult. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), based on noble metal nanomaterials, mainly gold (Au) and silver (Ag), has exhibited excellent capabilities for trace detection of various substances. Noble metal nanoassemblies, in particular, have extraordinary flexibility and tunable optical properties, which cannot be offered by single nanoparticles (NPs). These nanoassemblies, with their various morphologies synthesized using NPs through artificially induced self-assembly or template-driven preparation, can significantly enhance the local electric field and create “hot spots” due to the gaps between adjacent NPs. Consequently, the SERS properties of NPs become more prominent, leading to improved performance in the trace detection of various substances and detection limits that are considerably lower than the current relevant standards. Noble metal nanoassemblies show promising potential in ensuring food safety. This review discusses the synthesis methods and SERS properties of noble metal nanoassemblies and then concentrates on their application in detecting biotoxins, drug residues, illegal additives, and heavy metals. The study provides valuable references for further research into the application of nanoassemblies in food safety detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rifaximin and rifampicin are good broad-spectrum antimicrobials. The irrational use of antimicrobial drugs in veterinary clinics could threaten public health and food safety. It is necessary to develop a reliable detection method of the residue for enhancing the rational supervision of the use of such drugs, reducing and slowing down the generation of bacterial resistance, and promoting animal food safety and human health. So, this study developed an LC-MS/MS method for the detection of rifaximin and rifampicin residues in animal-origin foods. The residual rifaximin and rifampicin of homogenized test materials were extracted with acetonitrile-dichloromethane solution or acetonitrile in the presence of anhydrous sodium sulfate and vitamin C, purified by dispersible solid phase extraction, determined by LC-MS/MS, and quantified by the internal standard method. The specificity, sensitivity, matrix effect, accuracy, and precision of the method were investigated in the edible tissues of cattle, swine, or chicken. In addition, the stability of the standard stock solution and the standard working solution was also investigated. The method was suitable for the muscle, liver, kidney, fat, milk, and eggs of cattle, swine, or chicken, as well as fish and shrimp. The specificity of the method was good, and the detection of the analytes was not affected by different matrices. Both the LOD and LOQ of the two analytes were 5 μg/kg and 10 μg/kg, respectively. The results of matrix effects in each tissue were in the range of 80–120%; there were no significant matrix effects. The average accuracy of rifaximin and rifampicin in different foodstuffs of animal origin was between 80% and 120%, and the method precision was below 20% (RSD). The proposed method showed good performance for determination, which could be employed for the extraction, purification, and detection of residual rifaximin and rifampicin in edible animal tissues. The pretreatment procedure of tissue samples was simple and feasible. The method was highly specific, stable, reliable, and with high sensitivity, accuracy, and precision, which met the requirements of quantitative detection of veterinary drug residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) represent major obstacle to modern sheep farming, where the exclusive use of commercial anthelmintics is no longer a sustainable option due to the development of resistance in nematodes and the problem of drug residues in animal products and the environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro phytotherapeutic properties of seven essential oils (EOs) against GINs in sheep. Their chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The anthelmintic potential was evaluated using the egg hatch test performed at eight concentrations for each oil (50, 12.5, 3.125, 0.781, 0.195, 0.049, 0.025 and 0.0125 mg/mL). Additionally, a coproculture examination was performed to identify the GIN genera present in the tested fecal samples. The tested EOs showed a dose-dependent (R2 close to 1) ovicidal activity with basil - Ocimum basilicum L. (23.3-93.3%, IC50=0.08 mg/mL), spearmint - Mentha spicata L. (13.0-92.7%, IC50=0.07 mg/mL) and hyssop - Hyssopus officinalis L. (42.7-91.3%, IC50=0.19 mg/mL) being the most effective. The high activity of these oils could be attributed to the high content of the monoterpene alcohol linalool (O. basilicum) and the terpenoid ketones carvone (M. spicata) and pinocamphone (H. officinalis). Four genera of sheep GINs were identified on coproculture examination, i.e. Haemonchus 43%, Trichostrongylus 35%, Teladorsagia 17% and Chabertia 5%. The obtained results suggest that EOs of basil, spearmint and hyssop could represent a valuable alternative in the control of GINs in sheep, which could help to reduce the use of chemical drugs. Future field trials should be performed to confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is imperative to eliminate heavy metals and pharmaceutical residual pollutants from wastewater to reduce their detrimental effects on the environment. In this work, natural zeolite and a 2-amino terephthalic acid-based multi-metallic organic framework were used to create a new composite that can be utilized as an adsorbent for cadmium and safinamide. The adsorption study was examined in a variety of settings (pH, adsorbent dosage, pollutant concentration, and time). Moreover, Zeta potential, BET, SEM, FTIR, XRD, and SEM measurements were used to characterize the adsorbents. The adsorption process was confirmed using FTIR, XRD, and SEM analysis. Various nonlinear adsorption isotherm models were applied to adsorption results. The results showed a significantly better adsorption ability for safinamide and cadmium using zeolite/MOF compared to zeolite. Adsorption kinetics were represented by five models: pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order, intraparticle diffusion, mixed first- and second-order, and the Avrami model. Regarding both adsorbent substances, safinamide adsorption was best represented by the intraparticle diffusion model. In contrast, the pseudo second-order and intraparticle diffusion models for zeolite and zeolite/MOF, respectively, better fit the experimental results in the case of cadmium adsorption. The thermodynamic parameters ΔH°, ΔS°, and ΔG° were investigated through temperature tests carried out at 25, 35, 45, and 55 °C. Exothermic and spontaneous adsorption processes were demonstrated by the computed values. The study of adsorbent regeneration involved the use of several chemical solvents. The DMSO solvent was shown to have the highest adsorbent regeneration method efficiency at 63%. Safinamide elimination was lessened by organic interfering species like cefixime and humic acid compared to inorganic species like chloride, sulphate, and nitrate, most likely as a result of intense competition for the few available active sites. Using zeolite/MOF nanocomposite, the percentage of safinamide removed from spiked real water samples (tap water, Nile River water, and groundwater samples) was 48.80%, 64.30%, and 44.44%, respectively. Based on cytotoxicity results, the highest percentages of cell viability for zeolite and zeolite/MOF at 24 h were 83% and 81%, respectively, in comparison to untreated controls. According to these results, zeolite and zeolite/MOF composites can be used as effective adsorbents for these pollutants in wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] The purpose of this paper was to develop a method for the high-throughput determination of 8 sulfonamides, 3 tetracyclines, 2 quinolones and trimethoprim drug residues in pork and chicken tissues by colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay(GICA). [Methods] Sulfonamides, tetracyclines, quinolones and trimethoprim in animal muscle tissues were extracted by phosphate buffer and diluted by phosphate buffer with Tween 20, binding to colloidal gold-labeled monoclonal antibodies and inhibiting the binding of the antibodies to the antigen on the nitrocellulose membrane test line(T-line), which resulted in a change of the color of the T-line. The qualitative determination of poly-veterinary drug residues in the samples was made by comparing the color shades of the T-line and control line(C-line). [Results] This test optimized the key factors such as pH value, antibody addition, antigen encapsulation, Tween 20 addition and type of lyophilized protectant. The limit of detection for sulfonamides, tetracyclines, quinolones and trimethoprim was 50, 100, 50 and 35 μg·kg-1, respectively, and the sensitivity ≥97%, the false positive rate ≤2%, the false negative rate ≤3%, and the method was consistent with the results detected by the existing standard method. [Conclusions] The method was simple with high sensitivity, high precision, short detection time and good stability. It could be used for high-throughput rapid detection of multi-veterinary drug residues in animal muscle tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of healthy food is one of the basic requirements and challenges. Research efforts have been introduced in the human's food industry to reduce the microbial resistance and use safe and healthy alternatives with a high durability. However, the conducted work about these issues in the field of livestock animal production have been started since 2015. Inappropriate and extensive use of antibiotics has resulted in the increase of antimicrobial resistance, presence of drug residues in tissues, and destruction of the gut microbiome. Therefore, discovering and developing antibiotic substitutes were urgent demands. Probiotic compounds containing living micro‐organisms are important antibiotic alternative that have been beneficially and extensively used in humans, animals, and poultry. However, some probiotics show some obstacles during production and applications. Accordingly, this review article proposes a comprehensive description of the next‐generation of probiotics including postbiotics, proteobiotics, psychobiotics, immunobiotics and paraprobiotics and their effects on poultry production and human's therapy. These compounds proved great efficiency in terms of restoring gut health, improving performance and general health conditions, modulating the immune response and reducing the pathogenic micro‐organisms. However, more future research work should be carried out regarding this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The common use of antimicrobials in food-animal production can lead to drug residues in edible tissues for consumers. However, immunomodulators enhance immune responses and vaccine effectiveness. A new perspective explores bacterial extracellular bioactive molecules (EBMs) in food-animal production to modulate host immune responses, potentially transforming pathogen management and antimicrobial use. This study investigates the immunogenic potential of Aeromonas hydrophila-derived EBMs (Antigens) to enhance the immune system. Four Antigens were administered intraperitoneally to Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia). Antigens 2 and Antigens 3 boosted fish immune competence within 21 days. Remarkably, Antigens 3 induced robust immunity against A. hydrophila with a single dose, notably enhancing antibody-based immune responses. The increased antibody activity suggests Antigens 3 could be a vaccine candidate, promising further research and potential application in food-animal production to improve disease control. This study highlights immunomodulators' potential in reshaping disease management in the food-animal industry, emphasizing the benefits of focusing on bacterial EBMs to reduce reliance on antimicrobials and achieve sustainable disease prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionTopical ivermectin is commonly prescribed extra-label for the control of mite infestations in backyard chicken flocks in the US.MethodsDomestic laying hens (n = 8; 78 weeks of age, weight 1.7–2.2 kg) were administered injectable ivermectin solution topically over the jugular vein (0.4 mg/kg every 7 days for 2 doses). Ivermectin concentrations in egg white and egg yolk were determined using UPLC with fluorescence detection.ResultsThe average period between eggs laid was 1.52 days. Ivermectin preferentially distributed to the egg yolk with an observed Cmax of 3.54 ng/g occurring at observed Tmax of 6.6 days and a T1/2 of 9.5 days. Residues persisted at low concentrations in egg yolk for up to 71 days after the final dose. WDIs for the egg yolk matrix were estimated using the FDA, EMA, and terminal-elimination half-life multiplier methods (HLM). The longest estimated WDI was 102 days for the EMA 95/95 method (95% confidence interval for 95th population percentile) with the limit of detection (LOD; 0.03 ng/g) set as the maximum residue limit. The FDA 95/99 method using the LOD as the tolerance estimated an 81 day WDI, the HLM method estimated a 96 day WDI.DiscussionThis study improves the understanding of the residue depletion kinetics of ivermectin in eggs after topical administration to older hens with inconsistent egg production. Ivermectin is systemically absorbed following topical administration of the injectable formulation in domestic egg laying chickens, resulting in prolonged egg residues. Ivermectin is preferentially distributed to the egg yolk over the egg white following topical administration of the injectable formulation in egg laying chickens. Since plasma kinetics were not evaluated, the impact of systemic exposure on egg residue kinetics following topical administration remains unknown. The results provide insight into how the estimated ivermectin egg WDIs using regulatory methods differ based on the maximum residue limit/tolerance applied and portion of the terminal elimination phase sampled.

Drug residues that contaminate food and water represent a serious concern for human health. The major concerns regard the possible irrational use of these contaminants, since this might increase the amplitude of exposure. Multiple sources contribute to the overall exposure to contaminants, including agriculture, domestic use, personal, public and veterinary healthcare, increasing the possible origin of contamination. In this review, we focus on crop pesticides and veterinary drug residues because of their extensive use in modern agriculture and farming, which ensures food production and security for the ever-growing population around the world. We discuss crop pesticides and veterinary drug residues with respect to their worldwide distribution and impacts, with special attention on their harmful effects on human reproduction and embryo development, as well as their link to epigenetic alterations, leading to intergenerational and transgenerational diseases. Among the contaminants, the most commonly implicated in causing such disorders are organophosphates, glyphosate and antibiotics, with tetracyclines being the most frequently reported. This review highlights the importance of finding new management strategies for pesticides and veterinary drugs. Moreover, due to the still limited knowledge on inter- and transgenerational effects of these contaminants, we underlie the need to strengthen research in this field, so as to better clarify the specific effects of each contaminant and their long-term impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The monitoring and precise determination of pesticides and pharmaceutical drugs and their residues have become increasingly important in the field of food safety and water contamination issues. Herein, a fluorescent aluminium MOF‐based sensor (1) was developed for the selective recognition of neonicotinoid insecticide dinotefuran and anti‐Parkinson's drug entacapone. Guest‐free MOF 1′ exhibited ultra‐fast response (<5 s) and ultra‐low detection limits of 2.3 and 7.6 nM for dinotefuran and entacapone, which are lower than the previously reported MOF‐based sensors. In the presence of other competitive analytes, great selectivity was achieved towards both analytes. The probe was recyclable up to five cycles. The sensing ability was explored towards entacapone in human serum, urine and dinotefuran in real soil, rice, honey samples, different fruits, vegetables, real water specimens and a wide range of pH media. A low‐cost, handy MOF‐based polymer thin‐film composite (1′@PVDF‐PVP) was developed for the on‐site detection of dinotefuran and entacapone. Mechanistic studies involving analytical techniques and theoretical calculations suggested that FRET and PET are the probable reasons for entacapone sensing whereas IFE is responsible for dinotefuran detection. The entire work presents a low cost, multi‐use photoluminescent sensor of entacapone and dinotefuran to address the environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to present a sensitive, accurate, and precise analytical method for the determination of 32 antibiotics from 5 groups (sulfonamides, macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and quinolones) and some individual antibiotics (lincomycin, griseofulvin, and 5-hydroxy-flunixin) in 63 honey samples collected from Tehran market. In the presented method, the samples were hydrolyzed by 1% HFBA (hepta fluoro butyric acid) in water, purified on Strata XL polymeric reversed-phase cartridges, and finally analyzed by reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (RP-IP-LC-ESI-MS/MS). Good performance characteristics were gained for recovery, precision, range, and linearity, the limit of detections (LODs), and the limit of quantifications (LOQs). According to the presented results and considering the absence of permissible limits for antibiotics in honey, 74.6% of the tested samples had antibiotic residues more than the LOQ of the method. The results show that the validated method is suitable for simultaneously detecting antibiotic residues in honey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The aim of the current study was to assess the accuracy of expert predictions, which were derived using a Delphi panel foresight study between 2009 and 2011, on a variety of drug-related topics in Finland in 2020. Methods: The material used to evaluate the accuracy of the predictions consists of published reports on statistics, survey results, official register data, wastewater analyses and official documents. Whenever possible, we used multiple information sources to ascertain possible changes related to the predictions. Results: Between 2009 and 2011, the majority – but not all – of the experts accurately predicted an increase in drug use. Indeed, more people experimented with or used drugs, and more drug residues were found in wastewater monitoring. The experts also correctly predicted an increase in population-level approval of drug use, but this development has been rather slow. Contrary to predictions, there was no marked increase in the use of new synthetic drugs. However, the misuse of buprenorphine increased during the 2010s. In the drug market, unit prices were surprisingly stable over the ten-year period. There were no changes in legislation related to the legal status of drugs, as was foreseen by the experts. However, enforcement moved in the direction foreseen by the experts: more lenient measures have been taken against users. Drug care system reforms favored a combination of mental health and addiction care units between 2009 and 2011, and 2020, as foreseen by the experts. Conclusions: It seems to have been easier for the experts to foresee the continuation of existing trends, e.g., increasing use of drugs or widening approval of drugs, than to predict possible changes in the popularity of distinct groups of drugs such as new psychoactive substances (NPS). Even armed with the prediction that drug imports and wholesale would increasingly fall into the domain of organized crime, this undesirable development could not be stopped. Expert disagreement can also be seen as a valuable indication of uncertainty regarding the future. Foresight related to drug-related issues can produce relatively accurate and realistic views of the future at least up to ten years ahead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for determining quinolone and sulfonamide antibiotic residues in Chinese herbal powder for fishery has been established using the QuEChERS technique combined with high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The QuEChERS method was optimized across four key aspects; extraction solvent, ex- traction solvent volume, purification agent, purification agent volume, and other relevant factors. Quantify using the internal standard method, and ultimately select the method conditions that yield the best recovery results. The results showed that the 14 antibiotics tested namely, ofloxacin, enrofloxacin, lomefloxacin, difloxacin, sulfamethoxypyrimi- dine, sulfamethoxypyrimidine, sulfadimethoxypyrimidine, sulfamethoxypyrimidine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethoxazole, and sulfaquinoxaline exhibited excellent linearity within the concentration range of 2 to 200 ng/mL, with the correlation coefficients (R²) exceeding 0.99, and the quantitative limits all set at 1.0 µg/kg. The average recoveries of these 14 antibiotics at three concentration levels (1 µg/kg, 25 µg/kg, and 50 µg/kg) ranged from 72.5% to 123.5%, with the relative standard deviations of 0.9% to 12.9%. The method is characterized by its simplicity, rapidity, accuracy, high sensitivity, and selectivity, making it highly suitable for rapidly detecting of quinolone and sulfonamide residues in Chinese herbal powder used in the fishery industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic pollution has become one of the most emerging problems of the modern era. Tinidazole (TDZ) is one the most important nitroimidazole derivative drugs whose use has tremendously increased in the last few years. The proposed research work provides a good alternative cost-effective method for wastewater treatment. In the present investigation, algae were used as a photosensitizer in the treatment of the wastewater that was contaminated with antibiotic residue. The proposed research also provides the probable mechanism involved in the photodegradation of tinidazole. The different factors like concentration and pH of the test solution which play a key role in the photodegradation of drug molecules are also discussed in the present investigation. The result of this study established that the maximum degradation of drug molecules was observed at the algal concentration of 1.6 × 108 Cell/L and approximately 58% of drug molecules were degraded. This study also established that in an acidic medium ie at pH 5 the degradation occurs more efficiently. Results of the current study indicated that the use of algae-induced photodegradation of drug residue became one of the most promising routes for wastewater treatment. The results of the present study provide a new way to treat wastewater contaminated with antibiotics residue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue TED: Territoires, Environnement et Développement is the property of Universite Ibn Tofail and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Simple Summary: Fasciolosis is a parasitic disease of livestock causing important economic losses worldwide, and it is also a zoonosis. The treatment is based on the use of anthelmintic drugs, but the increase in resistance and the risk of drug residues in food make this approach no longer sustainable. Developing protective vaccines for the control of fasciolosis is postulated as an appropriate treatment, but a better knowledge of the host–parasite interaction is needed. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hepatic lesions in sheep infected and reinfected with Fasciola hepatica during the acute and chronic stages of infection and the characterization of the hepatic inflammatory infiltrates using immunohistochemistry with CD3, Foxp3, iNOS, and CD163 antibodies. The most remarkable histopathological finding was the presence of large necrotic foci and/or hemorrhages adjacent to enlarged bile ducts containing adult parasites, suggesting flukes may have caused these lesions while feeding. In the literature, necrotic foci/hemorrhages are considered a consequence of parasite migration. In both the primoinfected and reinfected groups, and during acute and chronic stages of the infection, an increase in Foxp3 T cells with respect to uninfected controls and a poor expression of iNOS was found accompanied by a strong expression of CD163, suggesting a marked M2 activation of macrophages in the hepatic lesions. Fasciolosis is an important economic disease of livestock. There is a global interest in the development of protective vaccines since the current anthelmintic therapy is no longer sustainable. A better knowledge of the host–parasite interaction is needed to design effective vaccines. To date, few studies have evaluated host–parasite interaction by comparing infected and reinfected animals. The present study evaluates the microscopical hepatic lesions in sheep infected and reinfected with Fasciola hepatica during the acute and chronic stages of infection. The histopathological study revealed the presence of necrotizing foci (NF1) associated with larvae migration during the early stages of infection in the primoinfected (PI) and reinfected (RI) groups. In the late stages of infection of the PI group and at the early and late stages of infection in the RI groups, extensive necrotizing/hemorrhagic foci (NF2) were found in the vicinity of enlarged bile ducts, some containing adult flukes, suggesting parasites may have caused NF2 while feeding. The immunohistochemical study revealed an increase in Foxp3+ T cells in both PI and RI groups with respect to the UC group and in the infiltrates adjacent to NF1 in the RI groups with respect to the PI group, suggesting the F. hepatica induce Foxp3 T cell expansion to facilitate parasite survival. In addition, in both the PI and RI groups, and during acute and chronic stages of the infection, a poor expression of iNOS was found accompanied by a strong expression of CD163, suggesting a marked M2 activation of macrophages in the hepatic lesions, which may be related with healing processes, and it also may facilitate parasite survival. The main differences between PI and RI animals were the more severe infiltration of eosinophils and Foxp3+ T cells, whereas RI did not modify M2 activation of macrophages which occurs since the early stages of primoinfection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an imperative need to eliminate pharmaceutical residues from aquatic environments due to their hazardous properties, including toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity, particularly when present in water sources. Conventional water treatment methods have proven insufficient in addressing nano-pollutants such as pharmaceutical residues. Consequently, the ongoing quest for economically viable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly removal mechanisms persists. In this particular study, we employed Giant Macroporous Silica (GMS) derived from marine sponges as a promising biosorbent. GMS exhibits commendable characteristics, including a high specific surface area, swift mass transfer capabilities, and non-discriminatory adsorption qualities. The efficacy of GMS in adsorbing carbamazepine (CBZ), a common drug residue, was scrutinized under diverse experimental conditions, including a sorbate/sorbent ratio ranging from 0.005 to 1.500 weight ratio, contact times spanning from 0 to 240 min, and initial pH values ranging from 5 to 9. Remarkably, at a concentration of 1000 µg L−1, GMS demonstrated an attractive adsorption rate (98.88%) of carbamazepine at pH 7.07, within 90 min. To enhance our understanding, we developed an ANFIS model utilizing the experimental parameters as inputs. The developed model exhibited a high correlation coefficient of 0.9944% and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.6693, indicating its dependability in accurately predicting the adsorption of CBZ on GMS. The results of our study highlight the efficacy of GMS in adsorbing CBZ, suggesting its considerable potential for adsorbing other pharmaceutical residues and nano-pollutants. Furthermore, we propose the possibility of developing a solid-phase extraction cartridge from GMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetraploid oysters are artificially produced oysters that do not exist in nature. The successful breeding of 100% triploid oysters resolved the difficulties of traditional drug-induced triploids, such as the presence of drug residues and a low triploid induction rate. However, little is known concerning the biochemical composition and nutrient contents of such tetraploids. Therefore, we investigated compositional differences among diploid, triploid, and tetraploid Crassostrea gigas as well as between males and females of diploids and tetraploids. The findings indicated that glycogen, EPA, ∑PUFA, and omega-3 contents were significantly higher in triploid oysters than in diploids or tetraploids; tetraploid oysters had a significantly higher protein content, C14:0, essential amino acid, and flavor-presenting amino acid contents than diploids or triploids. For both diploid and tetraploids, females had significantly higher levels of glutamate, methionine, and phenylalanine than males but lower levels of glycine and alanine. In addition, female oysters had significantly more EPA, DHA, omega-3, and total fatty acids, a result that may be due to the fact that gonadal development in male oysters requires more energy to sustain growth, consumes greater amounts of nutrients, and accumulates more proteins. With these results, important information is provided on the production of C. gigas, as well as on the basis and backing for the genetic breeding of oysters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Today, antibiotics are widely used for treatment and feed additives to enhance livestock growth. Antibiotic residues may be found in food of animal origin for various reasons, including ignoring the withdrawal period after treatment, overuse for animals, and contamination of feed with treated animals in animal products. Among animal products, dairy products have a special place in the human diet, and antibiotic residues in them have caused a great deal of concern among consumers. Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate and compare studies conducted in Iran on antibiotic residues in dairy products during 2000–2022. Methods: In this review, 52 eligible studies were collected by searching the Scientific Information Database (SID), Magiran, Google Scholar, Science-Direct, Scopus, and PubMed using the English or Persian keywords such as an antibiotic or antimicrobial residue, Beta-lactam residue, Tetracycline residue, Sulfonamide residue, Chloramphenicol residue, Aminoglycosides residue, Macrolide residue, Quinolones residue, Milk, Raw milk, Pasteurized milk, UHT milk, Powder milk, Cheese, Yogurt, Butter, Cream, Doogh, Kashk, Ice cream, and Iran. Results: According to the reviewed studies, the total prevalence of antibiotic residues in dairy products was 29% (95% CI: 15–43%). Among the seven evaluated antibiotic groups, most studies have been conducted on tetracycline, beta-lactam, and sulfonamide groups, with 16, 10, and 7 respectively, and the highest level of contamination with 663 ± 1540 μg/l is related to tetracycline. Most studies on antibiotic dairy product residues in Iran with 12, 11, and 8 studies are associated with East Azarbaijan province, then Tehran and Khorasan Razavi respectively, and no study has been conducted in 11 provinces of the country. According to the studies, Gilan, Qazvin and Razavi Khorasan provinces had the highest amount of antibiotic residue in milk with an average value of 56.415 ± 33.354, 45.955 ± 4.179 and 45.928 ± 33.027, respectively. Most of the methods used in the studies to measure antibiotic residues in milk were the Copan test kit and the HPLC method, which were used in 19 and 14 studies, respectively. Conclusions: Studies have shown that the prevalence of antibiotic residue in dairy products in Iran is high, so applying an effective strategy and developing the necessary standards in this field to control milk quality is a public health necessity. The findings of this study show that further evaluation of fermented dairy products, especially non-fermented ones such as butter and cream, is needed to prevent adverse health reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]