Search

The main objective of this research work is to provide lightweight and high-strength materials for structural engineering applications. In general, the mechanical properties of pure Al6082 components are less as compared to the AlSi10Mg components. This work aims to study and improve the mechanical properties of the Al6082/AlSi10Mg composite. The composite, produced by the stir casting technique, stands out for its mechanical performance and microstructure. The findings shed light on the composite's suitability for different uses in sectors like aerospace, automotive, and marine. The outcomes of microstructure and mechanical properties can give significant evidence about whether a composite is appropriate for a given application. This data can be used to make well-informed choices about the composite's suitability for particular applications and to direct future advancements in its mechanical strength. The experimental work was carried out with the composition of Al6082 raw material and AlSi10Mg fresh powder. The weight percentage (Wt. %) of AlSi10Mg is considered with 0.5 % for sample S1, 1.0 % for sample S2, and 0.0 % for sample S3. The microstructure analyses performed that, the S1 sample showed fine microstructure with major porosity, the S2 sample showed coarse structure with minor porosity and the S3 sample showed fine microstructure with minor porosity. The microstructural investigation shows that the silica particles were evenly distributed throughout the aluminum matrix, which ensured that the composites' ultimate tensile strength, hardness, and impact strength had been increased. The mechanical properties of samples are evaluated with tensile, compression, impact, and hardness tests. The tensile strength of the S2 sample (127 MPa) is high as compared to the S1 sample (110 MPa) due to less porosity, fine grain microstructure, and high Ti element presence in the S2 sample. The compressive strength of the S2 sample (143.3 MPa) is high as compared to the S1 sample (117.1 MPa) due to the fine grain microstructure and high Ti element in the S2 sample. The impact strength of the S2 sample (4.4 J) is high compared to the S1 sample (4.0 J). The microhardness tested at 0.5 Kgf load, 63.7 HV for the S1 sample, 65.1 HV for the S2 sample, and 46.3 HV for the S the 3 sample. Further, the microhardness test was conducted at 1.0 Kgf load., the values are 54.7 HV for the S1 sample, 59.7 HV for the S2 sample, and 38.3 HV for the S3 sample. From the findings, it is stated that the S2 sample performed an excellent mechanical property as compared to the S1 and S3 samples due to more wt. % of Ti and Al in the S2 sample. SEM examination revealed that the S1 sample has more pits and cracks as compared to the S2 and S3 samples. SEM, EDS, and XRD analyses were performed and displayed outstanding results. XRD analysis revealed the same elemental presence of EDS analysis. The research work is carried out in a systematic procedure and a comparison is made of the test results with the available existing results by the researchers. Compared to other compositions of available existing research work this Al6082 / AlSi10Mg is also suggestable for the development of lightweight structural applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of new non‐toxic pigments of a wide range of applications (from coloring of bone cements to aesthetic cosmetology, including tattooing) of blue and green shades is an urgent task. In the present work, colored compounds with apatite structure were synthesized by solid‐phase method. The obtained products were crystallized in hexagonal syngony of P63/m space group. The alloying elements – chromophores Mn5+ and Cr5+ in tetrahedrally coordinated positions – were responsible for sky‐blue and turquoise colors of the compounds, respectively. The conducted complex study (crystal structure, IR spectroscopy, color measurements, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, cytotoxicity, surface morphology) of the colored compounds opens new opportunities for the development of alternative pigments of similar color range and expansion of the field of application of pigments based on compounds of apatite structural type. The results of in vitro study of cytotoxicity demonstrated the potential suitability of sky‐blue color compound (Mn‐containing apatite) for further creation of cold pigments on its basis for tattoo ink and bone cement coloring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of new non‐toxic pigments of a wide range of applications (from coloring of bone cements to aesthetic cosmetology, including tattooing) of blue and green shades is an urgent task. In the present work, colored compounds with apatite structure were synthesized by solid‐phase method. The obtained products were crystallized in hexagonal syngony of P63/m space group. The alloying elements – chromophores Mn5+ and Cr5+ in tetrahedrally coordinated positions – were responsible for sky‐blue and turquoise colors of the compounds, respectively. The conducted complex study (crystal structure, IR spectroscopy, color measurements, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, cytotoxicity, surface morphology) of the colored compounds opens new opportunities for the development of alternative pigments of similar color range and expansion of the field of application of pigments based on compounds of apatite structural type. The results of in vitro study of cytotoxicity demonstrated the potential suitability of sky‐blue color compound (Mn‐containing apatite) for further creation of cold pigments on its basis for tattoo ink and bone cement coloring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cobalt, nickel, copper, and tin nanosized particles were synthesized through a borohydride reduction method with a reducing agent of NaBH4. The reductive precipitation was carried out at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The nanoparticle powders were synthesized from water solutions of sulfate salts. The obtained nanosized particles were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and XRD analyses. The SEM micrographs showed the nanoparticles’ morphology and structure. The chemical elements’ distribution was determined by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis determined the phase composition and state (amorphous or crystalline). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variety of types that appear in kidney stones makes it necessary to describe them to try to understand their formation. The crystalline phases recognized in stones are classified according to their chemical composition. For this reason, a study using X-ray microdiffraction, Raman spectroscopy, SEM/EDX analysis, and cathodoluminescence (CL) is recommended, to identify their composition. In the present study, this was carried out on kidney stones collected from surgeries in hospitals from Spain. The samples were collected in two representative urban centers: one from a large city, Madrid; the other with a mostly rural population, in order to contrast the possible compositions of the kidney stones. In large cities, struvite appears more frequently, although calcium oxalates are very common in both areas. An attempt was made to provide a guide to the most frequent phases, accompanied by four analysis methods that make their identification possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, bearing failure was reported for a needle roller bearing used as intermediate support in a pinion shaft system. Severe deformation and wear were noticed on the working surface of the failed needle roller and around the window lintel of the bearing cage. The geometry, materials and hardness of the failed needle roller bearing were analyzed. Appearance detection, SEM and EDS analyses were carried out for clarifying the potential reasons of the needle roller bearing failure. The effect of radial displacement, Hertz contact stress and misalignment on the service life of the needle roller bearing were discussed. The excessive deformation and misalignment, resulting from the unbalanced loading and improper assembly, are the likely cause of the needle roller bearing failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal-ceramics dental prosthetic restorations are clinically recommended for their advantages related to good esthetic features along with strength and long-term clinical use. Given the importance of the quality of the metalceramic (M-C) bond, the metal substructure analysis has a major importance to the quality of the manufactured dental prosthesis. In the present study was analyzed the behavior of experimentally developed novel titanium alloys (TiZr, TiZrNbTa) comparatively with other frequently used titanium alloys (e.g., Ti Cp, Ti6Al4V) designated for the technology of mixed prosthetic restorations. All samples were been plated, simultaneously in the same conditions, with the same titanium specific compatible ceramic plating material (Ti22 Noritake). The examination of the surface of both components was performed by scanning electron microscopy SEM) analysis and EDS analysis, which showed differences in the characteristics of the oxide layer formed, depending on the composition of the metal substructure. The evaluation of the alloy-ceramic adhesion was performed by mechanical tests, which attest to the fact that the adhesion and the quality of the bond between metal and ceramic depend on the thickness of the oxide films formed. The results showed the superiority of titanium novel titanium alloys (TiZr, TiZrNbTa), having highest hardness values, highest values of shear strength, a continuous thin oxide films, and consequently, a better metal-ceramic adhesion. Comparatively, less ductile titanium alloys (TiZrNbTa/Ti3) are generating lower adhesion forces with values above 30MPa in some samples justifying less predictable clinical results.

Metal-ceramics dental prosthetic restorations are clinically recommended for their advantages related to good aesthetic features along with strength and long-term clinical use. Given the importance of the quality of the metalceramic (M-C) bond, the metal substructure analysis has a major importance to the quality of the manufactured dental prosthesis. In the present study was analyzed the behavior of experimentally developed novel titanium alloys (TiZr, TiZrNbTa) comparatively with other frequently used titanium alloys (e.g., Ti Cp, Ti6Al4V) designated for the technology of mixed prosthetic restorations. All samples were been plated, simultaneously in the same conditions, with the same titanium specific compatible ceramic plating material (Ti22 Noritake). The examination of the surface of both components was performed by scanning electron microscopy SEM) analysis and EDS analysis, which showed differences in the characteristics of the oxide layer formed, depending on the composition of the metal substructure. The evaluation of the alloy-ceramic adhesion was performed by mechanical tests, which attest to the fact that the adhesion and the quality of the bond between metal and ceramic depend on the thickness of the oxide films formed. The results showed the superiority of titanium novel titanium alloys (TiZr, TiZrNbTa), having highest hardness values, highest values of shear strength, a continuous thin oxide films, and consequently, a better metal-ceramic adhesion. Comparatively, less ductile titanium alloys (TiZrNbTa/Ti3) are generating lower adhesion forces with values above 30MPa in some samples justifying less predictable clinical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin films of SnS were deposited chemically, and they are annealed at four different temperatures: 100 °C, 150 °C, 200 °C, and 250 °C. X-ray diffraction, Raman analysis, UV-visible spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy were used to investigate the impact of annealing temperature on the structural, optical, morphological, and chemical properties of thin films. As the annealing temperature rose, it was seen from the XRD patterns that the crystallinity of SnS films improved. At 250 °C, the film was almost evaporated, and the XRD pattern showed no peaks at all. The lattice strain and crystallite size were computed from the Williamson-Hall plots. The crystallite size increased and the lattice strain decreased with the increase in the annealing temperature. According to optical investigations, the samples' optical bandgap shrank as the annealing temperature rose. Morphological studies showed the formation of well-adhered films, and as the annealing temperature increased, the film became denser and more continuous with larger grains. The atomic weight percentage of sulphur decreased as the annealing temperature increased, according to the EDS analysis. Photovoltaic structures with the configuration ITO/SnS/CdS/Ag were fabricated. From the I-V characteristics, it was observed that the cell structure formed with SnS annealed at 200 °C showed better cell performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithomargic clay is generally found below the lateritic soil along the coastal belt of Karnataka. It is rich in silt content and dispersive in nature. This type of soil is liable to erosion and landslides. The lithomargic clay is largely found in the western coast of South India. At present, coastal belt of Udupi district is witnessing a lot of developments in terms of industry, infrastructures, and other activities. Lithomargic clay is a type of problematic soil, which needs a thorough study to make it suitable to sustain any engineering structure such as buildings, pavements, railways, dams. A characterization and mineralogical study is conducted to identify the presence of minerals and compounds for the various soil samples collected along the coastal belt of Udupi regions using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The primary minerals observed in majority of the regions are quartz, feldspar such as orthoclase, muscovite, and the secondary minerals formed by the decomposition and chemical alteration of primary minerals include sheet minerals such as kaolinite, halloysite, dickite, gibbsite, and illite in high proportions. The study also shows the presence of iron compounds such as fayalite, goethite, and siderite. The majority of the elements observed are oxygen, silicates, aluminum, potassium, and iron which confirms the presence of the compounds identified through XRD analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variety of types that appear in kidney stones makes it necessary to describe them to try to understand their formation. The crystalline phases recognized in stones are classified according to their chemical composition. For this reason, a study using X-ray microdiffraction, Raman spectroscopy, SEM/EDX analysis, and cathodoluminescence (CL) is recommended, to identify their composition. In the present study, this was carried out on kidney stones collected from surgeries in hospitals from Spain. The samples were collected in two representative urban centers: one from a large city, Madrid; the other with a mostly rural population, in order to contrast the possible compositions of the kidney stones. In large cities, struvite appears more frequently, although calcium oxalates are very common in both areas. An attempt was made to provide a guide to the most frequent phases, accompanied by four analysis methods that make their identification possible.

In recent years, biodegradable materials have included magnesium alloys with homogenous disintegration and a controllable degradation rate. Utilized in medical applications, biodegradable materials based on magnesium have been widely explored throughout the years. It is well-known that alloying Mg with biocompatible and non-toxic elements increases the biodegradability of surgical alloys. The purpose of this study was to examine the microstructure and the electrochemical response (corrosion resistance) of a new experimental Mg-based biodegradable alloy—Mg–0.5%Ca with additions of Zn as follows: 0.5, 1.5, and 3.0 wt.% in order to control the corrosion rate. Immersion tests were performed for different periods in a simulated body fluid electrolyte solution at 37 °C, and the mass loss was appreciated in order to calculate the corrosion rate (CR). The investigation led to the discovery of a dendritic Mg solid solution, a lamellar Mg2Ca compound, and a MgZn2 intermetallic phase. Scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy were used for surface analysis after the immersion and electro-corrosion resistance tests. The metallic and ceramic compounds that detached themselves from the sample and passed into the solution were evaluated using the SEM-EDS system. All samples presented a generalized electro-corrosion with anodic and cathodic reactions of similar intensity. The corrosion rate was similar regardless of the percentage of zinc, with a smaller value for a higher than 3 wt.% Zn percentage based on the more protective zinc oxide that appeared on the surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium-ion batteries are currently the pioneers of green transition in the transportation sector. The nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) technology, in particular, has the largest market share in electric vehicles (EVs), offering high specific energy, optimized power performance, and lifetime. The aging of different lithium-ion battery technologies has been a major research topic in the last decade, either to study the degradation behavior, identify the associated aging mechanisms, or to develop health prediction models. However, the lab-scale standard test protocols are mostly utilized for aging characterization, which was deemed not useful since batteries are supposed to age dynamically in real life, leading to aging heterogeneity. In this research, a commercial NMC variation (4-4-2) was aged with a pragmatic standard-drive profile to study aging behavior. The characterized measurable parameters were statistically investigated before performing an autopsy on the aged battery. Harvested samples of negative and positive electrodes were analyzed with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and the localized volumetric percentile of active materials was reported. Loss of lithium inventory was found to be the main aging mechanism linked to 20% faded capacity due to heavy electrolyte loss. Sparsely distributed fluorine from the lithium salt was found in both electrodes as a result of electrolyte decomposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the automotive environment, the need to increase the performance of materials requires extra engineering efforts. The possibility of developing new materials is strategically important. Indeed, alternative solutions in terms of material choice allow designers to optimise their projects and keep competitive production costs. Traditional quenched and tempered steels are usually used for highly stressed components, and possible alternatives could be important competitive opportunities. One possible substitute is using bainitic steels to exploit their economic advantages while maintaining acceptable mechanical performances. This paper explores the fatigue life behaviour of a new low-carbon bainitic steel for applications requiring case hardening treatment obtained by the nitriding process. A high-cycle fatigue (HCF) strength assessment is conducted through a test campaign to compare treated and untreated material. The improvement in fatigue strength is evaluated as well as the study of fracture surfaces, residual stress, and microhardness profiles to assess in detail the effectiveness of the nitriding process. It is found that the nitriding leads to an improvement in fatigue life but not as much as expected because of the low ductile behaviour of this steel, the high speed of stress application added, and the embrittlement of the nitriding treatment, as confirmed through fracture surface analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the basic physicochemical measurements and contamination with micro-nano plastics of water of two water treatment plants (Al-Baradi'yah plant and Al-Abbas plant) in Basra governorate. Water samples were passed in the study stations to three sizes of stainless steel sieves, and the suspended materials were subjected to wet peroxide. Micro plastics were identified through the positive visual inspection by dissecting microscope. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy EDS has been used to estimate the ratio of the elements in the samples. Al-Baradi'yah Water Treatment Plant showed higher values of conductivity of 4.42 mS/cm and salinity of 2.93 g/l at all areas (Raw, Sedimentation basins, and produced water) than the other station. However, the turbidity rate was found to be higher than the permissible limit for both stations. The EDS analysis to tested samples did not confirm the presence of microplastics by not being sensitive to the carbon component of the polymeric chains, the spectrum showed elements used in the experimental examination Na, Cl, O, and S in the samples 0.160 mm sieve in both of treatment plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports investigation on nano-sized (5-10 nm) graphene (Gr)-reinforced, secondary (2°) recycled acrylonitrile--butadiene--styrene (ABS) as a smart composite material for 3D and 4D applications. Gr was blended (in different weight proportions) with 2°-recycled ABS granules mechanically for selection of composition/proportion after ascertaining rheological property (based upon melt flow index according to ASTM D 1238), thermal stability based upon differential scanning calorimetry, and magnetic property based upon vibration sample magnetometry. The selected compositions/proportions of ABS-Gr composite was further processed with a twin-screw extruder by varying screw temperature and torque. The results of the study suggest that as regards to mechanical properties (peak strength and Shore D hardness) are concerned, the best settings are 20 wt% Gr reinforcement in ABS at a screw temperature 210°C with torque of 0.4 Nm. The corresponding heat capacity and magnetization for the selected composition/proportion was observed as 0.77 J/g and 0.10 x 10-5 emu (þmagnetization), 0.080 x 10-5 emu (-magnetization), respectively. The coercivity of the selected compositions ranges from 79.19 Oe to 1260.34 Oe (+coercivity) and 4.64 Oe to 639.50 Oe (-coercivity), whereas the retentivity of the investigated compositions ranges from 2.36 x 10-5 G to 5.44 x 10-4 G (þretentivity) and 4.31 x 10-5 G to 3.48 x 10-5 G (-retentivity). The results have been counter verified based upon optical photo micrographs, porosity analysis, scanning electron microscopy analysis, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In global climate change, drought stress is one of the environmental restraining factors that can significantly influence the growth and development of crop plants. Drought stress conditions can also cause undesirable changes in plant physiological and metabolic processes. The influence of soil drought on the mineral composition of leaves and seeds of two species of amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L. and Amaranthus cruentus L.) with C4-type of photosynthesis was studied through energy dispersive spectrometry (ESD). The recent investigations were carried out during the years 2020-2022 at the Department of Genofonde and Bioresources of Plants, Federal Scientific Center for Horticulture, Moscow, Russia. The research results showed the leaves of both amaranth with major elements, i.e., K (11.23-15.33), Ca (5.15-7.61), P (3.91-3.92), Mg (2.81-3.36), and Cl (1.86-2.29), whereas, relatively lower values were recorded for Fe (0.05-0.48), and Na (0.07-0.11) mass% respectively. Regarding amaranth plants seed composition, the major elements were K (13.86-13.97), P (7.02-9.76), Mg (3.78-5.64), Ca (3.31-4.78), Cl (2.81-5.30), and Mo (2.80-2.86) mass% respectively. In the species, A. tricolor, a strong correlation was observed between the elements, i.e., S-Cu, Mg-Si, Na-Cu, Na-S, Na-Ca, Na-Si, and Si-S in leaves, while in seeds, these were between Ca-Cu, Mg-Cl, Si-Mn, Ca-Mo, and Cl-Mn. In the other species of amaranth, A. cruentus, the elements viz., Mg-S, Mg-Mo, S-Mo, Mg-Cl, S-Cl, Cl-Mo, Cl-P, P-S, Si-Cl, Ca-Mo, S-Ca, Mg-Ca, Mg-P, P-Mo, and Mg-Si in leaves, while Ni-Cu, Mg-P, Si-P, and Si-Cl in seeds also showed strong relationship. Effects of drought led to a weakening of these ties and the formation of new ones. The accumulation of mineral elements in the leaves of amaranth plants varies from species to species under drought conditions, and A. tricolor cv. Valentina was found most resistant to drought conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of the utilization of gypsum in building increases nowadays because of its very favorable environmental properties. Gypsum mortar has the potential to replace the more commonly used lime or cement-lime mortars, which have a significantly higher environmental impact. Nevertheless, the research of the gypsum behavior and properties was neglected for a long time, and therefore, the information about gypsum is outdated or still missing. Gypsum has excellent fire resistance, but it is necessary to focus on the behavior of the gypsum composites with fillers at high temperatures because of the influence of fillers on the properties and structure of the gypsum composites at high temperatures was not studied sufficiently. This article describes the structure and properties of gypsum mortar with silica sand exposed to high temperatures. The studied composite was exposed to temperatures from 50 °C to 1000 °C. The changes in the microstructure of heated materials were studied by the means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mineral composition, volume changes, and changes in the mechanical properties after exposition to the high temperatures were investigated. It was found that silica sand has a favorable influence on the volume changes. The samples kept their shape even after the heating to the 1000 °C and maintained residual compressive strength of 10.2 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the preference index of natural fibers such as sisal, coir, and rice straw fibers in stone matrix asphalt mixtures (SMA), using waste marble as filler. Waste marble was used as the filler in asphalt mixtures and was crushed by abrasion machine and sieved according to SMA filler requirements. The SEM topography and EDS analysis of sisal, coir, and rice straw fibers were also carried out. The Marshall test was conducted, which is the most acceptable, cost-effective, and widely adopted method to estimate the optimum bitumen and to examine several Marshall Measures, such as flow value, voids filled with bitumen (VFB), stability, voids in mineral aggregate (VMA), and air voids (VA). Furthermore, tests were performed on the specimen with the optimum amount of bitumen, different percentages of fibers, and waste marble as filler to calculate drain down, moister sensitivity, and Marshall Stability. Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques were implemented to obtain subjective and objective weights, which were further used to compute the values of the preference index of natural fiber contents. The outcomes revealed favorable results for the usage of marble dust as filler in Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA). In addition, the preference index upshots are inclined toward the usage of rice straw over coir followed by sisal fiber. It was observed that the value of the preference index in rice straw at 0.3 varied from 0.918, 0.925, and 0.931 in rice straw using equal, objective, and subjective weights, respectively. The maximum drain down value observed is 0.335 based on ASTM-D 6390 and IRC-SP-79 are against 0.3 percent natural fiber. Moreover, as per the prescribed limit of MoRTH, because of the thin film around aggregates, moisture susceptibility characteristics, i.e., better resistance to moisture, were enhanced by more than 80%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cherry is a stone fruit crop that is valued for its early fruiting, productivity, and high taste and diet properties. The researches in the sphere of compatible scion-stock combinations selection of cherry crops with high winter hardiness and fruits quality were held in Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution All-Russian Horticultural Institute for Breeding, Agrotechnology, and Nursery (FSBSI ARHIBAN) for these crops introduction in industrial gardening of the Central region of Russia. The mineral composition of four cherry cultivars of FSBSI ARHIBAN selection (Apuсhtinskaya, Rusinka, Volochaevka, and Molodezhnaya) grown on rooted and grafted plants (stocks AVCH-2, Izmaylovskiy, and Moskoviya) was studied for the first time. The influence of scion-stock combinations on 11 elements (Na, P, K, Mn, Fe. Mg, Ca. Co, Zn, Se, Mo) accumulation in the fruits was determined. The greatest proportion of mineral substances in cherry fruits belongs to K. Depending on the scion-stock combination its amount is varied from 13.89 mass % (Apuсhtinskaya/Moskoviya) to 30.52 mass % (Molodezhnaya/Izmaylovskiy). For all cultivars fruits, the amount of K is 1.1 – 1.3 times higher on stock Izmaylovskiy than on rooted plants. The variation coefficient of K is low (V %) 1.37 – 6.91 for the majority of scion-stock combinations that indicate the stable entry of this element inside the fruit. The most content of all the elements under study was found in the fruits ash of Rusinka, Molodezhnaya, and Volochaevka on stock Izmaylovskiy that indicates the stable physiological state of the plants on these stocks. Results show that the cherry fruits analyzed could be an alternative to the supplementing of a mineral diet.

This study was designed to evaluate the performance and microstructure of eco-cements containing rice husk ash (RHA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), and circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) fly ash (CFA). Eco-cement samples with a water to (GGBFS+RHA+CFA) mass ratio of 0.40 were prepared with four RHA/(GGBFS+RHA) mass percentages of 0%, 15%, 30%, and 45% and three CFA/(GGBFS+RHA) mass percentages of 10%, 20%, and 30%. The compressive strength performance and overall quality [tested using ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV)] of the eco-cements were found to be significantly and differently affected by the percentages of RHA, GGBFS, and CFA used. Although CFA was found to reduce compressive strength and UPV at early ages of curing, CFA enhanced these values at later ages and promoted the development of the eco-cements due to the increased formation of hydration products [ettringite (AFt), C─ S─ H, and C─ A─ S─ H], as identified using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analyses. The incorporation of more RHA was found to reduce the compressive strength and UPV values of the eco-cements. The compressive strength values of the eco-cements at 28 and 91 days were in the ranges of 20.4–39.1 and 24.1–45.3 MPa , respectively, whereas the UPV values of all eco-cements at 28 and 91 days were in the ranges of 2,897–3,368 and 3,062–3,462 m/s , respectively. The RHA-free eco-cement activated by 20% CFA had the highest compressive strength and UPV values at all curing ages. The substitution of GGBFS with 15%–45% RHA can be used to produce eco-cements used in mortar/concrete with various requirements such as low to medium strength and low cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical discharge machining process (ECDM) is a non-traditional machining process which has widely used in medical, electronics and aerospace industry. This paper discuss about the various different methods using same process i.e. electrode immersion depths along with electrolytic stirring effects in ECDM are discussed. The various process parameters considered during the experiment (applied voltage, electrolyte concentration and electrode immersion depths); on the other side response parameters consider as material removal, tool wear and surface finish. Experimental results indicate the adequate material removal with equivalent electrode cross sectional areas as well as fine immersion depths. Electrode immersion depth ratios, electrolyte concentration and electrolyte-stirring effect on borosilicate glass using NaOH as the electrolyte mediums show some improvement in process results. The addition of stirring effect to the electrolyte along with proper immersion depths of the electrodes resulted in improvement of the process performance mainly the improvement in surface finish values up to around four times than the normal ECDM process. The FESEM micro graphs of the fabricated micro channels reveal some interesting modes of material removal. EDS were studied for analysis of debris through this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium-ion batteries are currently the pioneers of green transition in the transportation sector. The nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) technology, in particular, has the largest market share in electric vehicles (EVs), offering high specific energy, optimized power performance, and lifetime. The aging of different lithium-ion battery technologies has been a major research topic in the last decade, either to study the degradation behavior, identify the associated aging mechanisms, or to develop health prediction models. However, the lab-scale standard test protocols are mostly utilized for aging characterization, which was deemed not useful since batteries are supposed to age dynamically in real life, leading to aging heterogeneity. In this research, a commercial NMC variation (4-4-2) was aged with a pragmatic standard-drive profile to study aging behavior. The characterized measurable parameters were statistically investigated before performing an autopsy on the aged battery. Harvested samples of negative and positive electrodes were analyzed with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and the localized volumetric percentile of active materials was reported. Loss of lithium inventory was found to be the main aging mechanism linked to 20% faded capacity due to heavy electrolyte loss. Sparsely distributed fluorine from the lithium salt was found in both electrodes as a result of electrolyte decomposition.

Against the background of global climate change, drought stress has become one of the environmental limiting factors that can significantly influence the growth and development of crop plants. Drought stress conditions also cause changes in plant physiological and metabolic processes. The influence of soil drought on the mineral composition of the leaves of two Actinidia species with С3-type photosynthesis, namely, Actinidia argutа (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq. cultivar ‘Taezhny Dar’ and Actinidia kolomikta (Maxim. & Rupr.) Maxim. cultivar ‘Narodnaya’, was studied through energy dispersive spectrometry. The investigations were carried out during 2020 to 2021 at the Department of Genofonde and Bioresources of Plants, Federal Scientific Center for Horticulture, Moscow. The present research revealed that actinidia leaves contained the following major elements: K (11.19 mass% to 13.84 mass%), Ca (7.83% to 12.08 mass%), Cl (6.20 mass% to 7.33 mass%), and Mg (2.98 mass% to 3.44 mass%). Low values were recorded for Mo (1.19 mass% to 4.49 mass%) and P (0.83 mass% to 1.25 mass%). In both species, the mineral elements K and Ca were present at high levels. A positive correlation was observed between Mg–P, K– Mn, Mn–Se, Cu-Se, P–Si, Na–Mo, and Si–Mn in the leaves of A. argutа and between Cl–Ca, Mo; P–Si, Mo; and K–Ca in the leaves of A. kolomikta. Under stress conditions, the ratios of K/Ca and K/P declined to 0.9 and 6.3, respectively, whereas those of K/Cl, K/Mg, and K/Mo increased to 3.8, 4.4, and 2.7, respectively. The present studies confirmed that actinidia leaves contained high concentrations of minerals, especially K, Ca, P, and Mg, and that the accumulation of mineral elements in actinidia plant leaves under drought conditions varied depending on the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dispersed state of the conductive additives and the binders, which is a fluorine polymer, in the positive electrode material of the lithium ion battery electrode was evaluated by using an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer attached to scanning electron microscope with a low accelerating voltage. By applying a low accelerating voltage, it is possible to reduce the penetration depth of electron beam into the target material and improve the energy resolution of light elements such as carbon and fluorine. Therefore, it was clarified that the dispersion state of the conductive additives and the binders around one particle of the active material could be observed as element distribution images, and the dispersion state could be quantitatively evaluated as the coverage by image processing. By estimating the coverage of conductive additives and binders on the surface of active materials depending on the dry mixing conditions, it was suggested that this technique could be used for structural design and process optimization of electrodes for improving battery performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single crystals L– Histidine Cadmium Bromide (LHCdBr) have been grown successfully by solution growth method. Transparent crystal was obtained in the period of 2 weeks. The single crystal X-ray diffraction shows that the crystal is triclinic in structure. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis was carried to identify the intense peak. The various functional groups present were confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. By using Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy studies presence of elemental composition was confirmed. From the optical studies the cut-off length is found to be 315 nm. The mechanical properties of the LHCdBr crystal have been analysed. The dielectric study was carried out and reported in this paper. By the Kurtz powder method the second harmonic generation was confirmed and it is 0.9 times greater than that of KDP crystal. LHCdBr shows good antibacterial activity against various standard bacterial strains (E. coli, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the interface morphology, microstructure composition and connection strength of 7A52 aluminum alloy-Al2O3 ceramic brazed joints under heat treatment conditions. Alumina ceramics were first treated with electroless nickel plating, followed by vacuum heat treatment at different temperatures. Then an Al-Si-Mg intermediate layer was placed between the treated alumina ceramic and 7A52 aluminum alloy for brazing under the conditions of welding temperature 590, holding time 1h, pressure 2 MPa. Results showed that when heat treatment was performed at 350°C and below, the nickel-plated metal had an amorphous structure, and when performed at 400°C, the nickel-plated layer had a crystalline structure and the brittle phase Ni3P was precipitated. When the heat treatment temperature was 350°C, the joint shear strength reached the maximum, which was 68.7 MPa.

Cherry is a stone fruit crop that is valued for its early fruiting, productivity, and high taste and diet properties. The researches in the sphere of compatible scion-stock combinations selection of cherry crops with high winter hardiness and fruits quality were held in Federal Horticultural Research Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery for these crops introduction in industrial gardening of the Central region of Russia. The mineral composition of four cherry cultivars of FHRCBAN selection (Apuсhtinskaya, Rusinka, Volochaevka, and Molodezhnaya) grown on rooted and grafted plants (stocks AVCH-2, Izmaylovskiy, and Moskoviya) was studied for the first time. The influence of scion-stock combinations on 11 elements (Na, P, K, Mn, Fe, Mg, Ca, Co, Zn, Se, Mo) accumulation in the fruits was determined. The greatest proportion of mineral substances in cherry fruits belongs to K. Depending on the scion-stock combination its amount is varied from 13.89 mass % (Apuсhtinskaya/Moskoviya) to 30.52 mass % (Molodezhnaya/Izmaylovskiy). For all cultivars fruits, the amount of K is 1.1 – 1.3 times higher on stock Izmaylovskiy than on rooted plants. The variation coefficient of K is low (V %) 1.37 – 6.91 for the majority of scion-stock combinations that indicate the stable entry of this element inside the fruit. The most content of all the elements under study was found in the fruits ash of Rusinka, Molodezhnaya, and Volochaevka on stock Izmaylovskiy that indicates the stable physiological state of the plants on these stocks. Results show that the cherry fruits analyzed could be an alternative to the supplementing of a mineral diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demand for high precision machining of complicated shapes has recently increased with the miniaturization of mechanical and electronic products. Therefore, further development of fine wire electrical discharge machining (EDM) technology using a thin wire electrode has been also requested. However, there might be a limit in improving the machining performance of fine wire EDM using conventional wire only by optimizing discharge pulse conditions and gap control. Therefore, it is essential to develop a new type of thin wire electrode for further improvement of wire EDM performance. In this study, high-zinc-content brass (γ-phase brass) coated steel core wire as a new type wire electrode was trially made to improve the machining stability. In wire EDM, zinc content of wire surface would contribute to rapidly cool down the gap by the evaporation due to its low boiling point. However, the surface of γ-phase brass coated wire tends to become rough in the heat treatment process of the wire. Thus, another type of the γ-phase brass coated wire with smoothed surface was also made by an extra finish drawing. The wire EDM characteristics using these wires were compared with those using conventional brass coated steel wire. Furthermore, the distribution of spark locations during process was evaluated by high-speed observation to investigate the influence of γ-phase brass and the surface roughness of wire. As a result, the cutting speed using the γ-phase brass coated steel wire with smoothed surface is faster than that using conventional wire because of uniform distribution of spark location.

The aim of the study is to achieve fine microstructure of AZ91, due to the optimized heat treatment processes, which can be easily coated with a normal conversion process as phosphating. Determination of the influence of the AZ91 microstructure, mainly precipitates which are created using different cooling media during the heat treatment and definition of the best heat treatment process parameters are the main experimental sections of the work. The structure of the samples heat treated under different conditions was subsequently compared with the structure of the as cast state of AZ91. The morphology of the conversion coating was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and amount of individual elements in the deposited coating was determined by EDS analysis.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the cyclic fatigue resistance of Dia‐X, WaveOne Gold and One Curve files in a water bath at intracanal temperature (35°C). Thirty‐nine instruments Dia‐X, WaveOne Gold, and One Curve systems (n = 13) were tested in an artificial canal with a curvature angle of 60° and a radius of 3 mm. A water bath setup at a temperature of 35°C was used to simulate the intracanal temperature and time to fracture (TTF) as seconds was recorded. The mean data were analyzed statistically using one‐way ANOVA, and post hoc Tukey test (p =.05). The fractured surface of the instruments was examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and chemical composition of the instruments were investigated with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS). Statistically significant differences were detected in TTF values of all the systems as follows: One Curve > WaveOne Gold > Dia‐X (p <.05). One Curve instruments demonstrated the highest TTF values in all the tested instruments. The EDS microanalysis revealed similar NiTi composition of on the surface of One Curve, WaveOne Gold, and Dia‐X instruments. The novel manufacturing process, including C‐wire heat treatment and the variable cross‐section of the One Curve files, could be the main factors affecting the fatigue life of the instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic relays (ER) are a type of switch which are an essential part of electronic devices used to open or close circuits by using electronic components without any mechanical operation. After decommissioning, it can be considered as an important source of base and precious metals with high economic value. The annual growth rate of about 4-5% in 2016 is one of the fastest growing waste stream, and only about 20% of e-waste is recycled. After the use-phase, electronic devices become electronic waste (e-waste); consequently, it is important to consider e-waste as a secondary supply for the recovery of precious metals. In this study, a simple hydrometallurgical recovery method for silver (Ag) extracting from used electronic relays was performed. The silver extractions consisted of six stages: disassembling of relays, removal of base metals, leaching in nitric acid, precipitation, conversion silver oxide and melting. Measurements of extracted precious metals were carried out by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectrum) analysis. The purity rate of the final deposit was 94.9% on the surface of the sample, and the final silver recovery yielded 0.44% of the raw material. During the second stage of the experiment, mixed types of electronic relays were used to compare the yields. Electronic relays can be considered as an important source of base and precious metals with high economic value. The final yield of the mixed electronic relays reached up to 0.54% of Ag with the purity of over 95%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light metal alloys due to several unique properties such as low density and high corrosion resistance are increasingly used in various technical applications, where the automotive industry is one of the most important sectors. The automotive applications use mostly aluminum alloys, where the strength to density ratio of the material plays a crucial factor. Unfortunately, relatively low mechanical properties limit their applications for parts where a high surface hardness and wear resistance is expected. The classic heat treatment of aluminum alloys can only in some limited ranges improve the bulk material properties. Despite this, surface treatment with laser processing has developed significantly over the past 20 years. The laser beam treatment allows the introduction of a wide range of alloying elements to the surface layer of an aluminum alloy and thus, as a result of the precipitation of numerous intermetallic phases, significantly increases hardness, and abrasion resistance. The purpose of this work was to modify the aluminum surface layer using high-power fiber laser (HPFL). During this process, a mixture of titanium and iron powders (90/10 wt.%) was introduced onto the surface of the AlMg5 alloy. The microhardness tests carried out by the Vickers method and tribological tests showed a significant increase in mechanical properties in the entire volume of the obtained layer. Research on light and scanning microscopy revealed fragmentation of primary precipitates and the formation of numerous intermetallic phases rich in titanium and aluminum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microstructure and the mechanical properties of the submicrovolumes in the rare-earth magnets KS25 sintered from a Co–25% Sm alloy is studied. The microstructure is studied by optical, electron, and atomic force microscopy. The microstructure is found to be characterized by the presence of SmCo5 dendrites, the interdendritic space consisting of a mixture of the SmCo5 and Sm2Co17 phases, individual Sm2Co17-phase grains, Zr5Co3FeSm compound crystals (1–5 μm in size), and globular Sm2O3 samarium oxide inclusions (2–10 μm in size). The hardness H (GPa) and Young's modulus E (GPa) of the main Sm2Co17 and SmCo5 phases are determined by nanoindentation. The machinability of the magnets is estimated using the nanoindentation data; the additional pressure and adhesion at the boundary of the Sm2Co17 and SmCo5 phases are calculated. The calculation shows that the additional pressure exceeds the external pressure by a factor of 300, and the adhesion of the phases (Kint = 0.543 MPa m0.5) is lower than that of the strengthening coatings by an order of magnitude. This finding can be the cause of magnet cracking along the boundary between the Sm2Co17 and SmCo5 phases during cutting and grinding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-current pulsed electron-beam (HCPEB) surface modification of Al-Co-Cr-Fe-Ni high-entropy alloy (wt. %) Al—15.64; Co—7.78; Cr—8.87; Fe—22.31; Ni—44.57, fabricated via wire-arc additive manufacturing was studied. The initial condition of the sample is characterized by a highly inhomogeneous distribution of the chemical elements that form the alloy. The alloy samples were irradiated with the different electron beam energy densities of 10, 20 and 30 J/cm2. The surface structure was then analyzed in relation to an energy deposition mode. The study has established that HCPEB induces a high-speed crystallization structure with cells varying in size from 100 to 200 nm. There are nano-dimensional (15–30 nm) second-phase inclusions enriched with atoms of Cr and Fe along the grain boundaries. The most liquating elements are Cr and Al. Electron beam surface modification of the high-entropy alloy induces its homogenization. The study has highlighted that the mode of 20 J/cm2, 50 µs, 3 pulses, 0.3 s−1 results in the formation of a surface layer with the most homogenously distributed chemical elements.

The additive manufacturing technology for ultrasonic consolidation(UC) is to make use of piezoelectric properties of piezoelectric transducer which produces high frequency vibration applied to the metal foil surface and form solid state bonds between metals under certain pressure. In order to obtain better consolidation process parameters, 0.2 mm thick Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy and 6061 aluminum alloy were consolidated with the UC method, experiments of peeling and surface hardness for consolidation joints were carried out. Firstly, the regularity of peeling strength and surface hardness for consolidation joints with the change of consolidation pressure, oscillator amplitude and heating plate temperature was analyzed, and key process parameters which could improve mechanical properties of the consolidation interface were obtained. Secondly, the microstructure of the consolidation interface was observed by energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and the effect of different process parameters on the consolidation interface, and the formation of intermetallic compounds were analyzed, and good consolidation process parameters were obtained. It is found that the larger consolidation pressure, oscillator amplitude and heating plate temperature can result in stronger bonding. The optimum UC pressure of Ti-Al foil is 2.5 kN, the oscillator amplitude is 60 μm, and the heating plate temperature is above 200 ℃. This paper not only focuses on peeling strength and surface hardness, but also analyzes the microstructure of Ti-Al consolidation interface, which can give an opportunity to satisfy the effective consolidation of different materials.

Visual appearance—colour and texture variation—of weathering steel was compared by testing weathering steel samples in aggressive and non-aggressive conditions, and cyclical changes of ambient temperature. This paper introduces a new method for determining visual appearance of weather-resistant steel in different environmental conditions. Weathering steel samples were tested in H2O, 3% NaCl and 3% Na2SO4 solutions under ambient temperature changing from +20°C to −20°C per day. The structure of steel surface viewed under optical microscope revealed corrosion products in all steel samples. X-ray diffraction analysis of corrosion products revealed the presence of oxy-hydroxides, such as lepidocrocite (ɣ-FeO(OH)), goethite (α-FeO(OH)) and magnetite (Fe3O4) in different environment. Optical microscopy images of corroded surfaces had different visual appearance and orange, yellow, sandy, black or anthracite colours, which indicate that the corrosion products primarily contain lepidocrocite (ɣ-FeO(OH)), goethite (α-FeO(OH)) and magnetite (Fe3O4). EDS analysis revealed that the rust of samples kept in 3% NaCl solution had the highest amount of iron ions.

Sprayed fiber-reinforced concrete is used in construction for the execution and repair of reinforced concrete elements. It is believed that the addition of steel fibers is most effective, due to their parameters and low costs. Some researchers, however, suggest that the addition of steel fibers can contribute to the initiation of corrosion of the main reinforcement. In consideration of the differences of opinion on the corrosion resistance of sprayed fiber-reinforced concrete, it has become necessary to analyze this issue. The article presents comparative studies of corrosion assessments of the main reinforcement in specimens made of ordinary concrete and concrete with steel fibers. The tests were performed using a semi non-destructive galvanostatic pulse method, which allows location of the areas of corrosion and estimation of the reinforcement corrosion activity. In order to initiate the corrosion processes the specimens were subjected to freezing cycles in NaCl solution. In addition, the shrinkage and compressive strength of specimens were measured, and the observation of specimen structure under a scanning microscope was performed. It was found that galvanostatic pulse method allowed estimation of the reinforcement corrosion progress. The corrosion of the main reinforcement in steel fiber reinforced concrete specimens was less advanced than in the specimens without fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi Point Incremental Forming (MPIF) of sheet metals, where industry can focus in the future, due to the massive opportunities available for automated invention of sheet metals. In this paper, the void analysis of AA5052 sheets were investigated, which was formed using Multi Point Incremental Forming (MPIF) process is represented. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis was carried out on various surfaces existing during the MPIF process. The Forming Limit Diagram (FLD) was drawn and reported. The void analysis was carried out and determined. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis was investigated to confirm the elemental composition of AA5052 sheets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The compound [TMA] 2 SnBr 6 (TMA = Tetramethylammonium = N(CH 3) 4) has been synthesized by slow evaporation and its crystal structure was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The [TMA] 2 SnBr 6 crystallizes in the cubic system (Fm 3 ¯ m space group) with cell parameter a = 13.2554(15) Å. It can be considered as derived from a perovskite structure in which half of the octahedral symmetry sites are occupied by [SnBr 6 ]2- octahedra and half by vacancies. The purity of the compound was checked by EDS measurement and Rietveld refinements. The Raman and infrared spectra at room temperature are recorded in the wavenumber range 10–3600 cm−1 and 400-4000 cm−1, respectively. Ab-initio calculations have been performed using the Gaussian 98 program at room temperature. Hartree-Fock (HF) and B3LYP density functional theory (DFT) methods with 6-31G (d) and LanL2DZ basis sets were used to obtain equilibrium geometry and the fundamental vibrational frequencies and spectroscopic intensities of the free polyhedra [(N(CH 3) 4 ]+ and [SnBr 6 ]2-. The overall results are consistent with the experimental ones and group theory analysis, but also clearly show extra features that suggest disorder of the methyl groups of TMA. Highlights • A new hybrid perovskite compound, [TMA] 2 SnBr 6 was synthesized by slow evaporation. • A cubic Fm 3 ¯ m crystal structure was determined by XRD at room temperature. • The intermolecular interactions were analyzed by Hirshfeld Surfaces. • IR and Raman spectra are consistent with the structure and ab initio calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Metal enriched sediments have stressful effects on benthic foraminiferal communities. • Species diversity and density, and increased abnormalities are indicators of environmental stress. • The inclusion of metals in carbonate tests not always results in the development of abnormalities. • Abnormalities are supposed to be the consequence of toxic effect of metals on cytological activities. Abstract Benthic foraminiferal assemblages from 19 superficial marine sediment samples of a coastal area in the Ligurian Sea were analysed for benthic foraminifera in order to recognize changes in assemblage composition and structure, decrease of faunal density, increased morphological abnormalities and inclusion of heavy metals in carbonate tests as possible evidences of environmental stress. Also grain size was determined as a main factor conditioning foraminifer's distribution. The generalized low faunal density was considered as indicative of environmental stress, attributable to the well-known natural Cr and Ni enrichment, which characterizes marine sediments of the region. The cluster analysis highlighted distinct foraminiferal assemblages with decreasing species diversity approaching to the coast. This distribution was interpreted as the result of local source of environmental stress, probably due to the stream contribution. Deformed foraminifera more abundant than background levels of unstressed environments were also recorded in 39% of samples. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analyses were carried out on carbonate tests of 55 specimens to investigate the role of the incorporation of heavy metals in the development of morphological abnormalities. Foraminifera showed the inclusion of heavy metals, not present in control specimens, indicating that environmental stress, due to metal sediment enrichment, plays a role in this phenomenon. Although anomalous elements were detected both in normal and deformed specimens and chambers, it was supposed that deformities develop as a result of the toxic effect of heavy metals on cytological activities because, contrarily to the normal specimens, all the deformed ones included anomalous elements. Higher occurrence of deformities in porcelaneous tests, typically enriched in Mg, is associated to the higher number of incorporated elements (Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visual appearance—colour and texture variation—of weathering steel was compared by testing weathering steel samples in aggressive and non-aggressive conditions, and cyclical changes of ambient temperature. This paper introduces a new method for determining visual appearance of weather-resistant steel in different environmental conditions. Weathering steel samples were tested in H2O, 3% NaCl and 3% Na2SO4 solutions under ambient temperature changing from +20°C to −20°C per day. The structure of steel surface viewed under optical microscope revealed corrosion products in all steel samples. X-ray diffraction analysis of corrosion products revealed the presence of oxy-hydroxides, such as lepidocrocite (ɣ-FeO(OH)), goethite (α-FeO(OH)) and magnetite (Fe3O4) in different environment. Optical microscopy images of corroded surfaces had different visual appearance and orange, yellow, sandy, black or anthracite colours, which indicate that the corrosion products primarily contain lepidocrocite (ɣ-FeO(OH)), goethite (α-FeO(OH)) and magnetite (Fe3O4). EDS analysis revealed that the rust of samples kept in 3% NaCl solution had the highest amount of iron ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• High-speed machining of nickel-based alloys (Monel-400). • The efficacy of the minimum quantity lubrication (MQL). • The efficacy of cryogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) cooling. • The combination CO2 + MQL supplied in the rake face. • Reduction of the wear mechanisms under the use of hybrid approach. • Increased hardness and reduced the grain size via cryogenic CO2 cooling. This research work focuses on the efficacy of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) and cryogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2) cooling in high-speed machining of nickel-based alloy. CO 2 and MQL supplied in the rake face were compared to CO 2 and MQL in turning of Monel 400. Tool wear, temperature, surface roughness, and microstructural assessments were done to compute the cooling influence of distinct approaches. Energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) mapping is employed to investigate the abrasion and adhesion mechanisms. The wear levels were reduced under the use of the hybrid approach; the decrease in flank wear value relative to the hybrid condition is 78%, 36%, and 27%, and in terms of crater wear, the reduction was 78%, 54%, and 48% over dry, MQL, and cryo CO 2 conditions, respectively. Findings have portrayed that the lessening of temperature at the cutting area with the hybrid condition reduces the roughness by 58%, 44%, and 20% over dry, MQL, and cryo CO 2 cutting strategies, respectively. Moreover, verdicts of the investigation confirm smaller grain size and high hardness under cryo cooling condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of furnace heating rate on the intermetallic growth of Al Si coatings for 22MnB5 hot stamping steel was characterized and quantified for two different commercial coating weights, AS80 and AS150. Characterizing and quantifying the formation of the Al Fe and Al-Fe-Si intermetallic layers is crucial to the optimization of the austenitization process, which continually strives to reduce furnace time while maintaining acceptable intermetallic development. Initial nominal heating rates up to the Al Si melting temperature (577 °C) varied from Low (7 °C/s) to Very High (23 °C/s) and then proceed to reduce which resulted in the nominal heating rates to vary from Low (1 °C/s) to Very High (7 °C/s) within a temperature range of 600 to 900 °C. The coating composition was similar at 600 °C for all the heating rate tests and suggests that there is potential to save furnace time by imposing high initial heating rates. SEM and EDS analysis was conducted on the coating at 50 °C intervals. The overall intermetallic transformation occurred significantly faster at the higher heating rates due to the accelerated diffusion of Fe into the coating. The intermetallic transformation also occurred faster for the thinner AS80 coating due to the shorter diffusion path of Fe. A simple empirical model was developed to predict the coating transformation percentage for any temperature and time from 600 °C. The formation of Fe Al and Fe-Al-Si intermetallics was characterized. For each coating weight, the evolution of each intermetallic species was consistent for each heating rate, but at a delayed rate for each subsequently higher heating rate. Additionally, the tests conducted in this work showed that full austenitization of the base metal can be achieved during the heating phase (72 s for Very High heating rate). • The coating composition was similar at 600 °C for all the heating rate tests. • The overall intermetallic transformation occurred faster at the higher heating rates. • The intermetallic transformation occurred faster for the thinner AS80 coating. • The evolution of each phase was consistent for each heating rate, but at a delayed rate for higher heating rate. • Full austenitization of the base metal can be achieved during the heating phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electroless deposit Ni–P/SiO2 composite coating was performed on the steel substrate, DIN EN 10130. The preparation of nickel coating included two main steps. In the first step, the fraction of SiO2 particles sized the tens of nanometres was obtained by sedimentation. In the second step, the composite coating was plated on the steel substrate. The actual deposition process contains the deposition of plain Ni-P interlayer which served as the nucleation center for the deposition of Ni-P/SiO2 composite coating with co-deposited SiO2 particles. The morphology of deposited composite coating was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Amount of individual elements in deposited coatings was determinated by EDS analysis. The microhardness of deposited composite coating was subsequently compared with microhardness value of the plain Ni–P coating.

Modification of molten metal is performed for the eutectic and subeutectic silumins prior to its casting by using strontium, which has a time-limited effect up to 1-1.5 hours. Beryllium is used in order to prolong the modifying effect. The aim of the experiment is to examine both the distribution and the effect of beryllium in the structure on the temporary extension of the modification in the Al-Si alloys in combination with strontium modifier. Beryllium is used as a master AlBe5 alloy, and samples are cast by gravity casting in a preheated metal moulding. Chemical analysis is performed by means of spectral analysis. Specimens are evaluated by using a confocal microscope. The elements' distribution in the AlSi7Mg0.3 alloy microstructure, with emphasis on the distribution of Sr and Be as the individual structural components, is investigated using a scanning electron microscope with EDS analyser. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the effects of bracket removal using an erbium laser on the pulp temperature and enamel surface. Background: Removal of orthodontic brackets with conventional debonding pliers may result in enamel cracks. To avoid damage to the enamel surface and effectively remove metal or ceramic brackets, different types of lasers, such as Nd:YAG, CO2, TM:YAP, diode laser, or Er:YAG, have been introduced for debonding. Materials and methods: A total of 55 brackets (n = 55; 20 metal and 35 ceramic ones) were bonded to 55 caries-free premolars extracted for orthodontic indications. Brackets were irradiated with Er:YAG laser (Morita, Irvine, CA) with a wavelength of 2940 nm at a power of 3.4 W, energy 170 mJ, frequency 20 Hz, pulse duration 300 μs, tip diameter 0.8 mm, air/fluid cooling 3 mL/s, and time of irradiation: 6 sec. Debonding was made by scanning (n = 15; 6 sec irradiation at distance of 2 mm from the bracket with an "S" shape movement) and circular (n = 15; 6 sec irradiation at distance of 1 mm from the bracket) motion technique in ceramic brackets or the circular motion technique in metal brackets (n = 15). The number of 10 nonirradiated teeth with ceramic (n = 5) or metal brackets (n = 5) was used as a control in SEM test and EDS analysis. The damage in tooth enamel surface and the calcium percentage were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscope (JEOL 6610LV, JEOL, Japan) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, Oxford, United Kingdom). Temperature changes in the pulp were measured by K-type thermocouple. Evaluation of the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) on the enamel surface of each tooth was examined after bracket debonding. Results: The scanning method has caused significantly lower temperature increase (mean: 0.83°C) compared with circular motion technique around the ceramic brackets (mean: 1.78°C; p = 0.0001) or the metal brackets (mean: 1.29°C; p = 0.015). ARI score showed no differences between the study groups (p = 0.57). SEM analysis revealed no cracks on enamel surface after laser-assisted debonding in comparison with the control samples where cracks were found. EDS showed a higher mean percentage of the calcium (30.7–85.8%) for all test groups compared with control samples (mean: 7%; p = 0.0002). The amount of the calcium elements was higher for metal brackets in comparison with ceramic ones (p = 0.0002). Conclusions: Er:YAG laser-assisted debonding causes a minor increase in the pulp temperature and reduced the risk of enamel damage compared with conventional bracket removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This project used established analytical tools and statistical methods to determine the evidential value of very small particle (VSP) profiles found on handguns, cell phones, drug packaging, and ski masks. Sampling protocols were designed, tested and used to sample VSP from evidence items from a single county-level crime laboratory: 30 handguns, 31 cell phones, 36 drug packaging specimens and 32 ski masks. Specimens were prepared for analysis employing established protocols for semi-automated scanning electron microscopy with elemental characterization by energy dispersive x-ray analysis (SEM/EDS). Statistical methods of particle combination analysis were applied to (1) remove particle "noise" from the datasets, (2) define a set of highly discriminating target particle types, (3) measure the strength of correspondence between profiles, and (4) measure the potential of VSP as an evidence type under defined experimental conditions. Most (84%) of the VSP specimens recovered from common evidence items showed sufficient variety and complexity in their VSP profiles to allow meaningful classification among closed sets of approximately 30 specimens. Correct associations were achieved for 93.5% of test specimens (drug packaging: 97.2%; cell phones: 92.6%; handguns: 92.9%; ski masks 88.2%). Test specimens with VSP numbers greater than 125 showed predominantly correct classifications. These findings establish (1) that VSP are present on the surfaces common items of physical evidence, (2) that the VSP can be efficiently recovered, prepared and analyzed by computer-assisted SEM/EDS analysis, (3) that the variety of particles is sufficient for the definition of classifiers based on reference sources, and (4) that the classifiers perform very well for these particle sets, showing that VSP recovery, analytical methods and computational methods are working effectively. The use of adhering VSP to establish quantitative associations among items of physical evidence is a new approach, exploiting a form of trace evidence that is typically ignored. It is highly significant for its potential to expand the number of cases to which trace evidence can meaningfully contribute and for its ability to include a quantitative statistical approach to data interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accelerators are used to speed up the construction by accelerating the setting time which helps in early removal of formwork thus leading to faster construction rate. Admixtures are used in mortar and concrete during or after mixing to improve certain properties of material which cannot be achieved in conventional cement mortar and concrete. The various industrial by products make nuisance and are hazardous to ecosystem as well. These wastes can be used in the construction industries to reduce the consumption of cement/aggregates, cost; and save the energy and environment by utilising waste and eliminate their disposal problem as well. The effect of calcium nitrate and triethanolamine (TEA) as accelerators and marble powder (MP) as waste material on the various properties of cement paste and mortar has been studied in the present work. The replacement ratio of MP was 0-10% @ 2.5% by weight of cement. The addition of calcium nitrate was 0% and 1%; and variation of addition of TEA was 0-0.1@ 0.025% and 0.1-1.0@ 0.1% by weight of cement. On the basis of setting time, some mix proportions were selected and further investigated. Setting time and soundness of cement paste; compressive strength and microstructure of mortar mix of selected mix proportions were studied experimentally at 3, 7 and 28 days aging. Results showed that use of MP, calcium nitrate, TEA and their combination reduced setting time of cement paste for all the mixes. Addition of calcium nitrate increased the compressive strength at all curing ages while MP and TEA decreased the compressive strength. The mechanism of additives was discussed through scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis of the specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the microstructure and chemical composition of CaCu3Ti4O12 multilayer elements fabricated using low temperature cofired ceramics procedure were characterized by scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The multilayer elements were obtained in the process encompassing: tape casting, laser cutting, screen printing, isostatic lamination and cofiring of ceramic tapes with internal conductive films at 940°. The compatibility of CaCu3Ti4O12 with three commercial Ag and Ag-Pd thick film pastes was confirmed. The results of scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis revealed close to the stoichiometric composition of CaCu3Ti4O12 grains and significant enrichment in oxygen of grain boundaries. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies showed that main oxidation states of the component elements were Cu2+, Ti4+, and Ca2+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]