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This study investigated the anti‐inflammatory properties of Ajuga integrifolia, an herbal preparation. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses were conducted to identify active compounds in the preparation. The researchers also assessed its ability to inhibit the production of pro‐inflammatory enzymes, cyclooxygenases (COX‐1, COX‐2), and lipoxygenase (5‐LOX) in vitro. The extracts demonstrated dose‐dependent inhibition of these enzymes, with some extracts showing IC50 values comparable to standard anti‐inflammatory drugs. The ethanol extract exhibited significant inhibition of 5‐LOX (52.99 μg/mL), compared to the standard drug zileuton (32.41 μg/mL), while the inhibition of COX‐1 (66.00 μg/mL) and COX‐2 (71.62 μg/mL) was comparable to the standard drug indomethacin (40.57 and 54.39 μg/mL, respectively). These findings suggest that A. integrifolia has the potential to be used as a herbal remedy for treating inflammatory conditions. By inhibiting pro‐inflammatory enzymes, the extracts may effectively reduce inflammation and promote tissue healing or repair. The inhibition potential of extract of this plant can be taken as a good candidate of anti‐inflammatory agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are often considered separate clinico-radiological entities. Whether these conditions also present a single process-specific systemic biomolecular phenotype and how this relates to patient outcomes remains unknown. A prospective cohort study was conducted, including adult patients admitted to the ICU and general floors for COVID-19-related (COVID+) or non-COVID-19-related (COVID−) acute respiratory failure during the main phase of the pandemic. The primary objective was to study blood biomarkers and outcomes among different groups and severity subsets. Results: A total of 132 patients were included, as follows: 67 COVID+, 54 COVID− (with 11 matched control subjects for biomarker reference), and 58 of these patients allowed for further pre- and post-analysis. The baseline apelin (APL) levels were higher in COVID+ patients (p < 0.0001 vs. COVID− patients) and in SARS COVID+ patients (p ≤ 0.02 vs. ARDS), while the IL-6 levels were higher in ARDS COVID− patients (p ≤ 0.0001 vs. SARS). Multivariable logistic regression analyses with cohort biomarkers and outcome parameters revealed the following: (i) log-transformed neprilysin (NEP) activity was significantly higher in COVID+ patients (1.11 [95% CI: 0.4–1.9] vs. 0.37 [95% CI: 0.1–0.8], fold change (FC): 1.43 [95% CI: 1.04–1.97], p = 0.029) and in SARS patients (FC: 1.65 [95% CI: 1.05–2.6], p = 0.032 vs. non-SARS COVID+ patients, and 1.73 [95% CI: 1.19–2.5], p = 0.005 vs. ARDS COVID− patients) and (ii) higher lysyl oxidase (LOX) activity and APL levels were respectively associated with death and a shorter length of hospital stay in SARS COVID+ patients (Odds Ratios (OR): 1.01 [1.00–1.02], p = 0.05, and OR: −0.007 [−0.013–0.0001], p = 0.048). Conclusion: Process-specific blood biomarkers exhibited distinct profiles between COVID+ and COVID− patients, and across stages of severity. NEP and LOX activities, as well as APL levels, are particularly linked to COVID+ patients and their outcomes (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04632732). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chondrosarcoma is a malignant bone tumor that emerges from abnormalities in cartilaginous tissue and is related with lung metastases. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is an adipocytokine reported to enhance tumor metastasis. Our results from clinical samples and the Gene Expression Omnibus data set reveal that NAMPT levels are markedly higher in chondrosarcoma patients than in normal individuals. NAMPT stimulation significantly increased lysyl oxidase (LOX) production in chondrosarcoma cells. Additionally, NAMPT increased LOX‐dependent cell migration and invasion in chondrosarcoma by suppressing miR‐26b‐5p generation through the c‐Src and Akt signaling pathways. Overexpression of NAMPT promoted chondrosarcoma metastasis to the lung in vivo. Furthermore, knockdown of LOX counteracted NAMPT‐facilitated metastasis. Thus, the NAMPT/LOX axis presents a novel target for treating the metastasis of chondrosarcoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is a major cause of irreversible blindness in the working age population. The dysfunction of retinal vascular endothelial cells (RVECs) is the primary cause of PDR. Extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation promotes intracellular signaling required for RVEC proliferation, migration, survival, and tube morphogenesis. Objectives. This study aimed to investigate the role of lysyl oxidase (LOX) in the cellular function of RVECs and PDR pathogenesis and to identify the underlying mechanisms. Materials and methods: Protein expression was determined with western blot. The interaction between LOX and elastin (ELN) was detected using a co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay, and the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay evaluated cell viability. A colony formation assay was employed to assess the proliferation of human RVECs (hRVECs), and a transwell assay to determine their migration ability. Streptozotocin was used to establish PDR in mice in vivo. A histological analysis was conducted using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Results: The results showed that LOX was overexpressed in PDR patients. The LOX knockdown suppressed ECM formation and hRVEC proliferation and migration. Additionally, LOX upregulated ELN expression. However, overexpressed ELN promoted hRVEC proliferation and migration. In vivo experiments showed that curcuminmediated LOX deficiency restored retinal tissue structure. Conclusions. The LOX-knockdown suppressed ECM formation and hRVEC proliferation and migration by inactivating ELN. Therefore, LOX/ELN signaling may be a potential PDR biomarker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) poses a significant challenge in neonatal medicine, often resulting in profound and lasting neurological deficits. Current therapeutic strategies for hypoxia-ischemia brain damage (HIBD) remain limited. Ferroptosis has been reported to play a crucial role in HIE and serves as a potential therapeutic target. However, the mechanisms underlying ferroptosis in HIBD remain largely unclear. In this study, we found that elevated lysyl oxidase (LOX) expression correlates closely with the severity of HIE, suggesting LOX as a potential biomarker for HIE. LOX expression levels and enzymatic activity were significantly increased in HI-induced neuronal models both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, we discovered that HI-induced brain tissue injury results in increased stiffness and observed a selective upregulation of the mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo1 in both brain tissue of HIBD and primary cortex neurons. Mechanistically, LOX increases its catalytic substrates, the Collagen I/III components, promoting extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and possibly mediating ECM cross-linking, which leads to increased stiffness at the site of injury and subsequent activation of the Piezo1 channel. Piezo1 senses these stiffness stimuli and then induces neuronal ferroptosis in a GPX4-dependent manner. Pharmacological inhibition of LOX or Piezo1 ameliorated brain neuronal ferroptosis and improved learning and memory impairments. Furthermore, we identified traumatic acid (TA) as a novel LOX inhibitor that effectively suppresses LOX enzymatic activity, mitigating neuronal ferroptosis and promoting synaptic plasticity. In conclusion, our findings elucidate a critical role for LOX-mediated ECM mechanical stress-induced Piezo1 activation in regulating ferroptotic cell death in HIBD. This mechanistic insight provides a basis for developing targeted therapies aimed at ameliorating neurological outcomes in neonates affected by HIBD.

In modern medical science great attention is paid to the clarification of the molecular mechanisms, which are the basis of adaptation to environmental factors of unusual origin and/or extraordinary strength. The aim of the study is to determine the features of a group of genes with low expression level, associated with hypoxia in the pancreas of Wistar rats under conditions of intermittent hypoxia. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on 10 white, sexually mature Wistar rats, which were divided into 2 groups (5 animals in each). Animals of group 1 were part of the control (intact) group. The animals of the 2nd group were subjected to hypoxic training according to the following scheme: for 15 days, 6 hours daily, namely on days 1–5 they simulated an ascent to a height of one to five kilometers above sea level under the conditions of a barometer, and the last 10 days 6 km above the sea level. To analyze gene expression, we used the polymerase chain reaction method with real-time reverse transcription (PCR) CFX-96 Touch™ (Bio-Rad, USA) and the RT2 Profiler™ PCR Array Rat Hypoxia Signaling Pathway kit (QIAGEN, Germany), where 84 genes were the subject of research in experimental animals. Results. According to the results of the PCR study of genes in the pancreas samples of intact animals and animals exposed to hypoxic training, it was established that out of 84 genes associated with hypoxia, a group of 5 genes with a low expression level (∆∆Ct < 30) was found. This pattern includes Bhlhe40 genes, Ctsa, Hif1a, Lox, and Slc16a3, the expression of which is statistically reduced. Thus, compared to the level of their expression in intact animals, the expression of Bhlhe40 decreased by 2.59 times, Ctsa by 6.02 times, Hif1a by 3.85 times, Lox by 3.01 times, and Slc16a3 by 2.40 times. Conclusions. Intermittent hypoxia reduces the expression of the Bhlhe40 gene by 2.59 times, which can be considered as an element of adaptation of cells to a low level of oxygen and modulation of genetic programs. The decrease in Ctsa gene expression by 6.02, Hif1a by 3.85, and Lox by 3.01 times during intermittent hypoxia demonstrates, that these effects can be used as sanogenic factors in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The 2.40-fold decreased expression level of Slc16a3 is probably an element of metabolic adaptation and adaptation of the metabolic pathway of cells to hypoxia conditions.

Inflammation is a body response against infection that activates other biological components that include various cytokines, chemokines and other biological compounds that trigger body response against pathological activities. The Arachidonic acid pathway is involved in the inflammation that is connected with lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. The importance of the isoforms of LOX and COX in inflammation is well studied. At the cellular level, some of the thiazole derivatives showed potent anti-inflammatory activities especially to block LOX5 and COX2 in the inflammation. These factors include both acute and chronic inflammation in various tissues like the heart, kidney, pancreas, brain, intestine, lungs and other organs as well that lead to the damage of the organs or cells. Whether it's the infectious or non-infectious response it will further activate some of the downstream signaling pathways like lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase, cytochrome 450, JAK-STAT, MAPK, JNK, TNF-α, Nfr2, and many more pathways that lead to activation of another chronic disease in the body. In this review, we will concentrate on thiazole molecules that serve as anti-inflammatory responses to both acute and chronic inflammation. Further, we discussed the evidence that correlates the possible connection with LOX and COX enzymes in the inflammatory pathways and their blocking ability especially through thiazole derivatives has been discussed in this present review. The current assessment is the best part of the present consequence of thiazole derivatives on anti-inflammatory studies, covering articles published from 1973 to 2023.

Most of pharmaceutical agents display a number of biological activities. It is obvious that testing even one compound for thousands of biological activities is not practically possible. A computer-aided prediction is therefore the method of choice in this case to select the most promising bioassays for particular compounds. Using the PASS Online software, we determined the probable anti-inflammatory action of the 12 new hybrid dithioloquinolinethiones derivatives. Chemical similarity search in the World-Wide Approved Drugs (WWAD) and DrugBank databases did not reveal close structural analogues with the anti-inflammatory action. Experimental testing of anti-inflammatory activity of the synthesized compounds in the carrageenan-induced inflammation mouse model confirmed the computational predictions. The anti-inflammatory activity of the studied compounds (2a, 3a-3k except for 3j) varied between 52.97% and 68.74%, being higher than the reference drug indomethacin (47%). The most active compounds appeared to be 3h (68.74%), 3k (66.91%) and 3b (63.74%) followed by 3e (61.50%). Thus, based on the in silico predictions a novel class of anti-inflammatory agents was discovered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyze the serum and salivary levels of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn) and the Cu/Zn ratio and investigate the association between LOX gene variants (rs18800449 and rs2288393) and oral submucosal fibrosis (OSMF). A total of 250 subjects were included in the study: OSMF patients (n = 50), areca nut chewers without OSMF (n = 100) and controls (n = 100). Trace metals were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, while LOX gene variants were genotyped using the tetra primer amplification refractory mutation system (tetra ARMS) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The results showed significant variations in serum and salivary Cu, Zn, Fe and Cr levels and serum Mn concentrations among the three groups (p < 0.0001). Serum Cu levels were significantly higher in OSMF patients, while serum Zn levels were significantly lower. Both serum and salivary Cu/Zn ratios demonstrated a statistically significant difference (p < 0.0001) and diagnostic potential to differentiate OSMF from chewers and controls. However, LOX gene variants did not show an association between OSMF and chewers, except for rs1800449 genotypes, which showed a significant and increased risk with the AA genotype in OSMF patients compared to controls (OR = 7.58; 95%CI 2.30–24.97). The study suggests that trace elements and genetic variants may impact the etiology of OSMF. The findings may aid in early diagnosis, suitable treatment, and as a prognostic indicator for disease progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banana is a typical cold-sensitive fruit; it is prone to chilling injury (CI), resulting in a quality deterioration and commodity reduction. However, the molecular mechanism underlying CI development is unclear. In this study, cold storage (7 °C for 5 days) was used to induce CI symptoms in bananas. As compared with the control storage (22 °C for 5 days), cold storage increased the CI index and cell membrane permeability. Moreover, we found that the expression levels of the WRKY transcription factor MaWRKY70 were increased consistently with the progression of CI development. A subcellular localization assay revealed that MaWRKY70 was localized in the nucleus. Transcriptional activation analyses showed that MaWRKY70 processed a transactivation ability. Further, an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and dual-luciferase reporter (DLR) assays showed that MaWRKY70 was directly bound to the W-box motifs in the promoters of four lipoxygenase (LOX) genes associated with membrane lipid degradation and activated their transcription. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that MaWRKY70 activates the transcription of MaLOXs, thereby acting as a possible positive modulator of postharvest CI development in banana fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammation is a protective response to a variety of infectious agents. To develop a new anti-inflammatory drug, we explored a pharmacologically important thiazole scaffold in this study. In a multi-step synthetic approach, we synthesized seven new thiazole derivatives (5a--5g). Initially, we examined the in vitro anti-inflammatory potentials of our compounds using COX-1, COX-2, and 5-LOX enzyme assays. After in vitro confirmation, the potential compounds were subjected to in vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory studies. The hot plate method was used for analgesia, and carrageenan-induced inflammation was also assayed. Overall, all our compounds proved to be potent inhibitors of COX-2 compared to celecoxib (IC50 0.05 μM), exhibiting IC50 values in the range of 0.76--9.01 μM .Compounds 5b, 5d, and 5e were dominant and selective COX-2 inhibitors with the lowest IC50 values and selectivity index (SI) values of 42, 112, and 124, respectively. Similarly, in the COX-1 assay, our compounds were relatively less potent but still encouraging. Standard aspirin exhibited an IC50 value of 15.32 μM. In the 5-LOX results, once again, compounds 5d and 5e were dominant with IC50 values of 23.08 and 38.46 μM, respectively. Standard zileuton exhibited an IC50 value of 11.00 μM. Based on the COX/LOX and SI potencies, the compounds 5d and 5e were subjected to in vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory studies. Compounds 5d and 5e at concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg body weight were significant in animal models. Furthermore, we explored the potential role of compounds 5d and 5e in various phlogistic agents. Similarly, both compounds 5d and 5e were also significantly potent in the anti-nociceptive assay. The molecular docking interactions of these two compounds with the target proteins of COX and LOX further strengthened their potential for use in COX/LOX pathway inhibitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collagen is an essential constituent of the uterine extracellular matrix that provides biomechanical strength, resilience, structural integrity, and the tensile properties necessary for the normal functioning of the uterus. Cross-linking is a fundamental step in collagen biosynthesis and is critical for its normal biophysical properties. This step occurs enzymatically via lysyl oxidase (LOX) or non-enzymatically with the production of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Cross-links found in uterine tissue include the reducible dehydro-dihydroxylysinonorleucine (deH-DHLNL), dehydro-hydroxylysinonorleucine (deH-HLNL), and histidinohydroxymerodesmosine (HHMD); and the non-reducible pyridinoline (PYD), deoxy-pyridinoline (DPD); and a trace of pentosidine (PEN). Collagen cross-links are instrumental for uterine tissue integrity and the continuation of a healthy pregnancy. Decreased cervical cross-link density is observed in preterm birth, whereas increased tissue stiffness caused by increased cross-link density is a pathogenic feature of uterine fibroids. AGEs disrupt embryo development, decidualization, implantation, and trophoblast invasion. Uterine collagen cross-linking regulators include steroid hormones, such as progesterone and estrogen, prostaglandins, proteoglycans, metalloproteinases, lysyl oxidases, nitric oxide, nicotine, and vitamin D. Thus, uterine collagen cross-linking presents an opportunity to design therapeutic targets and warrants further investigation in common uterine disorders, such as uterine fibroids, cervical insufficiency, preterm birth, dystocia, endometriosis, and adenomyosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial and human activities contribute significantly to the environmental contamination of heavy metal ions (HMIs), which have detrimental effects on aquatic life, plants, and animals, causing major toxicological problems. The commercially available 4,4′-diamino-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonic acid (DSD) has been playing a vital role in the detection of heavy metal ions and has significantly inhibited a variety of cancer cells in numerous field of modern science. The current investigation aimed to ensure the detection of heavy metals ions from the environment and fluorescence imaging of DSD in the treatment of cancer cells. Fluorescence and UV–Visible spectroscopic analysis was performed to sense the selective behavior of the probe DSD with several heavy metal ions, including Fe2+, K1+, Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Mn2+, Sn2+, and Cr3+. Furthermore, DSD was subjected to examine enzyme inhibition such as anti-Alzheimer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities in search of multifaceted drugs. Test compounds have demonstrated dose-dependent responses in the in-vitro enzyme inhibition assays for acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), cyclooxygenase (COX), and lipoxygenase (LOX), as well as antioxidant [DPPH = 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and ABTS = 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid]. The DSD were shown to be more effective than the conventional medication galantamine in inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), with an IC50 value of 12.18 and 20.87 μM, which is equivalent to the standard drug. The results obtained has revealed that DSD has the potential to become an effective sensor for the detection of Sn2+ ions over competing metal ions due to the inhibition of photo-induced electron transfer pathway (PET). The MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide tetrazolium) test, demonstrated that DSD had strong anticancer effects against the brain cancer cell line NIH/3T3, HeLa and MCF-7 with an IC50 value of 32.59, 15.31 and 96.46 μM respectively. The antimicrobial testing has shown that DSD outperforms the standard drug cefixime against Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. This study makes a substantial contribution to the ongoing search for efficient treatments for breast cancer.

Simple Summary: This study developed a prognostic signature using hypoxia-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) and identified three optimal gene signatures (CP, IGFBP2, and LOX) using multi-omics analysis. This was done using bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing to identify DEGs and integrated machine learning particularly LASSO regression to construct a prognostic model. Gene ontology and pathway analysis were used to study the biological processes affected by these genes. Additionally, gene enrichment analysis was incorporated to study the tumor microenvironment and drug sensitivity. An in-depth understanding of the complex biological pathways in GBM using this multi-omics approach is necessary to examine GBM's behavior and prognosis presenting insights for potential therapeutic targets and survival outcomes of GBM patients. Glioblastoma (GBM) represents a profoundly aggressive and heterogeneous brain neoplasm linked to a bleak prognosis. Hypoxia, a common feature in GBM, has been linked to tumor progression and therapy resistance. In this study, we aimed to identify hypoxia-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and construct a prognostic signature for GBM patients using multi-omics analysis. Patient cohorts were collected from publicly available databases, including the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA), and The Cancer Genome Atlas—Glioblastoma Multiforme (TCGA-GBM), to facilitate a comprehensive analysis. Hypoxia-related genes (HRGs) were obtained from the Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB). Differential expression analysis revealed 41 hypoxia-related DEGs in GBM patients. A consensus clustering approach, utilizing these DEGs' expression patterns, identified four distinct clusters, with cluster 1 showing significantly better overall survival. Machine learning techniques, including univariate Cox regression and LASSO regression, delineated a prognostic signature comprising six genes (ANXA1, CALD1, CP, IGFBP2, IGFBP5, and LOX). Multivariate Cox regression analysis substantiated the prognostic significance of a set of three optimal signature genes (CP, IGFBP2, and LOX). Using the hypoxia-related prognostic signature, patients were classified into high- and low-risk categories. Survival analysis demonstrated that the high-risk group exhibited inferior overall survival rates in comparison to the low-risk group. The prognostic signature showed good predictive performance, as indicated by the area under the curve (AUC) values for one-, three-, and five-year overall survival. Furthermore, functional enrichment analysis of the DEGs identified biological processes and pathways associated with hypoxia, providing insights into the underlying mechanisms of GBM. Delving into the tumor immune microenvironment, our analysis revealed correlations relating the hypoxia-related prognostic signature to the infiltration of immune cells in GBM. Overall, our study highlights the potential of a hypoxia-related prognostic signature as a valuable resource for forecasting the survival outcome of GBM patients. The multi-omics approach integrating bulk sequencing, single-cell analysis, and immune microenvironment assessment enhances our understanding of the intricate biology characterizing GBM, thereby potentially informing the tailored design of therapeutic interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melanoma is characterized by high metastatic potential favored by the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), leading melanoma cells to exhibit a spectrum of typical EMT markers. This study aimed to analyze the expression of EMT markers in A375 and BLM melanoma cell lines cultured in 2D monolayers and 3D spheroids using morphological and molecular methods. The expression of EMT markers was strongly affected by 3D arrangement and revealed a hybrid phenotype for the two cell lines. Indeed, although E-cadherin was almost undetectable in both A375 and BLM cells, cortical actin was detected in A375 2D monolayers and 3D spheroids and was strongly expressed in BLM 3D spheroids. The mesenchymal marker N-cadherin was significantly up-regulated in A375 3D spheroids while undetectable in BLM cells, but vimentin was similarly expressed in both cell lines at the gene and protein levels. This pattern suggests that A375 cells exhibit a more undifferentiated/mesenchymal phenotype, while BLM cells have more melanocytic/differentiated characteristics. Accordingly, the Zeb1 and 2, Slug, Snail and Twist gene expression analyses showed that they were differentially expressed in 2D monolayers compared to 3D spheroids, supporting this view. Furthermore, A375 cells are characterized by a greater invasive potential, strongly influenced by 3D arrangement, compared to the BLM cell line, as evaluated by SDS-zymography and TIMPs gene expression analysis. Finally, TGF-β1, a master controller of EMT, and lysyl oxidase (LOX), involved in melanoma progression, were strongly up-regulated by 3D arrangement in the metastatic BLM cells alone, likely playing a role in the metastatic phases of melanoma progression. Overall, these findings suggest that A375 and BLM cells possess a hybrid/intermediate phenotype in relation to the expression of EMT markers. The former is characterized by a more mesenchymal/undifferentiated phenotype, while the latter shows a more melanocytic/differentiated phenotype. Our results contribute to the characterization of the role of EMT in melanoma cells and confirm that a 3D cell culture model could provide deeper insight into our understanding of the biology of melanoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern medical science great attention is paid to the clarification of the molecular mechanisms, which are the basis of adaptation to environmental factors of unusual origin and/or extraordinary strength. The aim of the study is to determine the features of a group of genes with low expression level, associated with hypoxia in the pancreas of Wistar rats under conditions of intermittent hypoxia. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on 10 white, sexually mature Wistar rats, which were divided into 2 groups (5 animals in each). Animals of group 1 were part of the control (intact) group. The animals of the 2nd group were subjected to hypoxic training according to the following scheme: for 15 days, 6 hours daily, namely on days 1–5 they simulated an ascent to a height of one to five kilometers above sea level under the conditions of a barometer, and the last 10 days 6 km above the sea level. To analyze gene expression, we used the polymerase chain reaction method with real-time reverse transcription (PCR) CFX96 TouchTM (Bio-Rad, USA) and the RT2 ProfilerTM PCR Array Rat Hypoxia Signaling Pathway kit (QIAGEN, Germany), where 84 genes were the subject of research in experimental animals. Results. According to the results of the PCR study of genes in the pancreas samples of intact animals and animals exposed to hypoxic training, it was established that out of 84 genes associated with hypoxia, a group of 5 genes with a low expression level (∆∆Ct < 30) was found. This pattern includes Bhlhe40 genes, Ctsa, Hif1a, Lox, and Slc16a3, the expression of which is statistically reduced. Thus, compared to the level of their expression in intact animals, the expression of Bhlhe40 decreased by 2.59 times, Ctsa by 6.02 times, Hif1a by 3.85 times, Lox by 3.01 times, and Slc16a3 by 2.40 times. Conclusions. Intermittent hypoxia reduces the expression of the Bhlhe40 gene by 2.59 times, which can be considered as an element of adaptation of cells to a low level of oxygen and modulation of genetic programs. The decrease in Ctsa gene expression by 6.02, Hif1a by 3.85, and Lox by 3.01 times during intermittent hypoxia demonstrates, that these effects can be used as sanogenic factors in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The 2.40-fold decreased expression level of Slc16a3 is probably an element of metabolic adaptation and adaptation of the metabolic pathway of cells to hypoxia conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, seven (7) aurone derivatives (ADs) were synthesized and employed to in-vitro LOX and COX-2 assays, in-vivo models of acetic acid-induced mice writhing, formalin-induced mice paw licking and tail immersion test to evaluate their analgesic potential at the doses of 10 mg and 20 mg/kg body weight. Molecular docking was performed to know the active binding site at both LOX and COX-2 as compared to standard drugs. Among the ADs, 2-(3,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)benzofuran-3(2H)-one (WE-4)possessed optimal LOX and COX-2 inhibitory strength (IC50=0.30 μM and 0.22 μM) as compared to standard (ZileutonIC50 = 0.08 μM, CelecoxibIC50 = 0.05 μM). Similarly in various pain models compound WE-4 showed significantly (p

The article presents data on the differential expression of genes of structural and regulatory proteins of connective tissue (COLIA1, fibronectin, elastin, TGF-β1, LOX) in women with pelvic organ prolapse and stigmas of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia (UCTD) compared to patients with prolapse but without UCTD stigmas. Research objectives: analysis of the prognostic significance of differential expression of structural and regulatory genes of connective tissue proteins COLIA1, fibronectin, elastin, TGF-β1, LOX as factors associated with the vaginal prolapse among Ukrainian women. Materials and methods. Vaginal tissue samples were taken from 18 patients at the menopausal age with vaginal prolapse III, IV degree, which required surgical correction during vaginal hysterectomy and/or plastic surgery of vaginal walls. The main group included 11 patients with clinical and anamnestic UCTD stigmas, the comparison group included 7 women without it. Gene expression analysis of structural and regulatory proteins of the extracellular matrix of connective tissue was performed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The relative number of transcripts of the studied genes was normalized by the expression level of the GAPDH gene. The data were calculated using the 2–ΔΔCt method. Results. There was decrease in gene expression of the main structural proteins of the extracellular matrix of the connective tissue: COLIA1 (t=-1.7; p=0.044), fibronectin (t=1.66; p=0.047), elastin (t=-1.75, p=0,04), gene of the regulatory protein LOX (t=-1.8, p=0.035) and no statistically significant difference in the TGF-β1 gene in patients with pelvic organ prolapse and clinical and anamnestic UCTD stigmas. Conclusions. Statistically significant lower expression of the genes of the main structural proteins of the extracellular matrix of the connective tissue and the gene of the regulatory protein LOX in patients with pelvic organ prolapse and clinical and anamnestic UCTD stigmas is evidence of the importance of genetically determined pathological remodeling of the connective tissue in the etiology of genital prolapse.

The present work numerically investigates the steady state LOx-BioLPG combustion in a high-pressure liquid rocket engine propulsion system, based on the RANS approach using Eulerian single-phase thermo-chemical modeling with Peng-Robinson equation of state. The study primarily focuses on the less carbon emission and the economical range of operation for various equivalence ratios. The critical equivalence ratio (Φ) is predicted to be 0.62, below which the combustion does not initiate. The maximum CO emission in combustion is found at Φ = 2.32, and the maximum specific impulse (Isp) is obtained 327.92 at Φ = 1.50. However, for clean burning of the fuel and less carbon footprint, lean mixture combustion is desirable. The CO emission for Φ = 1.50 is 41%, which is considerably a higher carbon emission percentage for this combustion process. On the other hand, the lean mixture at Φ = 0.80 has a CO emission of 14.7% at the nozzle outlet which is relatively small. The developed power is 57.73 MW with an Isp of 310.96 at Φ = 0.80 which is close to the Isp obtained for Φ = 1.50. Thus, for eco-friendly clean burring, combustion of LOx-BioLPG fuel for Φ = 0.80 is found to be the best in this analysis.

Numerous studies have documented the potential of coffee to aid in asthma prevention. Nevertheless, research into how coffee influences asthma management has not been available. One known mechanism by which asthma medications work involves inhibiting 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) activity. This study aims to determine the potency of Coffea canephora var. Robusta extract (CRE), Coffea arabica (CAE), and caffeine are the primary isolates against 5-LOX activity. Extraction was performed by a reflux procedure using 96% ethanol with a sample-total solvent ratio of 1:10, an extraction time of 1 hour, and the extraction was conducted in triplicate. Fractionation was carried out by liquid-liquid partition using a chloroform-water system. Caffeine further purification was performed by the sublimation method, and the inhibition of 5-LOX activity was evaluated using the spectrophotometric method at λ = 234 nm. Apigenin was used as a positive control. From the experiment conducted, the IC50 of the CRE, CAE, caffeine, and apigenin against 5-LOX was 32.2 ± 1.4 µg/mL, 42.1 ± 2.3 µg/mL, 14.3 ± 1.6 µg/mL, and 7.4 ± 1.7 µg/mL, respectively. Continued efforts to isolate bioactive compounds from coffee extract led to the discovery of caffeine, which exhibited a more potent inhibitory effect on 5-LOX. The inhibition of 5-LOX activity by caffeine occurs in a non-competitive manner.

Inflammation is a protective response to a variety of infectious agents. To develop a new anti-inflammatory drug, we explored a pharmacologically important thiazole scaffold in this study. In a multi-step synthetic approach, we synthesized seven new thiazole derivatives (5a–5g). Initially, we examined the in vitro anti-inflammatory potentials of our compounds using COX-1, COX-2, and 5-LOX enzyme assays. After in vitro confirmation, the potential compounds were subjected to in vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory studies. The hot plate method was used for analgesia, and carrageenan-induced inflammation was also assayed. Overall, all our compounds proved to be potent inhibitors of COX-2 compared to celecoxib (IC50 0.05 μM), exhibiting IC50 values in the range of 0.76–9.01 μM .Compounds 5b, 5d, and 5e were dominant and selective COX-2 inhibitors with the lowest IC50 values and selectivity index (SI) values of 42, 112, and 124, respectively. Similarly, in the COX-1 assay, our compounds were relatively less potent but still encouraging. Standard aspirin exhibited an IC50 value of 15.32 μM. In the 5-LOX results, once again, compounds 5d and 5e were dominant with IC50 values of 23.08 and 38.46 μM, respectively. Standard zileuton exhibited an IC50 value of 11.00 μM. Based on the COX/LOX and SI potencies, the compounds 5d and 5e were subjected to in vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory studies. Compounds 5d and 5e at concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg body weight were significant in animal models. Furthermore, we explored the potential role of compounds 5d and 5e in various phlogistic agents. Similarly, both compounds 5d and 5e were also significantly potent in the anti-nociceptive assay. The molecular docking interactions of these two compounds with the target proteins of COX and LOX further strengthened their potential for use in COX/LOX pathway inhibitions.

The primary function of the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family, including LOX and its paralogue LOX-like (LOXL)-2, is to catalyze the covalent crosslinking of collagen and elastin in the extracellular matrix. LOX and LOXL2 are also facilitating breast cancer invasion and metastatic spread to visceral organs (lungs, liver) in vivo. Conversely, the contribution of LOX and LOXL2 to breast cancer bone metastasis remains scant. Here, using gene overexpression or silencing strategies, we investigated the role of LOX and LOXL2 on the formation of metastatic osteolytic lesions in animal models of triple negative breast cancer. In vivo, the extent of radiographic metastatic osteolytic lesions in animals injected with LOX-overexpressing [LOX(+)] tumor cells was 3-fold higher than that observed in animals bearing tumors silenced for LOX [LOX(−)]. By contrast, the extent of osteolytic lesions between LOXL2(+) and LOXL2(−) tumor-bearing animals did not differ, and was comparable to that observed with LOX(−) tumor-bearing animals. In situ, TRAP staining of bone tissue sections from the hind limbs of LOX(+) tumor-bearing animals was substantially increased compared to LOX(−), LOXL2(+) and LOXL2(−)-tumor-bearing animals, which was indicative of enhanced active-osteoclast resorption. In vitro, tumor-secreted LOX increased osteoclast differentiation induced by RANKL, whereas LOXL2 seemed to counteract LOX’s pro-osteoclastic activity. Furthermore, LOX (but not LOXL2) overexpression in tumor cells induced a robust production of IL-6, the latter being a pro-osteoclastic cytokine. Based on these findings, we propose a model in which LOX and IL-6 secreted from tumor cells act in concert to enhance osteoclast-mediated bone resorption that, in turn, promotes metastatic bone destruction in vivo.

The commitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to preadipocytes and the termination of differentiation to adipocytes are critical for maintaining systemic energy homeostasis. However, our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms governing the commitment of MSCs to preadipocytes and the subsequent termination of their differentiation into adipocytes remain limited. Additionally, the role of Sox6 sex-determining region Y (SRY)-box6 (Sox6), a transcription factor that regulates gene transcription, is reportedly involved in various cellular processes, including adipogenesis; however, its function in regulating preadipocyte development and the factors involved in the termination of adipogenic differentiation remain unexplored. Therefore, we investigated the role of Sox6 in regulating the differentiation of adipocytes by monitoring the effects of its overexpression in C3H10T1/2 cells (in vitro) and C57BL/6J mouse (in vivo) models of adipogenesis. We observed lower Sox6 expression in the adipose tissue of obese mice than that in control mice. Sox6 overexpression inhibited the differentiation of MSC by directly binding to the lysyl oxidase (Lox) and preadipocyte factor 1 (Pref1) promoters, which was potentiated by histone deacetylase-1(HDAC1). Our findings suggest that Sox6 is a key regulator of MSC commitment to adipocytes; therefore, targeting the Sox6-mediated regulation of this process could offer potential therapeutic avenues for addressing obesity and related metabolic disorders. • Sox6 expression was decreased during obesity. • Sox6 inhibits the differentiation of MSCs into mature adipocytes. • Sox6 inhibits adipocyte differentiation by inhibiting Lox and Pref1 activities. • Sox6 recruits HDAC1 to inhibit Lox and Pref1 expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Familial thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections may occur as an isolated hereditary trait or as part of connective tissue disorders with Mendelian inheritance, but severe cardiovascular disease in pediatric patients is extremely rare. There is growing knowledge on pathogenic variants causing the disease; however, much of the phenotypic variability and gene–gene interactions remain to be discovered. We present a case report of a 5.5-year-old girl with an aortic aneurysm and concomitant polycystic kidney disease. Whole exome sequencing was performed, followed by family screening by amplicon deep sequencing and diagnostic imaging studies. In the proband, two pathogenic variants were identified: p.Tyr257Ter in the LOX gene inherited from her mother, and p.Thr2977Ile in the PKD1 gene inherited from her father. All adult carriers of either of these variants showed symptoms of aortic disease. We conclude that the coexistence of two independent genetic variants in the proband may be the reason for an early onset of disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banana is a typical cold-sensitive fruit; it is prone to chilling injury (CI), resulting in a quality deterioration and commodity reduction. However, the molecular mechanism underlying CI development is unclear. In this study, cold storage (7 °C for 5 days) was used to induce CI symptoms in bananas. As compared with the control storage (22 °C for 5 days), cold storage increased the CI index and cell membrane permeability. Moreover, we found that the expression levels of the WRKY transcription factor MaWRKY70 were increased consistently with the progression of CI development. A subcellular localization assay revealed that MaWRKY70 was localized in the nucleus. Transcriptional activation analyses showed that MaWRKY70 processed a transactivation ability. Further, an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and dual-luciferase reporter (DLR) assays showed that MaWRKY70 was directly bound to the W-box motifs in the promoters of four lipoxygenase (LOX) genes associated with membrane lipid degradation and activated their transcription. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that MaWRKY70 activates the transcription of MaLOXs, thereby acting as a possible positive modulator of postharvest CI development in banana fruit.

Background: Fibrotic extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling characterized different types of pulmonary fibrosis, and its regulation could be a potential shared treatment strategy for pulmonary fibrosis. Purpose: We aimed to investigate the effect of triptolide on pulmonary fibrosis through the inhibition of several important aspects of fibrotic ECM remodeling. Methods: Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis mice and TGF-β1-induced primary lung fibroblasts were used. The effect of triptolide on pulmonary fibrosis was detected using histopathology, immunostaining, RT-qPCR, western blotting, ELISA, and protein activity assay. Results: Triptolide significantly alleviated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. It inhibited the expression of fibrotic genes α-SMA, collagen I, fibronectin, and vimentin and blocked the TGF-β-SMAD signaling pathway both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, triptolide regulated the expression and activity of MMPs during fibrosis. Interestingly, it suppressed the expression of lysyl oxidase, which was responsible for matrix cross-linking and elevated ECM stiffness. Furthermore, triptolide blocked the biomechanical stress transduction pathway integrin-β1-FAK-YAP signaling and attenuated the pro-fibrotic feedback of fibrotic ECM on fibroblasts via integrin inhibition. Conclusion: These findings show that triptolide prevents the key linkages of fibrotic ECM remodeling, including deposition, degradation, cross-linking, and pro-fibrotic feedback and, therefore, has potential therapeutic value for pulmonary fibrosis.

Background: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant type of glioma. GBM tumors grow rapidly, have a high degree of malignancy, and are characterized by a fast disease progression. Unfortunately, there is a lack of effective treatments. An effective strategy for the treatment of GBM would be to identify key biomarkers correlating with the occurrence and progression of GBM and developing these biomarkers into therapeutic targets. Method and Results: In this study, using integrated bioinformatics analysis, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 130 genes that were upregulated in GBM compared to normal brain tissue, and 128 genes that were downregulated in GBM. Based on Gene Ontology enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis, these genes were associated with regulation of tumor cell adhesion, differentiation, morphology in GBM and were mainly enriched in Complement and coagulation cascades pathway. The Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) database was used to construct a Protein-Protein Interaction network. Ten hub genes were identified, including FN1, CD44, MYC, CDK1, SERPINE1, COL3A1, COL1A2, LOX, POSTN and EZH2, all of which were significantly upregulated in GBM, these results were confirmed by oncomine database exploration. Alteration analysis of hub genes found that patients with alteration in at least one of the hub genes showed shorter median survival times (p = 0.013) and shorter median disease-free survival times (p = 2.488E-3) than patients without alterations in any of the hub genes. Multiple tests for survival analysis showed that among individual hub genes only expression of LOX was correlated with patient survival (P < 0.05).GDS4467 data set was used to analyze the expression of LOX in gliomas with different degrees of malignancy, and it was found that the expression level of LOX was positively correlated with the malignant degree of gliomas.By analyzing GDS 4535 data set showed that the expression level of LOX was positively correlated with the differentiation degree of GBM cells Conclusion: This research suggests that FN1, CD44, MYC, CDK1, SERPINE1, COL3A1, COL1A2, LOX, POSTN and EZH2 are key genes in GBM. However, only LOX is correlated with patient survival and promotes glioblastoma cell differentiation and tumor recurrence. LOX may be a candidate prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for GBM.

In the present study, we characterize the biological activity of a newly designed and synthesized series of 15 compounds 2-[2-hydroxy-3-(4-substituted-1-piperazinyl)propyl] derivatives of pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole 3a–3o. The compounds were obtained with good yields of pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole scaffold 2a–2c with secondary amines in C2H5OH. The chemical structures of the compounds were characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FT-IR, and MS. All the new compounds were investigated for their potencies to inhibit the activity of three enzymes, i.e., COX-1, COX-2, and LOX, by a colorimetric inhibitor screening assay. In order to analyze the structural basis of interactions between the ligands and cyclooxygenase/lipooxygenase, experimental data were supported by the results of molecular docking simulations. The data indicate that all of the tested compounds influence the activity of COX-1, COX-2, and LOX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipoksigenaz (EC 1.13.11.34.; LOX ) enzimleri; yapısında iki ya da daha fazla doymamış bağ bulunduran yağ asitlerini oksitleyen, yapılarında hem grubu bulundurmayan demir taşıyıcı dioksigenazlardır. LOX'lar bitkiler, hayvan dokuları ve siyanobakterilerde bulunurlar. Bu çalışmada Santa Maria armudu püresindeki LOX enzimi aktivitesinin fumarik asit, sirinjik asit ve rosmarinik asitin farklı konsantrasyonlarına ve pişirme işlemine bağlı olarak değişimi 7 gün boyunca takip edilmiştir. Fumarik asitin LOX aktivitesini artırdığı gözlenmiştir. Bu artışa pişirme işlemi de engel olamamıştır. Sirinjik asit ve rosmarinik asitin LOX aktivitesini gün geçtikçe azalttığı, ek olarak pişirme uygulanan örneklerde daha hızlı bir aktivite azalışı olduğu görülmüştür. 7 gün sonunda rosmarinik asitin yaklaşık % 60'lık inhibisyona sebep olduğu, sirinjik asitin ise yaklaşık %80'lik bir inhibisyona sebep olduğu görülmüştür. Bu sonuçlardan yola çıkarak bebek ek gıdaları ve meyve sularında sıkça kullanılan armudun tat, koku ve lezzet kaybının önlenmesi için ortama rosmarinik asit ya da sirinjik asitin eklenmesiyle birlikte pişirme işlemi uygulanması raf ömrünü uzatmaktadır diyebiliriz.

Hydroperoxy‐9Z,11E‐octadecadienoic acid (13‐HPODE) can be obtained from safflower oil in an enzyme cascade utilizing lipase, lipoxygenase (LOX), and catalase for in situ oxygen generation. The application of immobilized enzymes may open a new path to a cost‐efficient production of 13‐HPODE, which is used for the synthesis of green note aroma hexanal. Ten immobilization supports are compared for immobilization of lipoxygenase‐1 from Glycine max (LOX‐1) and oxirane‐based Immobead 150 P proves to be best with a maximum LOX‐1 activity of 22 470 U g−1. The immobilizate is successfully recycled in eight consecutive batches and maintains full activity over a period of 16 h using a 3D‐printed column reactor. Catalase from Micrococcus lysodeikticus and LOX‐1 are co‐immobilized on Immobead 150 P allowing a constant production of 13‐HPODE for up to six cycles with a maximum product conversion of 45% and a 13‐regioselectivity of 83%. In this two‐enzyme system with H2O2‐dosage, foam generation is significantly reduced. Co‐immobilization of LOX‐1 and lipaseis possible; however, rapid lipase deactivation occurs. Therefore, a two‐reactor approach with oil hydrolysis in the first reactor is proposed. Immobilized lipases from C. rugosa are suitable for safflower oil hydrolysis and maintain full activity over ten hydrolysis cycles. Practical applications: Linoleic acid hydroperoxide (13‐HPODE) is the starting material for the synthesis of the green note aroma compound hexanal. The byproduct of the hydroperoxide splitting is ω‐oxododecenoic acid, which is currently not employed industrially. The bifunctional oxodocecenoic acid is interesting as precursor for the synthesis of polymer building blocks. Simple one‐step derivatization of the oxo‐group can yield suitable C12 monomers such as dicarboxylic acids, ω‐amino acids, or ω‐hydroxy acids. Cost‐efficiency is a key parameter to incorporate these new biobased building blocks for polymer applications. In this approach, immobilized enzymes are used for the synthesis of 13‐HPODE starting from safflower oil with in situ oxygen generation to prevent excessive foam formation. A two‐reactor concept is designed to circumvent hydroperoxide‐induced lipase deactivation. Direct comparison of both batch and continuous process is performed and provides information for the implementation of the enzyme cascade and the design of an optimized reactor system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important crops worldwide, and, as a resilient cereal, it grows in various climatic zones. Due to changing climatic conditions and naturally occurring environmental fluctuations, the priority problem in the cultivation of wheat is to improve the quality of the crop. Biotic and abiotic stressors are known factors leading to the deterioration of wheat grain quality and to crop yield reduction. The current state of knowledge on wheat genetics shows significant progress in the analysis of gluten, starch, and lipid genes responsible for the synthesis of the main nutrients in the endosperm of common wheat grain. By identifying these genes through transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics studies, we influence the creation of high-quality wheat. In this review, previous works were assessed to investigate the significance of genes, puroindolines, starches, lipids, and the impact of environmental factors, as well as their effects on the wheat grain quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tuberous roots of Holostemma annulare are utilized as the drug Jivanti in Ayurvedic medicine system. There is a huge demand of root tubers of this plant by pharmacies. Conversely, there are reports concerning adulteration in market samples of Jivanti resulting in damaging effect on the quality of drug formulations. Till now there is no significant study to relate the source plants available in markets as Jivanti. A meticulous phytochemical profiling especially of the roots is still a lacuna and no studies have been carried out yet regarding this. We focused on this concept and analyzed the antiinflammatory activity by means of proteinase inhibition assay, as well as COX and LOX inhibition assays in the root samples collected from homestead cultivation (HS) and from an authenticated trade shop in Thiruvananthapuram (TS). Among the two samples, TS exhibited comparable anti-inflammatory activity to HS which further confirms the authenticity of the genuine drug in the preparation of Ayurvedic formulations. The study provides a scientific rationale in using Holostemma roots in traditional drug preparations for diseases linked with inflammation and also throw light in fortifying molecular approaches in validating elite raw drugs in order to supplement genuine samples for pharma needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melanoma is characterized by high metastatic potential favored by the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), leading melanoma cells to exhibit a spectrum of typical EMT markers. This study aimed to analyze the expression of EMT markers in A375 and BLM melanoma cell lines cultured in 2D monolayers and 3D spheroids using morphological and molecular methods. The expression of EMT markers was strongly affected by 3D arrangement and revealed a hybrid phenotype for the two cell lines. Indeed, although E-cadherin was almost undetectable in both A375 and BLM cells, cortical actin was detected in A375 2D monolayers and 3D spheroids and was strongly expressed in BLM 3D spheroids. The mesenchymal marker N-cadherin was significantly up-regulated in A375 3D spheroids while undetectable in BLM cells, but vimentin was similarly expressed in both cell lines at the gene and protein levels. This pattern suggests that A375 cells exhibit a more undifferentiated/mesenchymal phenotype, while BLM cells have more melanocytic/differentiated characteristics. Accordingly, the Zeb1 and 2, Slug, Snail and Twist gene expression analyses showed that they were differentially expressed in 2D monolayers compared to 3D spheroids, supporting this view. Furthermore, A375 cells are characterized by a greater invasive potential, strongly influenced by 3D arrangement, compared to the BLM cell line, as evaluated by SDS-zymography and TIMPs gene expression analysis. Finally, TGF-β1, a master controller of EMT, and lysyl oxidase (LOX), involved in melanoma progression, were strongly up-regulated by 3D arrangement in the metastatic BLM cells alone, likely playing a role in the metastatic phases of melanoma progression. Overall, these findings suggest that A375 and BLM cells possess a hybrid/intermediate phenotype in relation to the expression of EMT markers. The former is characterized by a more mesenchymal/undifferentiated phenotype, while the latter shows a more melanocytic/differentiated phenotype. Our results contribute to the characterization of the role of EMT in melanoma cells and confirm that a 3D cell culture model could provide deeper insight into our understanding of the biology of melanoma.

Advances have been made in the search for new multi-target modulators to control pain and inflammation. Therefore, compound 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methanone (LQFM202) was synthesised and evaluated. First, in vitro assays were performed for COX-1, COX-2, and 5-LOX enzymes. Subsequently, adult female Swiss albino mice treated orally with LQFM202 at doses of 25–200 mg/kg were subjected to acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin-induced pain, carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia, carrageenan- or zymosan-induced paw oedema, or pleurisy. LQFM202 inhibited COX-1, COX-2, and LOX-5 (IC50 = 3499 µM, 1565 µM, and 1343 µM, respectively). In acute animal models, LQFM202 (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg) decreased the amount of abdominal writhing (29%, 52% and 48%, respectively). Pain in the second phase of the formalin test was reduced by 46% with intermediate dose. LQFM202 (100 mg/kg) reduced the difference in nociceptive threshold in all 4 h evaluated (46%, 37%, 30%, and 26%, respectively). LQFM202 (50 mg/kg) decreased the carrageenan-oedema from the second hour (27%, 31% and 25%, respectively); however, LQFM202 (100 mg/kg) decreased the carrageenan-oedema in all hours evaluated (35%, 42%, 48% and 50%, respectively). When using zymosan, LQFM202 (50 mg/kg) decreased the oedema in all hours evaluated (33%, 32%, 31% and 20%, respectively). In the carrageenan-pleurisy test, LQFM202 (50 mg/kg) reduced significantly the number of polymorphonuclear cells (34%), the myeloperoxidase activity (53%), TNF-α levels (47%), and IL-1β levels (58.8%). When using zymosan, LQFM202 (50 mg/kg) reduced the number of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells (54% and 79%, respectively); and the myeloperoxidase activity (46%). These results suggest antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of LQFM202. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various species of the genus Achillea L. (Asteraceae) are traditionally used worldwide for wound healing against diarrhea, flatulence, and abdominal pains, as diuretic and emmenagogue agents. In the present study, the essential oils (EOs) obtained separately from the leaves and inflorescences of wild-growing Achillea grandifolia Friv. from Mt. Menoikio and Mt. Pelion (Greece) were analyzed by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. The major compounds found in EOs of A. grandifolia inflorescences from Mt. Menoikio were as follows: cis-thujone (36.9%), 1,8-cineole (11.9%), camphor (10.0%), ascaridole (7.3%), α-terpinene (6.4%), sabinene (4.1%), trans-thujone (3.6%), and cis-jasmone (3.4%). In leaves from Mt. Menoikio, they were as follows: cis-thujone (50.8%), 1,8-cineole (20.0%), trans-thujone (5.5%), camphor (5.5%), borneol (3.6%), and α-terpineol (3.1%). In inflorescences from Mt. Pelion, they were as follows: camphor (70.5%), camphene (5.9%), cis-jasmone (3.2%), bornyl acetate (3.2%). In leaves from Mt. Pelion, they were as follows: camphor (83.2%), camphene (3.9%), and borneol (3.7%). Subsequently, the samples were first time tested for their antioxidant activities with the interaction of EOs with DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and their inhibition of lipid peroxidation, as well as for their anti-inflammatory activity through the soybean LOX (lipoxygenase) inhibition. All of the examined samples were found effective. A. grandifolia leaves presented the highest antioxidant potential according to the DPPH method, and the highest percentage of LOX inhibition. The study herein investigated for the first time the leaves and the inflorescences of A. grandifolia separately, and the results generally align with similar studies from neighboring countries (Turkey and Serbia) in terms of the yields and categorization of main EO compounds (oxygenated monoterpenes). However, the findings were not in agreement with previously studied Greek material, as a higher amount of cis-thujone and lower antioxidant activity are reported herein. Both the EOs of inflorescences and the leaves of the wild-growing population collected from Mt. Menoikio were characterized by a high quantity of cis-thujone (36.9% and 50.8%, respectively). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidoreductases catalyze oxidation–reduction reactions and comprise a very large and diverse group of enzymes, which can be subclassified depending on the catalytic mechanisms of the enzymes. One of the most prominent oxidative modifications in proteins is carbonylation, which involves the formation of aldehyde and keto groups in the side chain of lysines. This modification can alter the local macromolecular structure of proteins, thereby regulating their function, stability, and/or localization, as well as the nature of any protein–protein and/or protein–nucleic acid interactions. In this review, we focus on copper‐dependent amine oxidases, which catalyze oxidative deamination of amines to aldehydes. In particular, we discuss oxidation reactions that involve lysine residues and that are regulated by members of the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of proteins. We summarize what is known about the newly identified substrates and how this posttranslational modification regulates protein function in different contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is a traditional popular fruit widely grown in China. The volatiles in jujube determine its unique flavor and the high fruit quality required by consumers. However, the biosynthesis of volatiles in jujube were remain unknown. By using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, there were 46 volatile compounds were identified and determined from three representative jujube fruit types at six developmental stages, including the dry-used (Z. jujuba cv. 'Junzao'), the fresh-used (Z. jujuba cv. 'Dongzao'), and wild jujube (Z. jujuba var. spinosa Hu. cv. 'Qingjiansuanzao'). The aldehydes were identified as major volatile contributors to flavor, of which (E)-2-hexenal was the primary volatile in jujube fruit. Then LOX and HPL gene family were identified in jujube, which were involved in aldehyde biosynthesis through the lipoxygenase-hydroperoxide lyase (LOX-HPL) pathway. Gene expression analysis suggested that ZjLOX3 , ZjLOX4 , and ZjHPL1 were highly correlated with the accumulation of (E)-2-hexenal, and their proteins were localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm. Transient over-expression of ZjLOX3 , ZjLOX4 , and ZjHPL1 in jujube fruit significantly enhanced the accumulation of (E)-2-hexenal. Our study provides valuable information on the major volatiles and their biosynthesis in different types of jujube fruit. These results will help determine flavor improvements for future breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EMILIN1 (elastin-microfibril-interface-located-protein-1) is a structural component of the elastic fiber network and localizes to the interface between the fibrillin microfibril scaffold and the elastin core. How EMILIN1 contributes to connective tissue integrity is not fully understood. Here, we report bi-allelic EMILIN1 loss-of-function variants causative for an entity combining cutis laxa, arterial tortuosity, aneurysm formation, and bone fragility, resembling autosomal-recessive cutis laxa type 1B, due to EFEMP2 (FBLN4) deficiency. In both humans and mice, absence of EMILIN1 impairs EFEMP2 extracellular matrix deposition and LOX activity resulting in impaired elastogenesis, reduced collagen crosslinking, and aberrant growth factor signaling. Collagen fiber ultrastructure and histopathology in EMILIN1- or EFEMP2-deficient skin and aorta corroborate these findings and murine Emilin1 −/− femora show abnormal trabecular bone formation and strength. Altogether, EMILIN1 connects elastic fiber network with collagen fibril formation, relevant for both bone and vascular tissue homeostasis. [Display omitted] Adamo et al. describe a cutis laxa syndrome caused by bi-allelic loss-of-function variants in EMILIN1 characterized by arterial tortuosity, aneurysm formation, and osteopenia. They provide a model in which EMILIN1 connects elastic fiber network with collagen fibril formation, relevant for both bone and vascular tissue homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of previously synthesized 5-benzyliden-2-(5-methylthiazole-2-ylimino)thiazoli- din-4-one were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity on the basis of PASS predictive outcomes. The predictive compounds were found to demonstrate moderate to good anti-inflammatory activity, and some of them displayed better activity than indomethacin used as the reference drug. Structure–activity relationships revealed that the activity of compounds depends not only on the nature of the substituent but also on its position in the benzene ring. The most active compounds were selected to investigate their possible mechanism of action. COX and LOX activity were determined and found that the title compounds were active only to COX-1 enzymes with an inhibitory effect superior to the reference drug naproxen. As for LOX inhibitory activity, the derivatives failed to show remarkable LOX inhibition. Therefore, COX-1 has been identified as the main molecular target for the anti-inflammatory activity of our compounds. The docking study against COX-1 active site revealed that the residue Arg 120 was found to be responsible for activity. In summary, the 5-thiazol-based thiazolidinone derivatives have been identified as a novel class of selective COX-1 inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Hepatic fibrosis is characterized by hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and transdifferentiation-mediated extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, which both contribute to cirrhosis. However, no antifibrotic regimen is available in the clinic. microRNA-23b/27b/24-1 cluster inhibition of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling during hepatic development prompted us to explore whether this cluster inhibits HSC activation and hepatic fibrosis. Methods: Experimental fibrosis was studied in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-treated C57BL/6 mice. After administration of miR-23b/27b/24-1 lentivirus or vehicle, animals were euthanized for liver histology. In primary rat HSC and HSC-T6, the anti-fibrotic effect of miR-23b/27b/24-1 cluster was furtherly investigated by RNA-sequencing, luciferase reporter assay, western blotting and bioinformatic means. Results: In this study, we showed that increasing the miR-23b/27b/24-1 level through intravenous delivery of miR-23b/27b/24-1 lentivirus ameliorated mouse hepatic fibrosis. Mechanistically, the miR-23b/27b/24-1 cluster directly targeted messenger RNAs, which reduced the protein expression of 5 secretory profibrotic genes (TGF-β2, Gremlin1, LOX, Itgα2, and Itgα5) in HSCs. Suppression of the TGF-β signaling pathway by down-regulation of TGF-β2, Itgα2, and Itgα5, and activation of the bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway by inhibition of Gremlin1, decreased extracellular matrix secretion of HSCs. Furthermore, down-regulation of LOX expression softened the ECM. Moreover, a reduction in tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase 1 expression owing to weakened TGF-β signaling increased ECM degradation. Conclusions: Hepatic overexpression of the miR-23b/27b/24-1 cluster blocked hepatic fibrosis and may be a novel therapeutic regimen for patients with hepatic fibrosis.

The presence of ROS is associated with aging, which is damage caused by free radical reactions. ROS causes oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL), which builds up in plaque and contributes to inflammation. With aldehyde secondary products of lipid peroxidation such as Malondialdehyde (MDA), lipoxygenase, and xanthine oxidase as markers of oxidative stress, oxidized LDL causes endothelial dysfunction and cell apoptosis. The antioxidant 1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) sericin from Bombyx mori was tested in silico and in vitro in this study. The Bombyx mori peptide sequences QAYADYHSDPNGGSA (SP4) and ASSSFDASSA (SP7) had lower Gibbs energy for lipooxygenase (LOX) than native ligands, with values of -23.1044, -21.0056, and -10.3275 kcal/mol, respectively. hydrogen bonding to Gln289, Asp293, and Gly569. While ASSSFDASSA (SP7) has a higher Gibbs energy for xanthine oxidase (XOX), SEASSSTQATTVS (SP 5) has a lower Gibbs energy with values of -20.1839, -17.8952, and -11.8921 kcal/mol, respectively. While the cavity binding of the xanthine oxidase peptide binding SP5 and SP7 is located at the Glu802, Asp872, and Ser876 binding sites, the DPPH test confirmed in vitro that the 10% sericin Gel had an IC50 of 19.7394 ppm compared to 3.71 ppm ascorbic acid. The findings of the preceding study demonstrate that sericin, as an antioxidant, is one of the candidates for antiaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor cell infiltrative ability into surrounding brain tissue is a characteristic of diffusely infiltrative astrocytoma and is strongly associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness. Collagens are the most abundant ECM scaffolding proteins and contribute to matrix organization and stiffness. LOX family members, copper-dependent amine oxidases, participate in the collagen and elastin crosslinking that determine ECM tensile strength. Common IDH mutations in lower-grade gliomas (LGG) impact prognosis and have been associated with ECM stiffness. We analyzed the expression levels of LOX family members and matrisome-associated genes in astrocytoma stratified by malignancy grade and IDH mutation status. A progressive increase in expression of all five LOX family members according to malignancy grade was found. LOX, LOXL1, and LOXL3 expression correlated with matrisome gene expressions. LOXL1 correlations were detected in LGG with IDH mutation (IDHmut), LOXL3 correlations in LGG with IDH wild type (IDHwt) and strong LOX correlations in glioblastoma (GBM) were found. These increasing correlations may explain the increment of ECM stiffness and tumor aggressiveness from LGG-IDHmut and LGG-IDHwt through to GBM. The expression of the mechanosensitive transcription factor, β-catenin, also increased with malignancy grade and was correlated with LOXL1 and LOXL3 expression, suggesting involvement of this factor in the outside–in signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean (Glycine max) is a superior plant food known as the miracle golden bean due to its treasure trove of inexpensive and superior protein to high-priced meat protein. Tofu is typically thought of as a salt or acid-coagulated water-based gel containing soy lipids and proteins trapped within its gel networks. Sprouted tofu is easier to digest and contains more nutrients than regular tofu. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional and sensory quality of tofu. The study was concerned with the preparation of tofu from non-germinated and germinated soybeans of 0 (T0), 2 (T1), 4 (T2) and 6 (T3) days. The length of the radicle was 0.8, 1.5, and 2 inches for T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Lipoxygenase activity, phytate inhibitory activity, urease activity, trypsin inhibitory activity, protein solubility, nutritional, and sensory quality of prepared tofu were all assessed. Longer sprouting times reduced phytate, urease, trypsin, and lipoxygenase activity while increasing protein solubility. Tofu prepared from T3 showed significantly better physicochemical properties than others. Protein, ash, and fat contents were significantly higher in T3. The level of nutrient content for tofu samples was in the rank of T3>T2>T1>T0. The L∗, a∗ and b∗ values were followed the same ranked as nutrient content (T3>T2>T1>T0). Sensory characteristics indicated that T3 was significantly more acceptable to the panelist. This study concludes that tofu made from 6 day sprouted soybeans with a height of 2 inches can be a good source of nutrition for consumers.

Ethylene plays a critical role in peach (Prunus persica) fruit ripening; however, the molecular mechanism underlying ethylene-mediated aroma biosynthesis remains unclear. Here, we compared the difference in aroma-related volatiles and gene expression levels between melting-flesh (MF) and stony hard (SH) peach cultivars at S3, S4 I, S4 II, S4 III stages, and explored the relation between volatile biosynthesis related genes and ethylene response factor (ERF) genes. The concentration of fruity aromatic compounds such as lactones and terpenes increased significantly in MF peach during fruit ripening, while it was nearly undetectable in SH peach. LOX4 and FAD1 genes expressed concomitantly with ethylene emission and significantly downregulated by 1-MCP. Besides, 1-MCP treatment could sharply influence the fruity aromatic compounds, suggesting that these genes play key roles in volatile biosynthesis during fruit ripening. Furthermore, PpERF5 and PpERF7 could bind together to form a protein complex that enhanced the transcription of LOX4 more than each transcription factor individually. Overall, this work provides new insights into the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms associated with aroma formation during peach fruit ripening. • Lactones and terpenes increased sharply in MF peach, but undetectable in SH peach. • LOX4 and FAD1 genes were expressed concomitantly with ethylene emission. • PpERF5 and PpERF7 could bind together that enhanced the transcription of LOX4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As important factors to oolong tea quality, the accumulation and dynamic change in aroma substances attracts great attention. The volatile composition of oolong tea is closely related to the precursor contents. Fatty acids (FAs) and their derivatives are basic components of oolong tea fragrance during the postharvest process. However, information about the precursors of FAs during the postharvest process of oolong tea production is rare. To investigate the transformation of fatty acids during the process of oolong tea production, gas chromatograph–flame ionization detection (GC-FID) was conducted to analyze the composition of FAs. The results show that the content of total polyunsaturated FAs initially increased and then decreased. Specifically, the contents of α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid and other representative substances decreased after the turn-over process of oolong tea production. The results of partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) showed that five types of FAs were obviously impacted by the processing methods of oolong tea (VIP > 1.0). LOX (Lipoxygenase, EC 1.13.11.12) is considered one of the key rate-limiting enzymes of long-chain unsaturated FAs in the LOX-HPL (hydroperoxide lyase) pathway, and the mechanical wounding occurring during the postharvest process of oolong tea production greatly elevated the activity of LOX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Runx2 is one of the runt-related genes that are overexpressed in human cancers and contribute to metastasis. The cancer cell metastasis requires modifications of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and reduction in ECM-cell interaction. This process is performed by various enzymes and proteins secreted by cancer and surrounding cells. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the Runx2 transcription factor on the expression of matricellular proteins such as HPA1, LOX, SPARC, and OPN, which have important roles in ECM modification and ECM-cell interaction in human breast cancer. Also, the changes in their associated oncogenic pathways including Akt, Erk, FAK activities, and c-jun protein expression were investigated. Methods and results: Runx2 knockdown model was created using runx2 siRNA in MDA-MB-231 human metastatic breast cancer cells. The changes in the mRNA and protein expressions of ECM proteins were shown by the qPCR and Western blotting, respectively. The results showed that there was a decrease in both mRNA and protein expressions of HPA1, SPARC, and LOX, whereas there was no change in those of OPN. Phosphorylated Akt, Erk, FAK levels, and protein expression of c-jun, however, decreased in the cells. Conclusion: Our results revealed that Runx2 affected matricellular protein expression, which is important for metastasis and invasion of breast cancer. Hence, we have concluded that runx2 appears to be efficient for regulating breast cancer metastasis through an expression of matricellular proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipoxygenase (LOX) activity is closely related to wheat processing and storage quality. In the present research, ten wheat cultivars were used to compare the effects of genotype, location, year, and their interactions on the LOX activity. Furthermore, 123 wheat cultivars were evaluated for LOX activity with 192 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and to identify elite alleles related to LOX activity. The results indicated that LOX activity was highly affected by genotype (variety) than that by the location. A total of 22 SSR molecular marker loci with a significant or very significant correlation with LOX activity were identified on performing association analysis. In 3 years, only one molecular marker locus associated with LOX activity was detected (WMC488); in 2 years, seven molecular marker loci were detected, while in only 1 year, the other 14 molecular marker loci were detected. A total of 7 and 6 marker loci significantly related to LOX activity accounting for 31.2% and 27.2%, respectively, were located in homologous groups 4 and 5, and group 7. This research provided the theoretical basis and the markers for molecular-assisted wheat breeding that facilitate the breeding process in the processing and storage quality of grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eucalyptus essential oils are well-known and used especially in upper respiratory tract pathologies or diseases as herbal drug preparations. In the present study, the in vitro angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzyme inhibitory potentials of commercial Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and Eucalyptus citriodora Hook. essential oils were evaluated for their potential anti-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, the major components, 1,8-cineole and citronellal, were evaluated for their ability to bind at the active site of either human ACE2 or human 5-LOX using an in silico setting. Before activity evaluation, Eucalyptus globulus and E citriodora essential oils were analysed by GC/FID and GC/MS, where 1,8-cineole (30%), and citronellal (80%) were identified as the major components, respectively. The in vitro ACE2 inhibition was calculated as 94.9% for E globulus, and that of E citriodora essential oil as 83.4%. In vitro LOX inhibition experiments for essential oils in the same order showed inhibitions of 71.3 and 91.4%, respectively, at 20 µg/mL test concentrations in microplate-based fluorometric assays. In addition, protein–ligand docking, and interaction profiling was used to gain structural and mechanistic insights into the in silico ACE2 and LOX inhibitory potentials of the major Eucalyptus essential oil constituents, 1,8-cineole as well as citronellal. The resulting data supported the in vitro findings; however, further in vivo studies are needed to confirm the activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tamarindus indica is a type of plant sub-family Caesalpinioideae, which is predicted to have anti-inflammatory properties. When inflammation occurs, arachidonic acid will undergo metabolism, the LOX pathway will release 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX). Objective: This study aimed to analyze the potential of acetylfuran and furfural compounds on LOX action. Methods: The compound Acetylfuran (CID 14505), Furfural (CID 7362) were downloaded from the PubChem database. The 5-LOX protein was obtained from PDB (6N2W), preparation by removing ligands and molecules that bind to Discovery Studio V19.1.0.18287. Compound and protein interactions have interacted with the Vina autodock software integrated into the PyRX software and analyzed by Discovery Studio V19.1.0.18287. Results: The results showed that the content of Acetylfuran and Furfural compounds in Tamarindus indica is predicted to have the potential as an inhibitor of the LOX gene on different amino acid residues, namely 3 amino acid residues and 4 amino acid residues, respectively and produce binding energy. In addition, van der Waals forces, hydrogen and hydrophobic bonds were found, giving the strength of the bonds formed. Conclusion: Bioactive acetylfuran and furfural have the potential as a drug to curve inflammation in the human body.

Inhibition of COX and LOX could contribute to memory formation and prevention of neurodegeneration, by alleviation of neuroinflammation and improvement of mitochondrial homeostasis. We aimed to assess the effect of licofelone, a dual COX and 5-LOX inhibitor on memory formation, neural apoptosis, neural regeneration, and mitophagy in acute and chronic dosages, given that licofelone could regulate nitric oxide levels. Y-maze and Passive Avoidance tests were used to evaluate memory function in NMRI mice using the EthoVision setting, following scopolamine administration (1 mg/kg, i.p.) as an acute amnestic drug. Hippocampi were used to evaluate the levels of apoptosis via TUNEL assay, neural regeneration via immunohistochemistry method detecting doublecortin and nestin, and mitophagy via Western blot of mitophagy proteins Parkin and ATG5. While acute high-dose licofelone (20 mg/kg) could reverse amnestic effects of scopolamine in passive avoidance test (p = 0.0001), Chronic licofelone (10 mg/kg for 10 consecutive days) could improve performance in Y-maze (p = 0.0007). Molecular analysis revealed that the chronic form of the drug could enhance neural regeneration in CA1 and SGZ regions, reset mitophagy levels as much as the healthy state, and reduce apoptosis rate. Licofelone appears to show a desirable anti-amnestic profile in a low dose chronically; it is hence recommended for future clinical studies on the prevention of neuroinflammation and memory deficit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]