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Background An atrioventricular node (AVN) ablation and permanent pacing have been previously reported as effective treatments for patients with atrial tachyarrhythmias. However single-ventricle patients requiring chronic ventricular pacing are at a higher risk of developing ventricular dysfunction and atrioventricular valve regurgitation. We report a case of successful AVN ablation in a 3-month-old infant with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and ectopic atrial tachycardia (EAT). Case summary A boy with hypoplastic left heart syndrome who had a refractory EAT resistant to various medications. At 2 months old, we performed an urgent radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation of the EAT and the applications delivered at the cavo-atrial junction. Although it disappeared after the first catheter ablation for 2 weeks, it recurred on the next day after the diaphragm plication. At 3 months old and weighed 3.1 kg, we decided to perform an urgent AVN ablation of the EAT. The application was performed on the mid-septum of the tricuspid septum. A permanent pacemaker was implanted after the ablation. After the AVN ablation, the haemodynamics stabilized during the EAT. However, he died from a bacteraemia infection at 4 months. Discussion This patient received an AVN ablation due to failure to previous RF catheter ablation and was haemodynamically stable with the dual-chamber pacemaker. The AV block was successfully created by RF energy on the mid-septum of the tricuspid annulus in this hypoplastic left heart syndrome patient. Pathological findings exhibited that the compact AVN was totally ablated without damage to the tricuspid leaflets or coronary artery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders are characterized by symptoms such as pain, clicking sound, and crackling in the jaw joint during chewing or mouth opening. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a cellular plasma component obtained from whole blood, containing high platelet concentration and hyperphysiological growth factors. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of PRP on surgically created TMJ cartilage defects. Materials and Methods: A total of 12 adult New Zealand rabbits (2500–3000 g) were included in the study. Full-thickness osteochondral defects were created by dividing into two groups as right TMJ joint group (experimental group; Group I) and the left TMJ joint group (control group; Group II). Full-thickness osteochondral defects were created on both sides, and PRP was applied to Group 1 and saline was applied to Group 2. After 1 week, both PRP and saline were readministered. Results: The subjects were sacrificed under general anesthesia 4 weeks later, and bilateral condylar heads were surgically removed. Although there was a histological and macroscopic difference between the groups, no significant difference was found. Conclusion: More comprehensive studies should be conducted by increasing the follow-up time, frequency, and number of PRP applications. In this experimental study, the application of PRP gave effective results.

Background: Microdermabrasion is a cosmetic procedure that has gained popularity for skin rejuvenation by causing repetitive intraepidermal injury to stimulate the proliferation of fibroblasts and collagen production. Various clinical studies have demonstrated microdermabrasion's effectiveness in skin rejuvenation; however, most of these studies rely on clinical observation and scoring by observers rather than histologic or microscopic analysis. In our single‐center prospective study, we used line‐field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC‐OCT), to non‐invasively visualize the early effects of one microdermabrasion treatment on the facial epidermal and dermal structure. Aim: Using LC‐OCT, this study aims to elucidate the microscopic and histological effects of microdermabrasion on epidermal and dermal structures, including epidermal thickness, as well as collagen and vascular patterns. Patients/Methods: Eight volunteers (Fitzpatrick skin types II–V) underwent one treatment of microdermabrasion. LC‐OCT and VISIA imaging were performed before and 10 min after microdermabrasion, and at 48‐h follow‐up. Subjective evaluations of skin texture and adverse reactions were assessed 1 week posttreatment via a telephone call. Results: Compared to LC‐OCT images before treatment, images captured after one treatment of microdermabrasion showed a decrease in thickness and number of undulations in the stratum corneum. In the superficial dermis, enhancement in fibrillar collagen, as demonstrated by an increased prominence of crisscrossing hyper‐refractile strands, was visualized. This was consistent with subjective and objective improvement in facial rhytids calculated by VISIA skin analysis. Conclusions: Treatment monitoring with LC‐OCT demonstrated consistent histopathological changes with clinical visual improvement. Therefore, LC‐OCT, has the potential to enable long‐term histopathological monitoring of microdermabrasion and other cosmetic procedures without biopsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders are characterized by symptoms such as pain, clicking sound, and crackling in the jaw joint during chewing or mouth opening. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a cellular plasma component obtained from whole blood, containing high platelet concentration and hyperphysiological growth factors. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of PRP on surgically created TMJ cartilage defects. Materials and Methods: A total of 12 adult New Zealand rabbits (2500--3000 g) were included in the study. Full-thickness osteochondral defects were created by dividing into two groups as right TMJ joint group (experimental group; Group I) and the left TMJ joint group (control group; Group II). Full-thickness osteochondral defects were created on both sides, and PRP was applied to Group 1 and saline was applied to Group 2. After 1 week, both PRP and saline were readministered. Results: The subjects were sacrificed under general anesthesia 4 weeks later, and bilateral condylar heads were surgically removed. Although there was a histological and macroscopic difference between the groups, no significant difference was found. Conclusion: More comprehensive studies should be conducted by increasing the follow-up time, frequency, and number of PRP applications. In this experimental study, the application of PRP gave effective results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of untreated medial meniscal ramp lesions (MMRLs) on the tendon graft after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and histological findings of medial meniscus (MM) in a porcine a model. Methods: A total of 17 pigs were divided into two groups: (1) the untreated MMRL group (UM group, n = 9) and (2) intact MM group (n = 8) and euthanized 12 weeks after surgery. The specimens were then tested cyclically and loaded to failure. Side‐to‐side differences (SSDs) in translation under cyclic loading and structural properties were analyzed. Histological evaluation of the MM was also performed. Results: No significant differences in the SSD in translation during the cyclic testing (UM group, 0.3 ± 0.4 mm; intact MM group, 0.1 ± 1.4 mm), upper yield load (UM group, 476.3 ± 399.9 N; intact MM group, 643.2 ± 302.9 N), maximum load (UM group, 539.5 ± 265.8 N; intact MM group, 705.8 ± 282.6 N), linear stiffness (UM group, 63.5 ± 39.0 N/mm; intact MM group, 73.7 ± 60.1 N/mm) and elongation at failure (UM group, −4.6 ± 16.3 mm; intact MM group, 2.3 ± 6.6 mm) were observed. However, the UM group had significantly worse Modified Mankin's histological grading scores (1.8 ± 0.4 [1–2] vs. 0 ± 0 [0]; p < 0.001) and Modified Copenhaver classification scores (6.6 ± 2.4 [2–9] vs. 0.7 ± 1.1 [0–3]; p < 0.001) than did the intact MM group. Conclusion: Untreated MMRLs showed postoperative histological deterioration. Level of Evidence: Level IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sealing the peri-implant tissue is a determining factor for long-term implant survival. In the transmucosal region, the cervical fraction of the prosthetic crown is in contact with these tissues, so mucointegration will also be influenced by the biomaterial used for the prosthetic restoration. This study aims to compare the tissue response generated by definitive restorative materials and polymeric materials from a histological point of view. Methods: This study performed an observational prospective cohort study in which biopsies of the peri-implant mucosa were taken after placement of implant-supported prosthetic restorations made of different materials (zirconium oxide, lithium disilicate, and PMMA). Results: A statistically significant difference was observed in the increase in the thickness of the non-keratinized epithelium when comparing the definitive materials (zirconium oxide/lithium disilicate) vs. the provisional material (PMMA) and in the number of collagen fibers when comparing zirconium oxide and lithium disilicate. Conclusions: This study found that zirconia is the material that presents the most adequate biological response of peri-implant tissues. It shows a lower intensity of inflammatory cellular content, a total normality in the number of collagen fibers (the arrangement of the fibers is normal in 90% of the cases), and vascular proliferation of connective tissue in 83% of the cases. These parameters make it a material with a predictable response. Similarly, only the following slight statistically significant differences between the definitive and provisional materials are observed, indicating that the biological response generated by the provisional material (PMMA) is not very different from that obtained with the placement of the definitive restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to quantify aging-related changes in histological samples is important, as it allows for evaluation of interventions intended to effect health span. We used a machine learning architecture that can be trained to detect and quantify these changes in the mouse kidney. Using additional held out data, we show validation of our model, correlation with scores given by pathologists using the Geropathology Research Network aging grading scheme, and its application in providing reproducible and quantifiable age scores for histological samples. Aging quantification also provides the insights into possible changes in image appearance that are independent of specific geropathology-specified lesions. Furthermore, we provide trained classifiers for H&E-stained slides, as well as tutorials on how to use these and how to create additional classifiers for other histological stains and tissues using our architecture. This architecture and combined resources allow for the high throughput quantification of mouse aging studies in general and specifically applicable to kidney tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the effect of untreated medial meniscal ramp lesions (MMRLs) on the tendon graft after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and histological findings of medial meniscus (MM) in a porcine a model. Methods A total of 17 pigs were divided into two groups: (1) the untreated MMRL group (UM group, n = 9) and (2) intact MM group (n = 8) and euthanized 12 weeks after surgery. The specimens were then tested cyclically and loaded to failure. Side‐to‐side differences (SSDs) in translation under cyclic loading and structural properties were analyzed. Histological evaluation of the MM was also performed. Results No significant differences in the SSD in translation during the cyclic testing (UM group, 0.3 ± 0.4 mm; intact MM group, 0.1 ± 1.4 mm), upper yield load (UM group, 476.3 ± 399.9 N; intact MM group, 643.2 ± 302.9 N), maximum load (UM group, 539.5 ± 265.8 N; intact MM group, 705.8 ± 282.6 N), linear stiffness (UM group, 63.5 ± 39.0 N/mm; intact MM group, 73.7 ± 60.1 N/mm) and elongation at failure (UM group, −4.6 ± 16.3 mm; intact MM group, 2.3 ± 6.6 mm) were observed. However, the UM group had significantly worse Modified Mankin's histological grading scores (1.8 ± 0.4 [1–2] vs. 0 ± 0 [0]; p

Abstract Background Multiple osteochondromas is genetic disorder characterized by the formation of multiple benign cartilage-capped bone tumors, named osteochondromas, during skeletal development. The most feared complication is the secondary peripheral chondrosarcoma, a malignant cartilaginous neoplasm that arises from the chondroid cap of pre-existent osteochondromas. We conducted a retrospective cohort study on patients diagnosed and followed up from 1960 to 2019 to describe the clinical and pathological features of individuals affected by peripheral chondrosarcoma in multiple osteochondromas, to evaluate follow up information and individual outcome and to compare the results with literature. Data, including age, gender, site, histological grade, cartilage cap thickness, surgical treatments, surgical margins, genotype mutational status as well as treatment details were captured from the hospital electronic health records and from Registry of Multiple Osteochondromas. In addition, a complete histological review of all hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections has been performed by expert pathologists. Results One hundred five of the screened cases were included in the present study. The age at diagnosis of SPC ranges from 13 to 63, with median age at diagnosis of 34 years. The site most frequently affected by malignant degeneration was the pelvis (46 patients, 44%) with higher incidence in male patients (32 males vs.14 females). The second one was lower limbs (including femur, fibula, or tibia), identified in 35 patients. Histological information - available for 103 patients – showed: 59 patients with grade 1; 40 patients had a grade 2 and 4 patients had a grade 3. The most common surgical treatment was the complete resection, followed by debulking, amputation and partial resection. Most of cases did not have recurrence of the disease. Outcome in disease-free survival highlights that a worse course of the disease was associated with histological grade 2 or 3, and partial resection surgery. In most of analyzed cases (94%) a pathogenic variant was identified. Conclusions In conclusion, the present study gives an overview of the secondary peripheral chondrosarcomas, confirming that this disease represents an impacting complication for multiple osteochondromas patients and suggests that malignant transformation can occur also in younger patient, in a not irrelevant number of cases.

Purpose: Regenerative periodontal therapy using platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and bone substitutes with guided tissue regeneration (GTR) have been proposed as a therapeutic method to enhance the outcome of regenerative surgery. This includes light microscopic evaluation of retrieved ePTFE membranes to assess formation of new connective tissue attachment, and following the regeneration process. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the histological findings of retrieved ePTFE membranes using PRP and bone substitutes, the effect of PRP on graft materials, and the correlation of the findings with the clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods: Seventy-two (72) patients with chronic periodontitis, each of whom had one deep intrabony defect, were randomly included in two studies and treated using the same type of membrane and different bone substitutes. In the first study, 17 cases were treated with a natural bone mineral and a non-resorbable membrane (NBM + GTR), and 17 cases were treated with PRP + NBM + GTR. In the second study, 19 patients were treated with β-tricalcium phosphate and a non-resorbable membrane (β-TCP + GTR), and 19 patients were treated with PRP + ß-TCP + GTR. In both studies, tissue integration of the retrieved ePTFE membranes and attached remnants were evaluated histologically. Results: Histological scores showed that membranes combined with NBM are better integrated than membranes combined with ß-TCP; the difference between the two decreased with the addition of PRP. The application of PRP had no significant effect on the quality of membrane integration combined with NBM, whilst significantly improving the integration quality when combined with ß-TCP. No correlations were detected between the histological scores and the clinical attachment level (CAL) gain in any of the groups. Conclusions: The present results indicate that: a) application of ß-TCP and PRP may enhance membrane integration and periodontal healing, and b) histological examination of retrieved membranes may provide valuable additional information with regard to the clinical findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multiple osteochondromas is genetic disorder characterized by the formation of multiple benign cartilage-capped bone tumors, named osteochondromas, during skeletal development. The most feared complication is the secondary peripheral chondrosarcoma, a malignant cartilaginous neoplasm that arises from the chondroid cap of pre-existent osteochondromas. We conducted a retrospective cohort study on patients diagnosed and followed up from 1960 to 2019 to describe the clinical and pathological features of individuals affected by peripheral chondrosarcoma in multiple osteochondromas, to evaluate follow up information and individual outcome and to compare the results with literature. Data, including age, gender, site, histological grade, cartilage cap thickness, surgical treatments, surgical margins, genotype mutational status as well as treatment details were captured from the hospital electronic health records and from Registry of Multiple Osteochondromas. In addition, a complete histological review of all hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections has been performed by expert pathologists. Results: One hundred five of the screened cases were included in the present study. The age at diagnosis of SPC ranges from 13 to 63, with median age at diagnosis of 34 years. The site most frequently affected by malignant degeneration was the pelvis (46 patients, 44%) with higher incidence in male patients (32 males vs.14 females). The second one was lower limbs (including femur, fibula, or tibia), identified in 35 patients. Histological information - available for 103 patients – showed: 59 patients with grade 1; 40 patients had a grade 2 and 4 patients had a grade 3. The most common surgical treatment was the complete resection, followed by debulking, amputation and partial resection. Most of cases did not have recurrence of the disease. Outcome in disease-free survival highlights that a worse course of the disease was associated with histological grade 2 or 3, and partial resection surgery. In most of analyzed cases (94%) a pathogenic variant was identified. Conclusions: In conclusion, the present study gives an overview of the secondary peripheral chondrosarcomas, confirming that this disease represents an impacting complication for multiple osteochondromas patients and suggests that malignant transformation can occur also in younger patient, in a not irrelevant number of cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Centella asiatica is widely used for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and wound-healing properties. Bisabolol is an unsaturated sesquiterpene found in increased amounts in chamomile and clary sage oil known for its multiple skin-repairing and soothing virtues. The aim of the present research was to histologically evaluate the efficacy of ointment with Centella asiatica extract and bisabolol. 14 mice from the balb/c line were included in the study, which were divided into 2 groups (experimental, control) and each animal included in the study was clipped before applying the mechanical burn. The duration of the experiment was 14 days with collections of biological material at 3.7 and 14 days. Following the study, we found that, in thermal burns, the use of ointment in which Centella asiatica 2% and bisabolol 1% were incorporated speeds up the skin healing process, compared to the untreated injury, and prevents bacterial superinfections from setting in.

The objective of this study was to describe the histological artifacts caused by high-power laser use compared to cold scalpel surgery in oral soft tissue lesions. Clinical studies that evaluated and compared histological artifacts resulting from the use of high-power lasers and cold scalpels in oral soft tissue lesions biopsies were retrieved from seven databases and four grey literatures, up to July 2022. The risk of bias was investigated using the ROBINS-I tool. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. Seven studies were eligible for qualitative analysis. Based on the results obtained, those four studies had a low risk of bias, and three studies had an unclear risk of bias. The certainty of the evidence was classified as low. Limited evidence showed that epithelial artifacts such as loss of intraepithelial and subepithelial adhesions, accompanied by pyknotic, fusiform, and/or hyperchromic nuclei, were more common when a high-power laser device was used. Four articles reported that the use of high-power lasers did not interfere with the histopathological diagnosis of oral soft tissue lesions. Due to the heterogeneity of the data, a meta-analysis was not performed. Compared to the use of cold scalpels, histological artifacts, particularly those observed in epithelial tissue, are more common when high-powered lasers are used in oral lesions biopsies. The eligibility criteria and adequate indications of high-power lasers in different oral soft tissue lesion treatments must be respected to avoid tissue artifacts that impair precise histopathological diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Diagnostic algorithms are used for detection of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) including sampling for histological evaluation (HE). The purpose was to assess the diagnostic significance of emergency HE of fresh-frozen intraoperative biomaterial as part of preoperative PJI screening of patients undergoing revision total knee arthroplasty (RTKA). Material and methods The prospective study included 83 patients who were admitted to two trauma and orthopaedic centers for RTKA. The European Bone and Joint Infection Society 2021 (EBJIS21) algorithm was used to detect PJI of the knee joint. The diagnostic value of screening PJI with/without regard to the results of an emergency HE was compared with the results of a microbiological study (MBI) of all types of biomaterials obtained from each patient. Subanalysis was additionally performed in patients with aseptic instability and antimicrobial spacer. Results Pathomorphological examination of freshly frozen and paraffin-embedded tissues showed the difference of 7.2 %, which did not significantly affect the interpretation of the results (p > 0.05). Diagnostically significant pathogens were identified in 83.3 % of cases with PJI confirmed by emergency HE (p < 0.001). A positive emergency HE result increased the chances of isolating diagnostically significant organisms by 34 times (95 % confidence interval (CI): 4.721 – 244.859) as compared with negative HE cases. The proportion of detected cases with emergency HE included in the screening increased from 2.4 to 8.4 %. The inclusion of emergency HE in the screening improved the diagnostic value both in the general cohort of patients and in the subanalysis of comparison groups due to a two-fold increase in sensitivity. Conclusion Relevance of the emergency HE results and the PJI criteria should be considered as a significant prognostic factor for an infectious process, however, this technique should be used only in a complex algorithm for PJI detection. Poor outcomes in 18.2 % of cases of probable PJI necessitated a change in the approach to managing this cohort of patients.

Background: Sealing the peri-implant tissue is a determining factor for long-term implant survival. In the transmucosal region, the cervical fraction of the prosthetic crown is in contact with these tissues, so mucointegration will also be influenced by the biomaterial used for the prosthetic restoration. This study aims to compare the tissue response generated by definitive restorative materials and polymeric materials from a histological point of view. Methods: This study performed an observational prospective cohort study in which biopsies of the peri-implant mucosa were taken after placement of implant-supported prosthetic restorations made of different materials (zirconium oxide, lithium disilicate, and PMMA). Results: A statistically significant difference was observed in the increase in the thickness of the non-keratinized epithelium when comparing the definitive materials (zirconium oxide/lithium disilicate) vs. the provisional material (PMMA) and in the number of collagen fibers when comparing zirconium oxide and lithium disilicate. Conclusions: This study found that zirconia is the material that presents the most adequate biological response of peri-implant tissues. It shows a lower intensity of inflammatory cellular content, a total normality in the number of collagen fibers (the arrangement of the fibers is normal in 90% of the cases), and vascular proliferation of connective tissue in 83% of the cases. These parameters make it a material with a predictable response. Similarly, only the following slight statistically significant differences between the definitive and provisional materials are observed, indicating that the biological response generated by the provisional material (PMMA) is not very different from that obtained with the placement of the definitive restoration.

(1) Background: Mucointegration seems to gain interest when talking about success in the maintenance of dental implants. As we well know, collagen fibres cannot be inserted due to the lack of root structure on the implant surface, so the structural integration of peri-implant tissues that provide a firm seal around implants seems to be of interest when it comes to ensuring the survival of dental implants. To achieve a good epithelial barrier, the physicochemical characteristics of the surfaces of the restorative materials are of vital importance; therefore, the objective of this study is to analyse the histological behaviour of the peri-implant soft tissues in three different restorative materials. (2) Methods: Histological analysis of biopsied peri-implant keratinised mucosa, inflammatory epithelium and connective tissue in contact with a reinforced composite (BRILLIANT Crios), a cross-linked polymethylmethacrylate (TELIO CAD), and a hybrid ceramic (Vita Enamic), restored on a customised Atlantis-type abutment (Dentsply Sirona) between 60 and 180 days after restoration. (3) Results: A greater number of cells per mm2 of keratinised epithelium is observed in the reinforced composite, which could indicate greater surface roughness with greater inflammatory response. In this way, the greater number of lymphocytes and the lateral cellular composition of the inflammatory cells confirm the greater inflammatory activity towards that material. The best material to rehabilitate was hybrid ceramic, as it shows a better cellular response. (4) Conclusions: Knowing the limitations of the proposed study, despite the fact that greater inflammation is observed in the reinforced composite relative to the other materials studied, no statistically significant differences were found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral mucosa refers to the mucous membrane that lines the tissues within the oral cavity. Wound healing is an essential physiological process that involves the collaboration of numerous cell strains and their products to restore damage caused by a local aggressor. This process begins very early in the inflammatory phase and finishes with tissue repair. Myrrh oil has an anti-inflammatory effect on wound contraction, re-epithelization, early neovascularization, and increased collagen density. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of myrrh oil in rats oral mucosal ulcer healing. Materials and methods: 36 adult male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) of about 250–300 g of weight and an age of about 2–3 months were used in this experimental study. The practical part of this study lasted two months (June–July 2022) in the private animals’ house of Al-Dhyaa in Baghdad City, Iraq. The traumatic ulcer, with an 8 mm diameter and 1 mm depth was made on the right cheek mucosa by using a round diamond bur. The ulcer was treated once daily with a single topical dosage of 10 L of sterile distilled water (control Group). While in the myrrh oil Group, the ulcer was managed once a day with a micropipette dose of 10 ml of 1 mg/ml of myrrh oil. Animals were sacrificed after ulceration with general anesthesia over healing periods 1, 3, and 7 days. Histological analysis was performed by calculating the average wound contraction size, inflammatory cells and epithelial cells, and blood vessels. On days 1, 3, and 7 of the healing process, Van Gieson stain and Periodic Acid-Schiff stain were used to organise collagen fibre deposition and extracellular matrix production in all of the groups that were looked at. Results: Histological findings of an induced oral ulcer treated with daily application of myrrh oil showed more epithelization, reduced inflammation, increased angiogenesis, and decreased healing time in comparison to the control Group. The histochemical findings showed a significant difference in collagen fibers synthesis and extracellular matrix formation in myrrh oil in comparison to the control Group. Conclusion: Myrrh oil is more effective in promoting the healing of ulcers than the control Group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Centella asiatica is widely used for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and wound-healing properties. Bisabolol is an unsaturated sesquiterpene found in increased amounts in chamomile and clary sage oil known for its multiple skin-repairing and soothing virtues. The aim of the present research was to histologically evaluate the efficacy of ointment with Centella asiatica extract and bisabolol. 14 mice from the balb/c line were included in the study, which were divided into 2 groups (experimental, control) and each animal included in the study was clipped before applying the mechanical burn. The duration of the experiment was 14 days with collections of biological material at 3.7 and 14 days. Following the study, we found that, in thermal burns, the use of ointment in which Centella asiatica 2% and bisabolol 1% were incorporated speeds up the skin healing process, compared to the untreated injury, and prevents bacterial superinfections from setting in. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Centella asiatica or Brahmi~Gotu Kola is a plant used since ancient times as a medicinal plant in countries such as India, Nepal, China, Sri Lanka, and Madagascar. The plant is considered to be one of the most useful plants for revitalizing nerve cells, which is why in India it is known as the "brain plant" or used to treat skin conditions and heal wounds. The plant is still often used in two traditional branches of Indian medicine, Ayurveda and Unani. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Centella asiatica extract ointment in thermally injured mice. This study was performed on a total of 12 Balb/c mice aged 24-26 weeks, which were divided into two groups: one experimental and one control. The duration of the experiment was 14 days, with collections of biological material on days 3, 7, and 14 of the experiment. In the case of the tested ointment, clinical healing occurred after the 9th day of treatment by debridement of the formed crust and highlighting a regeneration epithelium

Introduction: Tuberous breast deformity (TB) is a condition mostly characterized by breast stenosis, areolar widening and glandular asymmetry. The most accredited hypothesis describes an abnormal thickening of the fascia corporis that might influence an alteration in the glandular development, limiting the horizontal growth of breast parenchyma. Alterations in the extracellular matrix components (ECM) might be involved in the abnormal breast development. Patients: The aim of our case control study is to use histological specimens to analyze qualitative and quantitative differences in collagen fibers, elastic fibers and vessel densities in TB and normal breasts of 20 patients using a software for digital pathology. Results: The quantitative findings showed increasing concentrations of collagen fibers and decreasing elastic fibers in TB, compared to normal breasts. No difference was seen in vessel density among the two groups. The qualitative findings highlighted differences in the distribution of the ECM among the TB specimens. Collagen fibers showed a packed appearance rather a scattered distribution, while elastic fibers visibly presented a reduction and a focal distribution of their concentration. Conclusions: The study proposes a correlation between abnormalities in ECM concentrations and TB, resulting in a higher degree of fibrosis and in the characteristic stenotic and less elastic morphology of the deformity. Level of Evidence IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eimeria tenella (E. tenella), an important intestinal parasite of chicken caeca, causes coccidiosis and brings large economic losses to the poultry industry annually. Gut microorganismal alterations directly affect the health of the body. To understand how E. tenella affects its host, we analysed the changes in caecal microbial diversity and the physiological and morphological changes during the peak of oocyst shedding. Infected and healthy chickens differed significantly in caecal pathology and blood indicators. At the genus level, the abundances of Faecalibacterium, Clostridium, Lachnoclostridium, Gemmiger, Flavonifractor, Pseudoflavonifractor and Oscillibacter were significantly decreased in the infected samples, whereas Escherichia, Nocardia and Chlamydia were significantly increased. Functional gene pathways related to replication, recombination and repair, and transcription were significantly decreased, and functional genes related to metabolism were highly significantly reduced in the infected samples. Furthermore, in the infected samples, E. tenella reduced the haemoglobin levels and red blood cell counts, greatly reduced the beneficial bacteria and increased the potentially pathogenic bacteria. This study provides a research basis for further understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of E. tenella and provides insight for potential new drug development. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS First simultaneous description of caecal microbiota and physiological indicators during E. tenella infection. Metagenomics used to explore functional properties of chicken caecal microbiota during E. tenella infection. Caecal microbial compositions and functional genes altered significantly after infection. Blood indicators and caecal morphology were significantly altered in the infected group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of an ideal vascular prosthesis represents an important challenge in terms of the treatment of cardiovascular diseases with respect to which new materials are being considered that have produced promising results following testing in animal models. This study focuses on nanofibrous polycaprolactone-based grafts assessed by means of histological techniques 10 days and 6 months following suturing as a replacement for the rat aorta. A novel stereological approach for the assessment of cellular distribution within the graft thickness was developed. The cellularization of the thickness of the graft was found to be homogeneous after 10 days and to have changed after 6 months, at which time the majority of cells was discovered in the inner layer where the regeneration of the vessel wall was found to have occurred. Six months following implantation, the endothelialization of the graft lumen was complete, and no vasa vasorum were found to be present. Newly formed tissue resembling native elastic arteries with concentric layers composed of smooth muscle cells, collagen, and elastin was found in the implanted polycaprolactone-based grafts. Moreover, the inner layer of the graft was seen to have developed structural similarities to the regular aortic wall. The grafts appeared to be well tolerated, and no severe adverse reaction was recorded with the exception of one case of cartilaginous metaplasia close to the junctional suture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to provide evidence of the neuroprotective of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs) in oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). In vivo, hADSCs were intravitreally injected into OIR mice. Various assessments, including HE (histological evaluation), TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) staining, electroretinogram (ERG) analysis, and retinal flat-mount examination, were performed separately at postnatal days 15 (P15) and 17 (P17) to evaluate neurological damage and functional changes. Western blot analysis of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was conducted at P17 to elucidate the neuroprotective mechanism. The P17 OIR group exhibited a significant increase in vascular endothelial cell nuclei and neovascularization that breached the ILM (inner limiting membrane) to the P17 control group. In addition, the retinal nonperfusion areas in the P17 OIR group and the number of apoptotic retinal cells in the P15 OIR group were significantly higher than in the corresponding hADSCs treatment group and control group. There was no significant thickness change in the inner nuclear layer (INL) but the outer nuclear layer (ONL) in the P17 OIR treatment group compared with the P17 OIR group. The cell density in the INL and ONL at P17 in the hADSCs treatment group was not significantly different from the OIR group. The amplitude of a-wave and b-wave in scotopic ERG analysis for the P17 OIR group was significantly lower than in the P17 hADSCs treatment group and the P17 control group. Furthermore, the latency of the a-wave and b-wave in the P17 OIR group was significantly longer than in the P17 hADSCs treatment group and the P17 control group. In addition, the expression levels of CNTF and BDNF in the P17 OIR group were statistically higher than those in the P17 control group, whereas the expression of GDNF was statistically lower in the P17 OIR group, compared with the P17 control group. The expression of CNTF and GDNF in the P17 hADSCs treatment group was statistically higher than in the P17 OIR group. However, the expression of BDNF in the P17 hADSCs treatment group was statistically lower than in the P17 OIR group. This study provides evidence for the neuroprotective effects of hADSCs in OIR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Centella asiatica or Brahmi~Gotu Kola is a plant used since ancient times as a medicinal plant in countries such as India, Nepal, China, Sri Lanka, and Madagascar. The plant is considered to be one of the most useful plants for revitalizing nerve cells, which is why in India it is known as the "brain plant" or used to treat skin conditions and heal wounds. The plant is still often used in two traditional branches of Indian medicine, Ayurveda and Unani. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Centella asiatica extract ointment in thermally injured mice. This study was performed on a total of 12 Balb/c mice aged 24-26 weeks, which were divided into two groups: one experimental and one control. The duration of the experiment was 14 days, with collections of biological material on days 3, 7, and 14 of the experiment. In the case of the tested ointment, clinical healing occurred after the 9th day of treatment by debridement of the formed crust and highlighting a regeneration epithelium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

he musculoskeletal system consists of different components comprising a wide range of tissue types, with tendons being one part. Tendon degeneration or rupture have a high prevalence in all age groups, often with poor outcomes of surgical treatment such as chronic pain and high re-tear rates. Therefore, much effort has been directed to further develop diagnostic and therapeutic methods as well as reconstruction techniques, including using adequate placeholders or implants. Diagnostic approaches and advanced stages of preclinical studies will inevitably include histological examination of the pathologically affected tissue. The present study presents adequate tendon-related, histological techniques, including the embedding of soft- and hard-tissue samples in different media. Consideration is also given to samples containing residual implant materials or having been subjected to standard staining protocols and immunohistochemical procedures. The study further examines cells and tendon structure to detect degenerative, fibrotic or inflammatory conditions and possible foreign-body responses to implanted materials. Infraspinatus tendons from preclinical studies carried on rat and sheep samples, as well as human biceps tendon samples, have been used as example materials.

May Almukainzi,1 Thanaa A El-Masry,2 Walaa A Negm,3 Engy Elekhnawy,4 Asmaa Saleh,1,5 Ahmed E Sayed,6 Mohamed A Khattab,7 Dalia H Abdelkader8 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 2Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; 3Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; 4Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; 5Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; 6Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; 7Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; 8Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, EgyptCorrespondence: Dalia H Abdelkader, Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31111, Egypt, Tel +20 40 3336007, Fax +20 40 3335466, Email dalia.abdelkader@pharm.tanta.edu.eg; mhdalia86@gmail.comPurpose: Gentiopicroside (GPS), an adequate bioactive candidate, has a promising approach for enhancing wound healing due to its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Its poor aqueous solubility negatively affects oral absorption accompanied by low bioavailability due to intestinal/hepatic first-pass metabolism. Our aim in this study is to fabricate GPS into appropriate nanocarriers (PLGA nanospheres, NSs) to enhance its solubility and hence its oral absorption would be improved.Methods: Normal and ODS silica gel together with Sephadex LH20 column used for isolation of GPS from Gentiana lutea roots. Crude GPS would be further processed for nanospheres fabrication using a single o/w emulsion solvent evaporation technique followed by in vitro optimization study to examine the effect of two formulation variables: polymer (PLGA) and stabilizer (PVA) concentrations on the physical characterizations of prepared NSs. Possible GPS-PLGA chemical and physical interactions have been analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The optimum GPS-PLGA NSs have been chosen for antimicrobial study to investigate its inhibitory action on Staphylococcus aureus compared with unloaded GPS NSs. Also, a well-designed in vivo study on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats has been performed to examine the wound healing effect of GPS-PLGA NSs followed by histological examination of wound incisions at different day intervals throughout the study.Results: The optimum GPS PLGA NSs (F5) with well-controlled particle size (250.10± 07.86 nm), relative high entrapment efficiency (83.35± 5.71), and the highest % cumulative release (85.79± 8.74) have increased the antimicrobial activity as it exhibited a higher inhibitory effect on bacterial growth than free GPS. F5 showed a greater enhancing impact on wound healing and a significant stimulating effect on the synthesis of collagen fibers compared with free GPS.Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that loading GPS into PLGA NSs is considered a promising strategy ensuring optimum GPS delivery for potential management of wounds.Keywords: core/shell nanospheres, in-vitro optimization, sustained-release, Staphylococcus aureus, histological evaluation, collagen fibers

Background: Changes in alveolar bone dimension after tooth extraction may affect placement of the subsequent implant, resulting in ridge deficiency that can adversely impact long-term implant stability or aesthetics. Alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) was effective in reducing the amount of ridge resorption following tooth extraction. There is sparse evidence regarding the benefit of ARP at periodontally compromised molar extraction sockets. This study will be a randomized trial to assess the soft tissue contour, radiographical, and histological changes of ARP at molar extraction sites in order to compare severe periodontitis cases with natural healing results and determine the most beneficial and least traumatic clinical treatment for such patients. Methods: This research is designed as a two-group parallel randomized controlled trial. The total number of tooth extraction sites will be 70 after calculation with power analysis. Teeth will be randomly assigned to two groups with the test group conducting ridge preservation and the control group healing naturally. Periodontal examination, cone beam-computed tomography (CBCT) data, and stereolithographic (STL) files obtained by intraoral scanning will be collected through the follow-up period, and bone biopsy samples would be obtained during implant surgery. The primary outcomes are the vertical and horizontal change of alveolar ridge measured on CBCT images, soft tissue contour changes evaluated by superimposing the digital impressions, alterations of mucosa thickness (as measured by superimposing the CBCT data and STL files), histological features of implant sites and periodontal parameter changes. The secondary outcomes are patient-reported post-operative reaction and conditions of simultaneous bone graft or sinus lifting procedures during implantation. Discussion: This study will provide information about hard and soft tissue dimension changes and histomorphology evaluation following ARP and natural healing in periodontally compromised molar sites, which may contribute to complement the missing information of ARP at periodontally compromised molar extraction sockets. Trial registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Register (ChiCTR) ChiCTR2200056335. Registered on February 4, 2022, Version 1.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Atraumatic necrosis of the femoral head (AFHN) is a common disease with an incidence of 5000–7000 middle-aged adults in Germany. There is no uniform consensus in the literature regarding the configuration of the bone in AFHN. The clinical picture of our patients varies from very hard bone, especially in idiopathic findings, and rather soft bone in cortisone-induced necrosis. A better understanding of the underlying process could be decisive for establishing a morphology-dependent approach. The aim of this study is the closer examination of the condition of the bone in the AFHN compared to the primary hip osteo arthritis (PHOA). Materials and methods: The preparations were obtained as part of elective endoprosthetic treatment of the hip joint. Immediately after sample collection, thin-slice CT of the preserved femoral heads was performed to determine the exact density of the bone in the necrosis zone. Reconstruction was done in 0.8–1 mm layers in two directions, coronary and axial, starting from the femoral neck axis. Density of the femoral heads was determined by grey value analysis. The value in Hounsfield units per sample head was averaged from three individual measurements to minimize fluctuations. For biomechanical and histomorphological evaluation, the samples were extracted in the load bearing zone perpendicular to the surface of the femoral head. Group-dependent statistical evaluation was performed using single factor variance analysis (ANOVA). Results: A total of 41 patients with a mean age of 64.44 years were included. The mean bone density of the AFHN samples, at 1.432 g/cm3, was about 7% higher than in the PHOA group with a mean value of 1.350 g/cm3 (p = 0.040). The biomechanical testing in the AFHN group showed a 22% higher—but not significant—mean compressive strength (20.397 MPa) than in the PHOA group (16.733 MPa). On the basis of histological analysis, no differentiation between AFHN and PHOA samples was possible. Conclusions: The present study (NCT, evidence level II) shows that AFHN has a very well detectable higher bone density compared to PHOA. However, neither biomechanical stress tests nor histomorphological evaluation did show any significant difference between the groups. The results allow the conclusion that there is no "soft" necrosis at all in the AFHN group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent large meta-analyses suggested a poorer long-term patients' and grafts' outcomes after ABO incompatible (ABOi) living-donor kidney transplantation (LDKT) compared to ABO compatible LDKT. However, little is known about the long-term histological pattern after ABOi LDKT. We compared the histological features observed on protocol biopsies from 03/11 to 11/19 in 94 ABOi LDKT (including 14 with preformed Donor Specific Antibodies, pDSAs), 27 LDKT ABO compatible (ABOc) with pDSAs, and 21 ABOc without pDSAs) during the first five years post transplantation. During the first 5 years post-transplantation, a progression of chronic lesions (patients with a ci >0 raised from 11% to 65%, p<0.0001, patients with a ct >0 raised from 29% to 78%, p<0.0001) was observed in ABOi LDKT without pDSAs. Histological patterns of evolution were comparable to those observed in ABOc kidney transplant patients. Microvascular inflammation was lower in ABOi LDKT without pDSAs compared to those with pDSAs (ABOi or ABOc). At last follow-up, 28 months, IQR (15-48) post-transplantation, 29 patients (36%) had a severe graft dysfunction (defined by a CKD-epi eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73m²). The donor age was a predictive factor for the development of severe kidney allograft dysfunction at last follow-up (HR= 1.05, 95% CI [1.05-1.10], p= 0.03). Hence, long-term histological analysis of ABOi LDKT shows only an increase of chronic interstitial and tubular atrophy changes, without active lesions. These data confirm that ABOi LDKT programs can be securely developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chronic liver diseases represent a worldwide major health problem, where fibrosis is implicated in the pathogenesis with evident impact on liver functions. Berberine (BBR) is a herbal drug that possesses a variety of pharmacological actions. However, it suffers from limited membrane permeability due to its hydrophilic nature. In this context, the current study aimed to elaborate a hydrophobic ion pair complex of berberine-oleate (BBR-OL) integrated with liposomal nanoplatform and to study its therapeutic efficacy on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver fibrosis in adult male albino rats, in comparison with free berberine. Materials and Methods: Berberine-oleate complex was prepared and loaded into liposomes. Then, its therapeutic effect was investigated in CCl4 induced liver fibrosis rat model compared to free BBR. Biochemical, histological, histomorphometric, and immunohistochemical assessments of blood and liver samples were performed in different groups and followed by statistical analysis of the results. Results: The proposed integrated nanoliposomes showed a nanometric size (192.2±1.07nm) and a sustained release pattern with minimum drug leakage. Histologically, rats that received BBR-OL loaded liposomes showed evident amelioration of hepatic changes and collagen deposition than those that received free BBR. Biochemically, serum level of albumin was restored to control level in BBR-OL group and the serum levels of aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase decreased significantly in BBR-OL group in comparison to CCl4 induced liver fibrosis group. Conclusion: A novel integrated nano-assembly of BBR-OL loaded liposomes was successfully elaborated as a promising tool for effective treatment of liver fibrosis. The histological, immunohistochemical and biochemical evaluations have demonstrated the efficacy of BBR-OL loaded liposomes in restoring the liver structure and functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent large meta-analyses suggested a poorer long-term patients’ and grafts’ outcomes after ABO incompatible (ABOi) living-donor kidney transplantation (LDKT) compared to ABO compatible LDKT. However, little is known about the long-term histological pattern after ABOi LDKT. We compared the histological features observed on protocol biopsies from 03/11 to 11/19 in 94 ABOi LDKT (including 14 with preformed Donor Specific Antibodies, pDSAs), 27 LDKT ABO compatible (ABOc) with pDSAs, and 21 ABOc without pDSAs) during the first five years post transplantation. During the first 5 years post-transplantation, a progression of chronic lesions (patients with a ci >0 raised from 11% to 65%, p0 raised from 29% to 78%, p

(1) Background: Mucointegration seems to gain interest when talking about success in the maintenance of dental implants. As we well know, collagen fibres cannot be inserted due to the lack of root structure on the implant surface, so the structural integration of peri-implant tissues that provide a firm seal around implants seems to be of interest when it comes to ensuring the survival of dental implants. To achieve a good epithelial barrier, the physicochemical characteristics of the surfaces of the restorative materials are of vital importance; therefore, the objective of this study is to analyse the histological behaviour of the peri-implant soft tissues in three different restorative materials. (2) Methods: Histological analysis of biopsied peri-implant keratinised mucosa, inflammatory epithelium and connective tissue in contact with a reinforced composite (BRILLIANT Crios), a cross-linked polymethylmethacrylate (TELIO CAD), and a hybrid ceramic (Vita Enamic), restored on a customised Atlantis-type abutment (Dentsply Sirona) between 60 and 180 days after restoration. (3) Results: A greater number of cells per mm2 of keratinised epithelium is observed in the reinforced composite, which could indicate greater surface roughness with greater inflammatory response. In this way, the greater number of lymphocytes and the lateral cellular composition of the inflammatory cells confirm the greater inflammatory activity towards that material. The best material to rehabilitate was hybrid ceramic, as it shows a better cellular response. (4) Conclusions: Knowing the limitations of the proposed study, despite the fact that greater inflammation is observed in the reinforced composite relative to the other materials studied, no statistically significant differences were found.

Non-biodegradable metals such as mercury accumulate in living organisms during life (bioaccumulation) and also within trophic webs (biomagnification) and may reach high concentrations in humans. The contamination of humans by mercury in drinking water and food may be common, in particular in riverside communities that have a diet rich in fish. In vitro studies of human cell lines exposed to the cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of methylmercury have shown that prolactin has potential cytoprotective properties and may act as a co-mitogenic factor and inhibitor of apoptosis. The present in vivo study investigated the protective potential of prolactin against the toxic effects of methylmercury in the mammal Mus musculus. Histological and biochemical analyses, together with biomarker of genotoxicity, were used to verify the protective potential of prolactin in mice exposed to methylmercury. The reduction in kidney and liver tissue damage was not significant. However, results of biochemical and genotoxic analyses were excellent. After prolactin treatment, a significant reduction was observed in biochemical parameters and mutagenic effects of methylmercury. The study results therefore indicated that prolactin has protective effects against the toxicity of methylmercury and allowed us to suggest the continuation of research to propose prolactin in the future, as an alternative to prevent the damage caused by mercury, especially in populations that are more exposed.

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effects of wet-to-dry bandages for the treatment of surgical wounds in goats. Materials and Methods: Three types of bandages, i.e., the calcium alginate gel, the homogenous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) gel dressing, and saline dressing, were used to promote the healing process for the management of wounds. Artificial circular wounds were created and treated with bandages to evaluate their effects on the wound healing process in 12 goats. The morphological parameters, i.e., diameters (cm), duration of healing, and wound contraction (cm), were evalu¬ated to differentiate the postoperative sequelae on wound healing process up to day 30 in three different treatment groups of goats. Tissue specimens from the wounds were examined histo¬pathologically on 1st, 3rd, 7th, and 30th postoperative days. Finally, the obtained data were ana¬lyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 19 software. Results: The current study revealed that the contraction diameter was higher in calcium alginate gel and PRP gel treated group when compared to the saline dressing group. Aggregation of immu¬noreactive cells (neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes), collagen fiber bundles among the cells, and proliferation of blood vessels were observed in the epidermis of calcium alginate gel, PRP gel treated and saline dressing wounds, which promote the healing process of wounds. In visual inspection, the number of reactive cells and proliferation of blood vessels were higher in the calcium alginate gel and PRP gel treated group than the saline dressing. Conclusion: In terms of epithelialization, epidermal characteristics, neovascularization, and infil¬tration of immunoreactive cells, the calcium alginate gel and the homogenous PRP gel dressings showed the best healing performance. Therefore, the present study suggests that clinicians could consider the calcium alginate gel dressing and homogenous PRP gel dressing as beneficial for wound care. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(4.000): 647-654]

Toxicity tests are mandatory preclinical regulatory studies for the authorization of a medicinal product. The testing protocol include a complete analysis of the possible toxic action of the tested product. The most complex and defining analysis is post-mortem histological analysis. Depending on the place of action of the tested product and to avoid the interference of euthanasia methods with the results of analyzes, different euthanasia methods may be chosen. In a study of toxicity in rats for a substance with action on the nervous system, two methods of euthanasia were chosen, namely anesthetic overdose and euthanasia by decapitation with deep sedation of animals. Histological evaluation of the main organs revealed congestion in the analyzed organs regardless of the euthanasia method used in most animals. Diffuse hemorrhage, perivascular edema and pulmonary edema have also been observed. Lesions were identified in both test and control groups, male and female. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between the two methods, euthanasia by overdose of anesthetic producing more lesions than decapitation, the latter being considered more appropriate for this type of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taxifolin in larch is an important natural active ingredient, which prevents and treats liver diseases and cardiovascular diseases, and has many health benefits and application values ​​such as anti-tumor, anti-virus, and anti-aging. However, the traditional extraction method is not conducive to the protection of the ecological environment, and also limits the industrial production of taxifolin from larch. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to establish a larch callus culture system and obtain taxifolin from callus. The shoots of the stem-tips of Larix olgensis were used as explants to be cultured. The light conditions, optimal medium and hormone ratio for callus induction were screened to evaluate the callus induction characteristics of larch and its influence on the accumulation of taxifolin. The results showed that: callus formation started on 28 ~ 51 days, and the best conditions for inducing callus were explored: 12 h/d light culture MS + 2,4-D 2 mg/L + 6-BA 1 mg/L + KT 0.1 mg/L; The callus induction rate was 50-80 %; The hormone combination with the highest accumulation of taxifolin was 6-BA 1 mg/L + NAA 0.1 mg/L, reaching 0.477. In conclusion, this study revealed a suitable induction condition for larch callus culture and taxifolin accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Experimental data suggest that tumor growth depends on angiogenesis. Once the tumor reaches a size of up to a 1 mм in diameter, a further increase in the population of tumor cells requires the growth of new blood vessels. In contrast to benign lesions, a rapid growth of cancer cells results in the formation of pathological vessels of different diameter and chaotic distribution. therefore, determination of the type of vascularization of lesions is an important criterion in the diagnosis of breast cancer (Bc). color Doppler mapping (cDM) is an ultrasound technology that evaluates blood floor through a blood vessel; however, according to data from a variety of literature sources, cDM is not sensitive to slow (week) blood flow as it allows the visualization of only large vessels with a diameter of at least 100 µm. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of cDM in determining the type of vascularization of malignant and benign breast tumors, as well as to detect their statistically significant Doppler characteristics by comparing with histological findings. material and methods. From 2017 to 2019, a total of 277 women with complaints of breast lump or pain underwent ultrasound examination using cDM. Results. statistically and diagnostically significant us characteristics of benign lesions included the presence of avascular or hypovascular types of blood flow. the most significant characteristic of malignant lesions was the presence of hypervascular mixed blood flow. the diagnostic value of ultrasound B-mode in combination with cDM in differential diagnosis of breast tumors was as follows: 77.6 % sensitivity, 51.7 % specificity and 58.8 %. accuracy. Conclusion. statistically and diagnostically significant signs observed by cDM allow one to use this ultrasound technology in the early diagnosis of breast cancer. However, low diagnostic efficiency of cDM dictate the need to search for new ultrasonic signs.

The development of an ideal vascular prosthesis represents an important challenge in terms of the treatment of cardiovascular diseases with respect to which new materials are being considered that have produced promising results following testing in animal models. This study focuses on nanofibrous polycaprolactone-based grafts assessed by means of histological techniques 10 days and 6 months following suturing as a replacement for the rat aorta. A novel stereological approach for the assessment of cellular distribution within the graft thickness was developed. The cellularization of the thickness of the graft was found to be homogeneous after 10 days and to have changed after 6 months, at which time the majority of cells was discovered in the inner layer where the regeneration of the vessel wall was found to have occurred. Six months following implantation, the endothelialization of the graft lumen was complete, and no vasa vasorum were found to be present. Newly formed tissue resembling native elastic arteries with concentric layers composed of smooth muscle cells, collagen, and elastin was found in the implanted polycaprolactone-based grafts. Moreover, the inner layer of the graft was seen to have developed structural similarities to the regular aortic wall. The grafts appeared to be well tolerated, and no severe adverse reaction was recorded with the exception of one case of cartilaginous metaplasia close to the junctional suture.

Depression is the most frequent psychiatric comorbidity seen in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) patients with hippocampal sclerosis (HS). Moreover, the HS is the most frequent pathological hallmark in MTLE-HS. Although there is a well-documented hippocampal volumetric reduction in imaging studies of patients with major depressive disorder, in epilepsy with comorbid depression, the true role of the hippocampus is not entirely understood. This study aimed to verify if patients with unilateral MTLE-HS and the co-occurrence of depression have differences in neuronal density of the hippocampal sectors CA1–CA4. For this purpose, we used a histopathological approach. This was a pioneering study with patients having both clinical disorders. However, we found no difference in hippocampal neuronal density when depression co-occurs in patients with epilepsy. In this series, CA1 had the lowest counting in both groups, and HS ILAE Type 1 was the most prevalent. More studies using histological assessments are needed to clarify the physiopathology of depression in MTLE-HS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In the present report it is described the design, the manufacturing and the successful surgical implant of one of the first 3D custom titanium vertebra realized with Additive Manufacturing technique and its use for the spinal reconstruction after en-bloc resection for primary osteogenic sarcoma. Methods: Clinical case presentation and the design of the 3D custom titanium vertebra was reported. It was also described the complex procedures adopted to evaluate the retrieved device from the histological point of view, as a tumor relapse hit the patient, one year after the reconstruction procedure. Results: The histological evaluation confirmed that the resection technique exerts an important role in promoting bone formation: vertebral body osteotomies favored the reconstruction procedure and maximized the contact area between host bone/vertebral prosthesis thus favoring the bone tissue penetration and device colonization. Conclusion: The sharing of these results is very important as they represent the starting point for improving the knowledge starting from the evidence obtained in a challenging clinical condition and with post-operative treatments that could be never reproduced in preclinical model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression is the most frequent psychiatric comorbidity seen in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) patients with hippocampal sclerosis (HS). Moreover, the HS is the most frequent pathological hallmark in MTLE-HS. Although there is a well-documented hippocampal volumetric reduction in imaging studies of patients with major depressive disorder, in epilepsy with comorbid depression, the true role of the hippocampus is not entirely understood. This study aimed to verify if patients with unilateral MTLE-HS and the co-occurrence of depression have differences in neuronal density of the hippocampal sectors CA1–CA4. For this purpose, we used a histopathological approach. This was a pioneering study with patients having both clinical disorders. However, we found no difference in hippocampal neuronal density when depression co-occurs in patients with epilepsy. In this series, CA1 had the lowest counting in both groups, and HS ILAE Type 1 was the most prevalent. More studies using histological assessments are needed to clarify the physiopathology of depression in MTLE-HS.

Huntington’s disease (HD) is caused by an expansion of CAG triplets in the huntingtin gene, leading to severe neuropathological changes that result in a devasting and lethal phenotype. Neurodegeneration in HD begins in the striatum and spreads to other brain regions such as cortex and hippocampus, causing motor and cognitive dysfunctions. To understand the signaling pathways involved in HD, animal models that mimic the human pathology are used. The R6/2 mouse as model of HD was already shown to present major neuropathological changes in the caudate putamen and other brain regions, but recently established biomarkers in HD patients were yet not analyzed in these mice. We therefore performed an in-depth analysis of R6/2 mice to establish new and highly translational readouts focusing on Ctip2 as biological marker for motor system-related neurons and translocator protein (TSPO) as a promising readout for early neuroinflammation. Our results validate already shown pathologies like mutant huntingtin aggregates, ubiquitination, and brain atrophy, but also provide evidence for decreased tyrosine hydroxylase and Ctip2 levels as indicators of a disturbed motor system, while vesicular acetyl choline transporter levels as marker for the cholinergic system barely change. Additionally, increased astrocytosis and activated microglia were observed by GFAP, Iba1 and TSPO labeling, illustrating, that TSPO is a more sensitive marker for early neuroinflammation compared to GFAP and Iba1. Our results thus demonstrate a high sensitivity and translational value of Ctip2 and TSPO as new marker for the preclinical evaluation of new compounds in the R6/2 mouse model of HD.

Polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) acupoint catgut-embedding (ACE) multifilament was braided into thread structure, in vivo and in vivo performances were fully investigated. These findings indicated that samples had the relatively intact structures in the first 4 weeks, and their weights lost more than 80% in the 10 weeks. With the further degradation, mechanical properties became worse, a sharp decrease was observed in the 6 weeks. Samples presented more than 75% of cells being viable, and the surrounding tissues of samples grew well according to Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining measurement. In sum, these findings warrant further study on PLGA embedding materials with outstanding clinical efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by an expansion of CAG triplets in the huntingtin gene, leading to severe neuropathological changes that result in a devasting and lethal phenotype. Neurodegeneration in HD begins in the striatum and spreads to other brain regions such as cortex and hippocampus, causing motor and cognitive dysfunctions. To understand the signaling pathways involved in HD, animal models that mimic the human pathology are used. The R6/2 mouse as model of HD was already shown to present major neuropathological changes in the caudate putamen and other brain regions, but recently established biomarkers in HD patients were yet not analyzed in these mice. We therefore performed an in-depth analysis of R6/2 mice to establish new and highly translational readouts focusing on Ctip2 as biological marker for motor system-related neurons and translocator protein (TSPO) as a promising readout for early neuroinflammation. Our results validate already shown pathologies like mutant huntingtin aggregates, ubiquitination, and brain atrophy, but also provide evidence for decreased tyrosine hydroxylase and Ctip2 levels as indicators of a disturbed motor system, while vesicular acetyl choline transporter levels as marker for the cholinergic system barely change. Additionally, increased astrocytosis and activated microglia were observed by GFAP, Iba1 and TSPO labeling, illustrating, that TSPO is a more sensitive marker for early neuroinflammation compared to GFAP and Iba1. Our results thus demonstrate a high sensitivity and translational value of Ctip2 and TSPO as new marker for the preclinical evaluation of new compounds in the R6/2 mouse model of HD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effects of wet-to-dry bandages for the treatment of surgical wounds in goats. Materials and Methods: Three types of bandages, i.e., the calcium alginate gel, the homogenous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) gel dressing, and saline dressing, were used to promote the healing process for the management of wounds. Artificial circular wounds were created and treated with bandages to evaluate their effects on the wound healing process in 12 goats. The morphological parameters, i.e., diameters (cm), duration of healing, and wound contraction (cm), were evaluated to differentiate the postoperative sequelae on wound healing process up to day 30 in three different treatment groups of goats. Tissue specimens from the wounds were examined histopathologically on 1st, 3rd, 7th, and 30th postoperative days. Finally, the obtained data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 19 software. Results: The current study revealed that the contraction diameter was higher in calcium alginate gel and PRP gel treated group when compared to the saline dressing group. Aggregation of immunoreactive cells (neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes), collagen fiber bundles among the cells, and proliferation of blood vessels were observed in the epidermis of calcium alginate gel, PRP gel treated and saline dressing wounds, which promote the healing process of wounds. In visual inspection, the number of reactive cells and proliferation of blood vessels were higher in the calcium alginate gel and PRP gel treated group than the saline dressing. Conclusion: In terms of epithelialization, epidermal characteristics, neovascularization, and infiltration of immunoreactive cells, the calcium alginate gel and the homogenous PRP gel dressings showed the best healing performance. Therefore, the present study suggests that clinicians could consider the calcium alginate gel dressing and homogenous PRP gel dressing as beneficial for wound care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Wound healing (WH) is a complex natural process: the achieving of a proper WH with standard therapies sometimes is not fulfilled and it is often observed in aged and diabetic patients, leading to intractable ulcers. In recent years, autologous micrograft (AMG) therapies have become a new, effective, and affordable wound care strategy among both researchers and clinicians. In this study, a 72-year-old female patient underwent a combination of treatments using micrograft and negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) on a postoperative skin ulcer after a benign tumor resection on the back with the aim to present an innovative method to treat skin ulceration using AMG combined with an artificial dermal scaffold and NPWT. Materials and Methods: A section of the artificial dermal scaffold, infused with micrografts, was sampled prior to transplant, and sections were collected postoperatively on days 3 and 7. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and immunohistochemical stains were employed for the evaluation of Cytokeratin AE1/AE3, desmin, and Factor VIII. Additionally, on postoperative day 3, NPWT dressing was evaluated using HE stains, as well. The resulting HE and immunostaining analysis revealed red blood cells and tissue fragments within the collagen layers of the artificial dermis prior to transplant. On postoperative day 3, collagen layers of the artificial dermis revealed red blood cells and neutrophils based on HE stains, and scattering of cytokeratin AE1/AE3-positive cells were detected by immunostaining. The HE stains on postoperative day 7 showed more red blood cells and neutrophils within the collagen layers of the artificial dermis than on day 3, an increase in cytokeratin AE1/AE3-positive cells, and tissue stained positively with desmin and Factor VIII. Results: Results suggest that the effects of both micrografts and migratory cells have likely accelerated the wound healing process. Furthermore, the NPWT dressing on day 3 showed almost no cells within the dressing. This indicated that restarting NPWT therapy immediately after micrograft transplant did not draw out cells within the scaffold. Conclusions: Micrograft treatment and NPWT may serve to be a useful combination therapy for complex processes of wound healing.

Purpose: To evaluate and compare the histopathological changes in a rabbit model, following strabismus surgery using either absorbable or non-absorbable suture materials. Methods: Superior rectus muscle recession was performed in rabbits using either an absorbable (Vicryl®) or non-absorbable (Prolene®) suture material. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed and histologic changes in the sclera were evaluated at the first, second, fourth, and eighth weeks, postoperatively. Moreover, the postoperative scleral thickness was measured and the postoperative pattern of arrangement of scleral fibers was analyzed. Results: Suture material-induced limited inflammatory reaction and formation of new vessels were observed in the study subjects, in the early postoperative phase, in both the Vicryl® and Prolene® groups. In the Vicryl® group, multinucleated giant cells were dominant during the inflammatory phase, and replacement by fibrotic scar tissues was observed. In the Prolene® group, the suture material was observed to be intact, and the inflammatory reactions around the sutures were observed to be less severe compared to the Vicryl® group. Meanwhile, neither group exhibited reduction in scleral thickness or irregular rearrangement of scleral fibers. Conclusions: The current histological study demonstrated that there was no significant postoperative scleral tissue changes after a strabismus surgery. Furthermore, the absorbable suture material was observed to induce inflammatory reactions of greater severity, compared to the non-absorbable suture material, in scleral tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To identify discrepancies between intraoperative and histological evaluations of the appendix in acute appendicitis and to evaluate the effect on surgical outcome.Methods: Data was used from our previous multicentre, prospective, cohort study of patients with suspected acute appendicitis. Appendices were scored during intraoperative and histological evaluation as uncomplicated or complicated appendicitis. Primary outcome was percentage of concordance between intraoperative and histological evaluation. Secondary outcomes were (infectious) postoperative complications, length of hospital stay, hospital re-admission and re-intervention rate, all within 30 days of surgery.Results: A total of 1850 patients were included. In 65.7% (1215/1850) of the appendices, the intraoperative evaluation was uncomplicated and in 34.3% (635/1850), complicated appendicitis. Patients with uncomplicated appendicitis had a postoperative course with significantly less postoperative complications (7.2% vs 24.3%), a shorter length of hospital stay (2 vs 5 days) and a lower re-admission (4.2% vs 9.6%) and re-intervention rate (1.1% vs 4.3%) than intraoperative complicated appendicitis (p < 0.001). In 93.5% (1136/1215) of the intraoperative uncomplicated patients and in 46.6% (296/635) of the intraoperative complicated patients, there was an agreement with pathology (Kappa 0.45). In 23.9% (81/339) of patients with intraoperative complicated and histological uncomplicated appendicitis, a postoperative complication was observed, which was similar to the postoperative complication rate of complicated appendicitis both on intraoperative and histological evaluation (24.7% (73/296)).Conclusions: There is a moderate agreement between a surgeon and pathologist in diagnosing patients with complicated appendicitis. However, the intraoperative diagnosis of complicated appendicitis was significantly associated with postoperative complications. Routine histological evaluation should be preserved for excluding malignancies in suspect appendices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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