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The COVID-19 pandemic raises the question of austerity's problematic social toll for health in the south of Europe. Has EU economic governance constrained health spending? If so, have these spending levels led to inequalities, which in turn shaped responses to the pandemic? EU economic governance is often dismissed as ineffective because of its poor track record of compliance. Yet austerity is blamed for negative health outcomes. This article shows that the EU fiscal rule is a determinant of health because it affects fiscal policies of European countries. First, the analysis of EU member states during 1995–2018 shows that austerity policies affect health spending and health inequalities. Euro-area countries under the EU Excessive Deficit Procedure significantly consolidated their health spending. The contractionary effect was concentrated in southern countries, contributing to rising health inequalities across the core and periphery. Finally, the analysis shows the pandemic implications of health inequalities, as periphery countries with a track record of high consolidation display more stringent (and costly) COVID-19 response models. This analysis contributes to understanding the supranational determinants of health in the EU, showing the pervasive spillover effects of the fiscal framework on national health policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article examines the impact of the euro on the political system through contrasting the experiences of eurozone countries with euro outsiders using a historical institutionalist perspective. While following the global financial crisis, many have argued that the homogeneity of rules within the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) facilitate the rise of populist movements, authoritarian challengers have emerged only outside the eurozone. The parallel application of Rodrik's political economy trilemma and the ordoliberal tradition of the Freiburg school to the EMU provides the theoretical background for explaining this puzzle. A most- similar research design based on the comparative case study of Greece and Hungary is used to uncover the causal processes through which the EMU contributes to the resilience of liberal democracy. It is shown that while the limits on economic policy autonomy strongly hinder authoritarian tendencies within the eurozone even under a populist government, being outside the EMU is a necessary though not sufficient condition for the entrenchment of authoritarian rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Smart Rail Transit is the property of Smart Rail Transit Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective Given the high operating speeds, minimal residual acceleration margin, and open-air track conditions of EMU (electric multiple units), as well as the deficiencies in conventional combination correction methods such as poor accuracy in criterion extraction and significant torque adjustment losses. It is aimed to optimize EMU adhesion utilization by analyzing and improving speed acquisition, fault identification, criterion extraction, and torque adjustment. Method A segmented T-method and median filtering method for speed acquisition is employed, and faulty speed data is identified and substituted to reduce the impact of speed interference/faults on adhesion control. The acceleration difference impact rate is used instead of impact rate and the differentiator is substituted with a high-pass filter to minimize the impact of complex track surface conditions on adhesion criterion extraction. For torque adjustment, it latches the torque at the previous wheel slip/skid trigger moment and uses this as a reference to calculate the reducing and increasing torque step sizes in real-time. The reducing and increasing step sizes are divided into 10 segments, executed from large to small to minimize torque losses. The feasibility of these methods is verified through experiments using a type of EMU as example. Result & Conclusion Experimental results demonstrate that during the entire acceleration and deceleration process of anti-slip and anti-skid tests, the deviation of the axle speed from the reference speed is limited. Torque adjustments do not exhibit significant repeated fluctuations, resulting in relatively less train impact. The traction and braking test data calculation analysis show that the adhesion utilization rates of traction anti-slip and braking anti-skid are both greater than 90%, effectively improving adhesion utilization.

Current research on overvoltage in trains can be divided into field tests and circuit simulations. The circuit simulation study focuses on the overvoltage amplitude distribution, the oscillation frequency of the main operating overvoltage is also an important characteristic, and the amplitude and frequency characteristics of the overvoltage need to be considered in the study of its suppression method. However, there is currently limited research on the frequency distribution of overvoltage. To provide guidance for the study of overvoltage suppression in the operation of the main circuit breaker, a new simulation model of train operating main break overvoltage is proposed based on the three-dimensional structure of the car body, high-voltage cables and rails. The model is used to simulate the transient overvoltage characteristics of the high-voltage cable core and each car body during the operation of the main circuit breaker, and the distribution of the overvoltage in each car body is obtained. The simulation results show that the maximum overvoltage amplitude during the operation of car 1 is 6.10 kV, while it is the smallest for car 4. The overvoltage amplitudes of cars 1 to 4 are all above 1 kV, and it was found that there are two main oscillation frequencies of the main overvoltage during the operation of the car body, which are 0.70 MHz and 1.30 MHz. Furthermore, the accuracy of the distribution characteristics and spectral characteristics of the train operating main break overvoltage is verified by static tests on the existing trains, and the test data show that the simulation results are extremely accurate in terms of overvoltage amplitude distribution, and the error between simulation and test does not exceed 5% in terms of amplitude, except for car 4. In terms of spectral characteristics, both simulation and experiment have two main oscillation frequencies, which can be considered consistent between simulation and experiment. Therefore, it can be concluded that the simulation model based on the three-dimensional structure has the ability to simulate the characteristics of operating overvoltage with high accuracy and provides guidance for overvoltage suppression research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Rolling Stock (1002-7602) is the property of Rolling Stock Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rolling Stock (1002-7602) is the property of Rolling Stock Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rolling Stock (1002-7602) is the property of Rolling Stock Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Greece's entry into the Eurozone was regarded as a unique opportunity to reform the country's inefficient growth model. These hopes were dashed as the decade-long crisis of the 2010s wiped out a substantial part of the wealth accumulated during the previous decades and threatened the stability of Greece's political system. The crisis highlighted the weaknesses of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); the economic governance agreed upon at Maastricht was inadequate to support a monetary union comprising many, widely diverse economies. On the other hand, given the EMU's economic and institutional architecture, Greece was ill-prepared and unwilling to undertake the necessary adjustments to survive in the Eurozone. Understanding the economic and political aspects of this dual and mutually reinforcing failure is crucial for analyzing the challenges facing the Greek economy. In this article, we take a long-term view of the evolution of Greece's political economy, adopting a framework inspired by the recent literature on comparative political economy. The aim is to determine whether Greece's EMU membership affected its growth model and, if so, in what ways. The analysis shows that EMU membership has been crucial for the performance of the Greek economy during different periods but less so for the transformation of its demand-led growth model, which exhibits remarkable stability. This is because neither the ex ante nor the ex post conditionality imposed on Greece in the run-up to EMU entry and during the 2010s crisis, respectively, focused on the structural features of the Greek growth model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of China Rubber Industry is the property of Editorial Office of China Rubber Industry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Electric Drive for Locomotives is the property of Electric Drive for Locomotives Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Due to the limited availability of fault samples and the expensive nature of marking fault samples in Electric Multiple Unit (EMU) gearbox monitoring data, a study was conducted to simulate the degradation process of key components in the CRH5 gearbox using rigid–flexible coupling dynamics. Vibration acceleration data from the simulation were utilized to create a six-dimensional hybrid feature domain representing the degradation process. By leveraging the capabilities of the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) for handling hidden transitive probabilities in temporal data and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) for addressing long-distance and high-dependence temporal data, a GRU-HMM fault prediction model was developed. This model was validated using monitoring data and the six-dimensional hybrid feature domain from the CRH5 gearbox and compared against actual maintenance records. The findings indicated that the GRU-HMM fault prediction model can effectively recognize the degradation patterns of multiple components, offering higher accuracy in fault prediction compared to traditional models. These research outcomes are expected to optimize EMU maintenance schedules based on usage conditions, enhance EMU utilization rates, and reduce operational and maintenance costs, thereby providing valuable theoretical support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) is a conserved antiviral protein found in several animal species. Among birds, only the ostrich has two genes, OAS1 and OASL, which show oligoadenylate synthetic activity and inhibition of flavivirus-specific genome replication, respectively. However, it remains unclear whether OAS duplication with the separated function is unique to the ostrich. Therefore, we examined the OASs of the emu, which are closely related to the ostrich. We sequenced and cloned emu OAS genes and analyzed their functions. The results showed that the two emu OAS genes had amino acid sequence homologies of 80% for OAS1 and 78% for OASL compared to those of ostriches. The amino acid sequences related to the enzymatic function were almost identical to those of ostriches. Emu OAS1 only showed OAS activity, whereas emu OASL only inhibited flaviviral replication. These results indicate that emus have characteristics similar to ostrich in terms of OAS genes. This study provides insights into the evolution of viral defense by OAS protein family in Palaeognathae. 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) is one of the proteins that act as a defense mechanism against foreign RNA in cells. OAS has two functions: an antiviral effect against a wide range of virus species via the OAS/RNase L pathway with synthesized oligoadenylates and inhibition of viral replication specific to viruses of the genus Flavivirus, which is independent of enzymatic activity. Several birds have been reported to possess only one type of OAS family member, OASL, which has both enzymatic activity and inhibitory effects on flaviviral replication. However, the ostrich has two types of OASs, OAS1 and OASL, which show different functions—enzymatic and anti-flaviviral activities, respectively. In this study, emu OASs were cloned to investigate their sequence and function and elucidate the role of OASs in emus. The cloning results showed that emus had OAS1 and OASL, suggesting that emu OASs were more closely related to ostrich than to other birds. Functional investigations showed that emu OAS1 and OASL had enzymatic and anti-flaviviral activities, respectively, similar to those of the ostrich. Emus and ostriches are evolutionarily different from most birds and may be more closely related to mammalian OAS diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Rolling Stock (1002-7602) is the property of Rolling Stock Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rolling Stock (1002-7602) is the property of Rolling Stock Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To comprehensively understand the influence of carbody component dimensions on carbody modal characteristics, a sensitivity analysis of EMU (electric multiple units) body modal is conducted to enhance the main vibration frequency of carbody. Method Based on sensitivity calculation results, eight univariate thickness enhancement schemes are developed for comparison analysis of the main carbody modal. Subsequently, by pairing up components with the greatest impact on major vibration modal, three enhancement schemes are formulated to investigate the effects of multivariate thickness vibrations on the main carbody vibration modal while minimizing mass increase. Result & Conclusion The thickness of side top plates, circular top plates, side wall panels, side wall beams/columns, roof bending beams, corrugated floors and chassis edge beams exhibits high sensitivity to the main carbody vibration modal. Increasing the thickness of these univariate and multivariate influencing factors results in a noticeable improvement in the main carbody vibration modal frequencies compared to the original structure. Compared to the scheme of univariate thickness influencing factors, the impact of multivariate thickness enhancement schemes on individual vibration modal frequencies shows a slight increase. However, its smaller amplitude variations are significantly lower than the stacked effects of two individual unicarite thickness factors on the carbody modal.

Objective Tread defects are a primary manifestation of wheel failures in high-speed railway EMU (electrical multiple unites) trains, significantly impacting both EMU train operation safety and passenger ride comfort. Wheel tread defects are predominantly concentrated on front and rear cars, which may result from a combination of various factors, requiring predictive method that comprehensively integrate various influencing factors. Method Based on the wheel reprofiling maintenance data of EMU train operated by a railway bureau, the dataset sample consists of 10 features (including 4 nominal and 6 continuous features) and the data are preprocessed. By treating the imbalanced dataset through synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE), a standardized dataset is constructed. A DNN (deep neural network) model is established to combine the underlying features and form a high-level abstract representation of the features. The optimal learning performance of the model is achieved through network structure adjustment and hyperparameter optimization. The model is trained and tested to verify its prediction effect. Result & Conclusion The data-driven prediction method for wheel tread defects of front and rear cars demonstrates high-predictive accuracy and relatively excellent comprehensive performance, achieving a precision rate of 92.5%. Thus the probability of wheel tread damage of front and rear cars can be effectively predicted.

Objective The jet noise generated by the main circuit breaker switching valve of high-speed railway EMU is excessively high, which seriously affects passenger comfort. Therefore, it is essential to study effective noise reduction measures. Method Field experiments are conducted to measure the jet noise of the switching valve, revealing a noise level as high as 96 dB with noticeable intermittency and pulsation. Using LES (large eddy simulation), a mathematical model for simulating the jet noise of the switching valve is established. Four different nozzle shapes are selected, and their flow velocity distribution nephograms are computed. The calculated jet flow results are imported into LMS.Virtual.Lab software, and the acoustic boundary element method is employed to simulate the jet noise fields of the four nozzles. The simulated 1/3-octave frequency spectrum values for them are compared with experimentally measured values. Finally, four existing industrial mufflers and a developed new structural composite material muffler are selected and tested for their noise reduction effectiveness on the switching valve. Result & Conclusion Generated by main circuit breaker disconnection, the jet noise of the switching valve is closely related to the shape of the exhaust port and falls into the mid-to-high-frequency noise range. All five mufflers can significantly reduce the jet noise from the switching valve, with the new structural composite material muffler demonstrating the best noise reduction effect, achieving a reduction of up to 20 dB.

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Copyright of Urban Mass Transit is the property of Urban Mass Transit Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Simple Summary: All animals feel pain and, as vets, we have the ethical obligation to prevent it. This paper describes two anaesthetic events in an emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) undergoing the surgical repair of a lateral luxation of the Achilles tendon on both hind limbs. An ultrasound-guided mid-femur sciatic nerve block was successfully performed on both occasions for intraoperative and postoperative analgesia. To our knowledge, this is the first published report of an emu who benefited from inhalation anaesthesia associated with a loco-regional block. The current case report describes a successful ultrasound-guided mid-femur sciatic nerve block in an emu. A 2-month-old emu suffering from acute-onset lameness was referred to the University Clinic of Liège, where he was diagnosed with a lateral luxation of the Achilles tendon on both hind limbs. Two surgical procedures were performed for treatment. Both surgical procedures were performed under general anaesthesia with butorphanol, ketamine, midazolam and isoflurane in oxygen. The anaesthesia was continuously monitored. An ultrasound-guided sciatic nerve block was performed to prevent and treat surgically induced nociception. The technique was adapted from what is already described in other species. Levobupivacaine was injected perineurally under ultrasound-guidance. Intraoperative nociception was assessed based on the heart rate and mean arterial pressure changes. The recovery was uneventful and with no clinical signs of postoperative pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis paper analyzes Finland and Greece’s GDP growth and debt-to-GDP ratio post-European Monetary Union (EMU) accession. Using a robust ARDL with cointegration bounds model (2002–2021), and Johansen approach for cointegration, we find a positive impact of favorable trade balance on GDP growth and a negative impact on debt-to-GDP ratio in both nations long-term. Finland’s GDP growth is negatively affected by the country to EU average inflation ratio, while Greece sees increased debt-to-GDP due to it. Greece’s elevated government spending hampers its economic growth short- and long-term, and Finland’s debt rises in the long run with higher country to EU average unemployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Urban Mass Transit is the property of Urban Mass Transit Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Urban Mass Transit is the property of Urban Mass Transit Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rolling Stock (1002-7602) is the property of Rolling Stock Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rolling Stock (1002-7602) is the property of Rolling Stock Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objective] To ensure the reliability of the stator insulation in EMU (electric multiple unit) traction motors during stator manufacturing or maintenance, it is necessary to conduct tests such as ground insulation withstand voltage, interphase withstand voltage, and coil-to-coil insulation withstand voltage to screen for defects of stator-to-ground insulation, interphase insulation, and coil-to-coil insulation. Therefore, an analysis of stator insulation faults in traction motors is required, and corresponding countermeasures are proposed. [Method] The fault characteristics and causes of ground insulation breakdown, interphase short circuit, and non-coinciding waveform attenuation in coil-to-coil insulation are introduced. Corresponding improvement measures and stator repair methods for these faults are analyzed. [Result & Conclusion] After repair, the stator of traction motor successfully passes the screening tests for ground insulation withstand voltage, interphase withstand voltage, and coil-to-coil insulation withstand voltage, and the test results demonstrate that the analyzed fault causes can accurately diagnose stator insulation faults, and the formulated improvement measures effectively resolve stator insulation issues.

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Copyright of Railway Construction Technology is the property of Railway Construction Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The COVID-19 pandemic had disastrous effects on health and economic activity worldwide, including in the Euro Area. The application of mandatory lockdowns contributed to a sharp fall in production and a rise in unemployment, inducing an expansionary fiscal and monetary response. Using a uniquely large macro database, this paper examines the effects of the pandemic and the ensuing economic policies on public support for the common currency, the euro, as measured by the Eurobarometer survey. It finds that public support for the euro increased in a majority of the 19 Euro Area member states and reached historically high levels in the midst of the pandemic. This finding suggests that the expansionary fiscal policies initiated at the EU level significantly contributed to this outcome, while the monetary measures taken by the European Central Bank did not have a similar effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Rolling Stock (1002-7602) is the property of Rolling Stock Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rolling Stock (1002-7602) is the property of Rolling Stock Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cultural heritage archiving is experiencing an increase in digitalisations of artefacts in the last 15 years. The reason behind this trend is a demand for providing information about the artefact in a more accessible way to the audience, for example, through online delivery or virtual reality. Other reasons might be to simplify and automate the management of artefacts. Having a 'digital copy' of artefacts, allows one to search an archive and plan its storage and dissemination in a comprehensive manner. With the increased digitalisation comes an increased use of artificial intelligence [AI] applications. AI can be very beneficial in classifying artefacts automatically through machine learning [ML] and natural language processing [NLP]. For example, an algorithm can identify the source and age of artefacts based on an image and can do this much faster for a large collection of photos than a human. Although AI provides many benefits, it also presents challenges: Sophisticated AI techniques require certain insights on how they work, need specialists to customise a solution, and require an existing large dataset to train an algorithm. Another challenge is that typical AI techniques are regarded as black boxes, which means they decide, but it is not obvious why a decision has been made. This chapter describes a project in collaboration with the South Australian Museum [SAM] on the application of AI to extract material lists from a description of artefacts. A large dataset to train an algorithm did not exist, and hence, a customised approach was required. The outcome of the project was the application of NLP in combination with easy-to-customise rules that can be applied by non-IT specialists. The resulting prototype achieved the extraction of materials from a large list of artefacts within seconds and a flexible solution that can be applied on other collections in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Saber & Scroll Historical Journal is the property of Policy Studies Organization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) is increasingly utilized in hospitalized patients to detect and treat seizures. Epidemiologic and observational studies using administrative datasets can provide insights into the comparative and cost effectiveness of cEEG utilization. Defining patient cohorts that underwent acute inpatient cEEG from administrative datasets is limited by the lack of validated codes differentiating elective epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) admissions from acute inpatient hospitalization with cEEG utilization. Our aim was to develop hospital administrative data-based models to identify acute inpatient admissions with cEEG monitoring and distinguish them from EMU admissions. Methods This was a single center retrospective cohort study of adult (≥ 18 years old) inpatient admissions with a cEEG procedure (EMU or acute inpatient) between January 2016-April 2022. The gold standard for acute inpatient cEEG vs. EMU was obtained from the local EEG recording platform. An extreme gradient boosting model was trained to classify admissions as acute inpatient cEEG vs. EMU using administrative data including demographics, diagnostic and procedure codes, and medications. Results There were 9,523 patients in our cohort with 10,783 hospital admissions (8.5% EMU, 91.5% acute inpatient cEEG); with average age of 59 (SD 18.2) years; 46.2% were female. The model achieved an area under the receiver operating curve of 0.92 (95% CI [0.91–0.94]) and area under the precision-recall curve of 0.99 [0.98–0.99] for classification of acute inpatient cEEG. Conclusions Our model has the potential to identify cEEG monitoring admissions in larger cohorts and can serve as a tool to enable large-scale, administrative data-based studies of EEG utilization.

Greece’s entry into the Eurozone was regarded as a unique opportunity to reform the country’s inefficient growth model. These hopes were dashed as the decade-long crisis of the 2010s wiped out a substantial part of the wealth accumulated during the previous decades and threatened the stability of Greece’s political system. The crisis highlighted the weaknesses of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); the economic governance agreed upon at Maastricht was inadequate to support a monetary union comprising many, widely diverse economies. On the other hand, given the EMU’s economic and institutional architecture, Greece was ill-prepared and unwilling to undertake the necessary adjustments to survive in the Eurozone. Understanding the economic and political aspects of this dual and mutually reinforcing failure is crucial for analyzing the challenges facing the Greek economy. In this article, we take a long-term view of the evolution of Greece’s political economy, adopting a framework inspired by the recent literature on comparative political economy. The aim is to determine whether Greece’s EMU membership affected its growth model and, if so, in what ways. The analysis shows that EMU membership has been crucial for the performance of the Greek economy during different periods but less so for the transformation of its demand-led growth model, which exhibits remarkable stability. This is because neither the ex ante nor the ex post conditionality imposed on Greece in the run-up to EMU entry and during the 2010s crisis, respectively, focused on the structural features of the Greek growth model.

Due to the limited availability of fault samples and the expensive nature of marking fault samples in Electric Multiple Unit (EMU) gearbox monitoring data, a study was conducted to simulate the degradation process of key components in the CRH5 gearbox using rigid–flexible coupling dynamics. Vibration acceleration data from the simulation were utilized to create a six-dimensional hybrid feature domain representing the degradation process. By leveraging the capabilities of the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) for handling hidden transitive probabilities in temporal data and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) for addressing long-distance and high-dependence temporal data, a GRU-HMM fault prediction model was developed. This model was validated using monitoring data and the six-dimensional hybrid feature domain from the CRH5 gearbox and compared against actual maintenance records. The findings indicated that the GRU-HMM fault prediction model can effectively recognize the degradation patterns of multiple components, offering higher accuracy in fault prediction compared to traditional models. These research outcomes are expected to optimize EMU maintenance schedules based on usage conditions, enhance EMU utilization rates, and reduce operational and maintenance costs, thereby providing valuable theoretical support.

Background: Continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) is increasingly utilized in hospitalized patients to detect and treat seizures. Epidemiologic and observational studies using administrative datasets can provide insights into the comparative and cost effectiveness of cEEG utilization. Defining patient cohorts that underwent acute inpatient cEEG from administrative datasets is limited by the lack of validated codes differentiating elective epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) admissions from acute inpatient hospitalization with cEEG utilization. Our aim was to develop hospital administrative data-based models to identify acute inpatient admissions with cEEG monitoring and distinguish them from EMU admissions. Methods: This was a single center retrospective cohort study of adult (≥ 18 years old) inpatient admissions with a cEEG procedure (EMU or acute inpatient) between January 2016-April 2022. The gold standard for acute inpatient cEEG vs. EMU was obtained from the local EEG recording platform. An extreme gradient boosting model was trained to classify admissions as acute inpatient cEEG vs. EMU using administrative data including demographics, diagnostic and procedure codes, and medications. Results: There were 9,523 patients in our cohort with 10,783 hospital admissions (8.5% EMU, 91.5% acute inpatient cEEG); with average age of 59 (SD 18.2) years; 46.2% were female. The model achieved an area under the receiver operating curve of 0.92 (95% CI [0.91–0.94]) and area under the precision-recall curve of 0.99 [0.98–0.99] for classification of acute inpatient cEEG. Conclusions: Our model has the potential to identify cEEG monitoring admissions in larger cohorts and can serve as a tool to enable large-scale, administrative data-based studies of EEG utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reason of the interference problem of BTM system is that it is greatly affected by the external environment and car body working conditions in the process of failure, and it is difficult to find after the fault occurs, and the means are limited, so it is impossible to formulate effective rectification measures. Through analyzing the new CR300BF EMU BTM system fault phenomenon, this paper mainly studies the fault investigation, determination, treatment and summary, finally finds out the cause of the fault after many processing and research, and formulates effective measures, which provides ideas and methods for the acceptance, maintenance and fault treatment of the onboard train control equipment of similar models in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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