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Early juveniles of the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus are known to use drifting seaweed before transitioning to benthic habitats in a behaviour that is thought to be a strategy to avoid shallow water predators. However, little is known about whether the predation risk of P. trituberculatus juveniles is reduced in such seaweed. To assess the nursery function of drifting seaweed for P. trituberculatus as a refuge from predation, we conducted field experiments to compare the relative survival of first to fifth instar (i.e. small to large body size) juveniles tethered to floating macroalgae that mimicked drifting seaweed and to unstructured sand habitats. The survival of tethered juveniles was higher in floating algae than in sand. This was particularly evident among first- to third-instar juveniles, which exhibited less burying behaviour. Thus, first- to third-instar juveniles with small body size and less burying habits are likely to be most vulnerable to predation, and drifting seaweed may function as a nursery vehicle, providing refuge from predators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Beaches are among the world's most important coastal ecosystems, within which surf zones are crucial providers of essential ecosystem services to humans. We completed the first estimate of current and potential monetary value of fishery resources in surf zones of beaches on the southwestern Iberian Peninsula. Over 1 year, five beaches in the Gulf of Cádiz were sampled using a beach seine. For monetary valuation, average first‐sale prices were used, with a capital update based on the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The 189.16 kg of 38 commercial species captured had a potential monetary value (PMV) of 408.63 €/ha. The annual value of adult fish (19 species) averaged 115.05 €/ha and juvenile fish (33 species) averaged 293.58 €/ha. Our findings highlight the value of surf zones and beaches as fishery resources, similar to other marine ecosystems. Our findings are useful for ongoing monitoring and research to enhance knowledge of these areas and the array of ecosystem services they provide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Species of Botryosphaeriaceae fungi are relevant pathogens of almond causing trunk cankers, extensive gumming, necrosis of internal tissues and plant dieback and dead, threatening almond productivity. A novel triplex quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay was designed for the simultaneous detection and quantification of Neofusicoccum parvum, Botryosphaeria dothidea and the Botryosphaeriaceae family. Material and methods: The method was validated in symptomatic and asymptomatic almond, avocado, blueberry and grapevine plants and in environmental samples, such as cropping soil and rainwater and in artificially inoculated trapped spores, demonstrating the same performance on several matrices. Results and discussion: The limit of detection of the triplex qPCR was 10 fg of genomic DNA for the three fungal targets, with high correlation coefficients (R2) and amplification efficiencies between 90 and 120%. Although the triplex qPCR demonstrated to be more sensitive and accurate than the traditional plate culturing and further sequencing method, a substantial agreement (kappa index = 0.8052 ± 0.0512) was found between the two detection methods. The highly sensitive qPCR assay allows for accurate diagnosis of symptomatic plants and early detection of Botryosphaeriaceae fungi in asymptomatic plants (rootstocks and grafting scions from almond nurseries). Furthermore, the triplex qPCR successfully detected Botryosphaeriaceae fungi in environmental samples, such as cropping soils and rainwater. It was also capable of detecting as few as 10 conidia in artificially inoculated tapes. Therefore, the triplex qPCR is a valuable tool for accurate diagnosis, aiding in the implementation of suitable control measures. It enables preventive detection in asymptomatic samples, helping to avoid the introduction and spread of these pathogens in production fields. Moreover, it assists in identifying inoculum sources and quantifying inoculum levels in crop environments, contributing to a precise phytosanitary application schedule, thereby reducing production costs and preserving the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant nursery presents the characteristics of close planting. It is difficult for the traditional air-assisted sprayer to take into account the dual requirements of "long spray range and uniform droplet deposition", which leads to the problems of low deposition and drift.A goose-neck long-range air-assisted sprayer for nursery was designed based on CFD simulation and free submerged jet theory. The three-outlet flow guide device, as the core component of the sprayer, has outlets A, B, and C. Air outlet A adopts a circular arc shape, while air outlet B and air outlet C are gradually expanding circular arc tubes. The three air outlets are interconnected and correspond to different areas, which can meet the requirements of far-range spray operation. The optimized curvature radius parameters are conducive to maintaining a uniform and stable flow state of airflow. Based on the free submergence jet theory, the air outlet and fan parameters were determined, and airflow field distribution measurement experiments were conducted. when the fan speed is no less that 2 200 r/min, the airflow speed can fit the spraying requirement as far as 20 m. The average airflow speed was 2.33 m/s at a height of 0.8 m ; the airflow speed was 1.74 m/s at 20.0 m. The variation coefficient of airflow speed at different heights was less than 30%, indicating that the energy attenuation rate was slow and uniform, and the airflow could carry droplets to spray far away at a uniform speed. The droplet deposition test shows that the variation coefficient of the droplet deposition amount of the goose-neck long-range nursery air spray is 28.87%. To ensure the reliability of our findings,a comprehensive field test of the sprayer were conducted. Citrus seedlings, with an average height of 80 cm, were chosen as the test subjects, and the test was carried out in the nursery of the Citrus Research Institute of Chongqing Southwest University. Following the guidelines of GB/T17997-2008, the droplet deposition effect and drift rate at various distances were tested .The experimental results show that the fan speed of the sprayer is 2 400 r/min and the driving speed is 1 m/s; the droplet deposition tends to be less-more-less with the increase of distance. The droplet coverage rates of the upper and lower leaves of the canopy were 51.93% and 24.38%, respectively, and 42.99% and 19.26%, respectively. The average droplet deposition on the front and back leaves of the upper canopy was 13.34 and 2.82 μl/cm², respectively, and that on the lower canopy was 5.44 and 2.63 μl/cm², respectively, which met the requirements of plant protection spraying operation. It can be seen that the sprayer shows good spray range performance and droplet deposition uniformity, which can meet the agronomic requirements of the complex planting environment in the nursery and the industrial standards of the air-assisted sprayer. At present, in Chinese nurseries such as citrus, pear, and apple, etc, manual machinery accounts for a large proportion of spraying equipment, and the demand for specialized sprayers is becoming increasingly urgent. Due to the close planting mode of the nursery, it can be considered that the two modes of spray with high clearance spraying and long-range airflow- assisted spraying have application prospects. Compared with high-clearance spraying, long-range airflow-assisted spraying has the characteristics of high operating efficiency and good horticultural trafficability and is more suitable for small and medium- sized nurseries. However, improving the delivery distance of aerosol flow while ensuring good uniformity of droplet deposition is still a challenge. The results of this study can provide a new idea for developing a long-range air-assisted sprayer for nurseries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oomycete genus Phytophthora includes plant pathogens that pose significant threats to agricultural systems, natural ecosystems and urban forests. Urban forests are increasingly recognized for their role in mitigating climate change impacts and urban greening initiatives are underway worldwide. However, research suggests that the urban forest is also a reservoir of Phytophthora diversity, acting as bridgeheads for the introduction of these pathogens into production and natural ecosystems. The source of Phytophthora in urban forests is linked to anthropogenic factors, with the live plant trade the primary pathway. This study focused on the incidence and diversity of Phytophthora in amenity tree nursery stock in eastern Australia, primarily New South Wales, with one nursery from Victoria. The findings revealed a high incidence of Phytophthora in nursery stock destined for urban greening projects, having an overall positive rate of 22.1%, with incidence in individual nurseries ranging from 2.5% to 32%. The study detected 13 described Phytophthora species that are considered polyphagous on woody hosts and three lineages that potentially represent novel species. In addition, the detection of P. mediterranea and P. heterospora represent first reports for Australia, with P. mediterranea considered a biosecurity concern. The study highlights the substantial risk associated with the live plant trade as a source of Phytophthora introduction into urban forests and beyond. These findings underscore the urgent need to strictly implement clean nursery management practices to reduce the economic and environmental risks associated with Phytophthora in urban greening programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to understand institutional violence (IV) in the relationships between health professionals, hospitalized children, and family members. This is a qualitative study developed at the pediatric inpatient unit of a university hospital in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The research participants consisted of 39 health professionals who specialized in pediatrics and 10 family members of hospitalized children. Semi‐structured interviews were the method used for data collection. Using discourse analysis as a basis and taking a Foucauldian perspective, the researchers observed that the expressions of IV could be traced to abusive power relations within the system. We found four discursive forms within the data set: communication problems as IV, violence through inattention and neglect, violence as an action and consequent materialization on the body, and psychological violence as a submission mechanism. Based on these findings, we argue that professionals, managers, the scientific community, and users might be able to better guarantee the safety of children by recognizing IV and effectively intervening in it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seasonal variability in environmental conditions is a strong determinant of animal migrations, but warming temperatures associated with climate change are anticipated to alter this phenomenon with unknown consequences.We used a 40‐year fishery‐independent survey to assess how a changing climate has altered the migration timing, duration and first‐year survival of juvenile bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas).From 1982 to 2021, estuaries in the western Gulf of Mexico (Texas) experienced a mean increase of 1.55°C in autumn water temperatures, and delays in autumn cold fronts by ca. 0.5 days per year. Bull shark migrations in more northern estuaries concomitantly changed, with departures 25–36 days later in 2021 than in 1982. Later, migrations resulted in reduced overwintering durations by up to 81 days, and the relative abundance of post‐overwintering age 0–1 sharks increased by >50% during the 40‐year study period.Yet, reductions in prey availability were the most influential factor delaying migrations. Juvenile sharks remained in natal estuaries longer when prey were less abundant. Long‐term declines in prey reportedly occurred due to reduced spawning success associated with climate change based on published reports. Consequently, warming waters likely enabled and indirectly caused the observed changes in shark migratory behaviour.As water temperatures continue to rise, bull sharks in the north‐western Gulf of Mexico could forgo their winter migrations in the next 50–100 years based on current trends and physiological limits, thereby altering their ecological roles in estuarine ecosystems and recruitment into the adult population. It is unclear if estuarine food webs will be able to support changing residency patterns as climate change affects the spawning success of forage species.We expect these trends are not unique to the western Gulf of Mexico or bull sharks, and migratory patterns of predators in subtropical latitudes are similarly changing at a global scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of fruit tree seedlings generates waste wood biomass, which results from the pruning of budded rootstocks in the first year of the two-year production cycle. This study proposes a new method of managing this biomass by recycling the wood chips (2, 3 and 5 t ha−1) back into the soil. The impact of different wood chip doses on selected physicochemical soil properties after the production process (especially soil organic carbon content (SOC), as well as the quantity and quality of the produced Malus domestica fruit tree seedlings, was determined. The recycling of waste biomass contributed to enriching the soil with additional components, mainly organic carbon with the potential for biotransformation into humic substances. The applied doses of wood chips, in amounts of 2, 3, and 5 t ha−1, resulted in an increase in SOC content compared to the control by 21.5%, 22.5%, and 35.8%, respectively. Additionally, the recycling of waste biomass introduced other compounds important for plant growth and development into the soil, particularly iron, zinc, magnesium, and manganese. It should be noted that the proposed method of managing waste biomass generated during the apple tree seedling production stage resulted in reduced production costs while maintaining high production indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The cephalopod Sepiella maindroni de Rochebrune (Hoyle, 1886) is an economically important species in China's seas, but after habitat loss and overfishing in the 1980s, Sepia kobiensis (Hoyle, 1885) gradually replaced its ecosystem roles and fisheries status. Therefore, it is vital to identify the seasonal–spatial distribution variations and characteristics of these two species in recent years. In this study, we found that S. maindroni larvae were present at 30.50° N 123.50° E in winter, and the majority of overwintering populations were distributed outside the closed fishing lines of the China seas. Seasonal variations of the recorded sea surface salinity and depth indicated that S. maindroni moved from offshore to coastal areas in spring, where they stayed from summer to autumn, and then they migrated to warmer offshore areas in winter. During the spring, we found that S. kobiensis tended to be distributed in offshore areas in the northern and in inshore areas in the southern survey areas. We found a greater number of larger individuals in the offshore southern East China Sea in spring and a large number of growing juveniles in summer. Climate change is having important effects on the migration routes and seasonal–spatial distribution patterns of aquatic animals, including the cephalopods Sepiella maindroni de Rochebrune (Hoyle, 1886) and Sepia kobiensis (Hoyle, 1885) in the East China Sea region. We conducted bottom trawling surveys from 2018 to 2019 in the East China Sea region to identify the seasonal–spatial distribution patterns, including the locations of spawning and nursery grounds of both species, and to determine how they are related to environmental variables. We used random forests and boosted regression trees to identify the distribution patterns of both species from spring to winter to estimate the annual mean situations. We also predicted the habitat distribution variations in 2050 and 2100 under the SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 climate change scenarios. From our survey data, we detected increasing biomass densities of S. maindroni from 29.50° N to 28.50° N, where the largest value of 213.92 g·ind−1 occurred. In spring, juvenile groups were present in coastal areas and larger individuals were found in offshore areas. We identified potential spawning grounds at 29.50°–33.00° N 122.50°–123.00° E adjacent to the Zhejiang coastline, and larger individuals and higher biomass densities in south of the 29.50° N line in summer. In autumn, the average individual weight increased in the 28.00° N 122.00° E→124.00° E area. We located potential S. kobiensis spawning grounds at 27.00° N 122.00°–123.50° E in spring. Growing overwintering juveniles migrated to the area of 29.50°–30.50° N 125.00°–127.00° E in winter. The sea surface temperature of the areas inhabited by both species showed obvious seasonal variation. The SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios indicated that the habitat of S. maindroni would shift to the south first and then to the north of the study area with the intensification of CO2 emissions, and it would first expand and then greatly decrease. However, the habitat area of S. kobiensis would increase. Our results will contribute to a better understanding of the life history traits of both species and the changes in their distribution patterns under different climate scenarios to ensure sustainable exploitation and fisheries management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Between 2012 and 2023, using non-invasive photo-identification techniques, 23 specimens of grey reef sharks were identified in the Mozambique Channel off Nosy Be, in an area called "Mokarran". Some specimens have been re-sighted in this area for up to 1982 days. A probable aggregation and nursery area for this species may have been identified off the coast of Madagascar and, if confirmed, it will be necessary to provide for its protection. Following preliminary underwater observations of about 1000 h carried out monthly between 2012 and 2023 (except the years 2021 and 2022), 23 specimens of grey reef sharks were spotted and photo-identified off the coast of Nosy Be in Madagascar, on an emerging reef called "Mokarran" at a depth between 15 and 30 m. Over 10 years of observations, eight specimens were re-sighted, identified with a non-invasive photo-identification technique of part of the first dorsal and the caudal fin, and one specimen was re-identified after 1982 days from the first sighting, i.e., after more than 5 years. In addition, six specimens of probably pregnant females were also identified in the same area. The population was entirely made up of females. The aggregation area could represent a new nursery site which, if confirmed after further investigations, will require greater protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study is to optimize the trophic and hormonal determination of raspberry reproduction in vitro and post-aseptic adaptation ex vitro. The research was carried out on the remontant raspberry variety Delniwa of Polish selection. Laboratory studies were carried out in the conditions of the Tevitta TM laboratory (Ltd "Agrofirm Blagodatne," Cherkasy region), and experiments were laid in four stages: introduction into aseptic culture, multiplication, induction of rhizogenesis, and post-aseptic adaptation, including photoautotrophic grafting. A medium for obtaining an aseptic culture and a media for multiplication have been selected. The rate of regeneration of explants of different origins, and the percentage of regenerants from them, was compared. The dynamics of the influence of cytokinin concentrations during long-term reproduction in vitro were revealed. Cultivation on a medium with a high content of benzylaminopurine and kinetin showed the effect of accumulation of phytotoxicity. The expediency of growing graft donors for grafting at low kinetin concentrations to improve the induction of rhizogenesis is substantiated. Regenerants from media with a predominance of auxins over cytokinins had a higher regeneration potential. According to indicators of suitability for survival, perlite substrates prevailed over peat ones; however, regenerants of a smaller height were formed on them. The symptoms and harmful effects of excessive watering on plants have been established. A biomethod of insect control using insectivorous plants of the genus Drosera has been developed. The rate of rhizogenesis in bioreactor conditions with humidified and carbon dioxide-enriched air significantly exceeded root formation in conventional moist chambers. The duration of growing an adapted and well-rooted seedling in a bioreactor was 21 days, compared to 30 or more days in the control version of the experiment. The plants did not lose turgor when planted in closed soil. Adapted regenerants are successfully used as a planting material and can be used in photoautotrophic microclonal propagation as donors of cuttings. Under such conditions, the regeneration efficiency is maintained for five cutting generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of macroalgae as feed additives has attracted great interest in past years because of their nutritional, immunostimulant, antiviral, antibacterial, and growth-promoting properties. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the use of dry biomass of macroalgae Ulva ohnoi in the diets of Penaeus vannamei post-larvae cultured in a biofloc system on growth performance, post-larvae microbiology, and resistance to thermal shock. U. ohnoi was included in the diets at three levels (0, 0.5, and 2% inclusion) and added to diets to replace kaolin. Post-larvae (0.068 ± 0.01 g) were cultured for 46 days in 60-L tanks at a density of 2000 post-larvae m−3 and fed six times daily. Shrimp fed with 0.5% of Ulva ohnoi in the diet showed a significantly higher final mean weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate than those in the control group. The post-larvae fed with the diet containing 2.0% of U. ohnoi exhibited a significantly higher total heterotrophic bacteria count than the post-larvae of the control group. Considering that the performance of shrimp fed with diets containing U. ohnoi was similar, the inclusion of 0.5% is recommended because shrimp growth was higher in this inclusion compared with the control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To popularize Kuruma shrimp, Penaeus (Marsupenaeus) japonicus Form II, as a part of the diversification of shrimp farming across India, seed production and growth performance studies were conducted. In experiment I, the reproductive performance of Kuruma shrimp was studied in captive system. In experiment II, a 75-day growth performance study was carried out in 2 × 2 factorial design with and without sandy bottom (S) as the first factor and outdoor units having natural light (O) and indoor units with restricted light (I) as the second factor resulting in four treatments: O+S, O-S, I+S and I-S. The seed production trial recorded an average survival of nauplius to post larvae (PL) 36 ± 12%. In experiment II, the PL (0.02 ± 0.01 g) was stocked at 300 PL m−3 to study the effect of sandy bottom and light intensity on growth performance. Results indicated that the highest final body weight (0.63 ± 0.05 g) and survival (80 ± 2.0 %) were registered in outdoor units without (O-S) and with sandy bottom (O+S), respectively. Although no difference (p > 0.05) in body weights were recorded among the treatments, the Kuruma shrimps reared under indoor units with restricted light intensity had lower (p < 0.05) survival (43–45%). The light intensity varied from 459 to 6583 lux in the outdoor system whereas indoor units had only 8–35 lux. A significant interaction effect (p < 0.01) between the sandy bottom and light intensity on food conversion ratio (FCR), coefficient of variation at final weight, CVabw (%), nitrite-N, TSS and chl–a level were noticed. The Kuruma shrimp reared under outdoor units (O+S and O+S) had well-developed chromatophores; meanwhile, the transparent colouration was recorded in the shrimps reared under restricted light intensity. The present study concludes the potential to rear P. japonicus Form II in tank or lined rearing system without the sandy bottom and scope to develop location-specific culture and seed production techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide, coastal wetlands are threatened by disrupted hydrology, urbanization, and sea-level rise. In southwest Florida, coastal wetlands include tidal creeks and coastal ponds, which are the primary habitats used by juvenile Tarpon, Megalops atlanticus, an important sport fish. Coastal ponds can occur near uplands and are ephemerally connected to the open estuary, creating conditions of variable dissolved oxygen and salinity. Juveniles can tolerate wide-ranging abiotic conditions, but little is known about how they egress from their remote nursery habitats, which often requires them to cross > 1 km of mangrove forest to reach the open estuary. The objective of this study was to (1) compare Tarpon body condition among ponds close to the open estuary versus those ponds farther away on the Cape Haze peninsula of Charlotte Harbor, Florida, and (2) using acoustic telemetry determine what factors contribute to Tarpon emigration from the ponds to open estuarine waters. We tested the hypothesis that distinct groups of Tarpon occur in isolated ponds, leading to variation in fish length and body condition, and that opportunities for emigration from these ponds hinge on high water events. No pond stood out as having Tarpon of low body condition. Factors contributing to increased probabilities of Tarpon emigration were low barometric pressure, high-water level, and Tarpon body length. Tarpon emigrated from ponds near tidal creeks during summer king tides, while tropical cyclone conditions were needed to allow for movement from ponds farther in the landscape. The juvenile Tarpon were later detected at the mouths of large rivers 30 km up-estuary. The characterizations of water levels and event criteria needed for successful Tarpon nurseries should aid in habitat conservation and the creation of Tarpon nursery habitat in restoration designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRAK Sebagai tahap awal dalam siklus hidup tanaman kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), praktik pembibitan kelapa sawit menjadi aspek penting yang memerlukan evaluasi lebih dalam. Pemahaman mengenai dampak lingkungan pada fase pembibitan adalah kunci untuk merancang strategi pengelolaan yang berkelanjutan, mengurangi kerusakan ekosistem, dan mencapai keseimbangan antara produksi dan konservasi alam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak lingkungan pembibitan kelapa sawit di Unit Pembibitan Kelapa Sawit (UPKS) Politeknik Negeri Lampung menggunakan pendekatan penilaian daur hidup atau life cycle assessment (LCA). Studi ini difokuskan pada penilaian daur hidup gate-to-gate yang dilaksanakan dari Oktober hingga Desember 2023. Data dikumpulkan melalui kunjungan lapang dan wawancara dengan pengelola UPKS. Ruang lingkup LCA dimulai dari penerimaan kecambah hingga bibit siap salur. Permodelan dampak lingkungan menggunakan openLCA versi 2.0.3 dengan metode CML-IA baseline dan database pendukung Agribalyse v3.0.1. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara umum pembibitan kelapa sawit memberikan dampak lingkungan yang tidak signifikan. Kontribusi dampak lingkungan terbesar berasal dari dampak sekunder, khususnya marine aquatic ecotoxicity sebesar 190.52122 kg 1,4-DB eq. dan abiotic depletion (fossil fuels) sebesar 5.65733 MJ. Dampak primer potensi global warming (GWP100a) sebesar 0.27033 kg CO2 eq. yang dominan berasal dari penggunaan polybag dan potensi human toxicity sebesar 0.08227 kg 1,4-DB eq. Upaya pengurangan dampak lingkungan dapat dilakukan dengan penggunaan pot tray yang dapat digunakan berulang kali atau alternatif polybag dari bahan organik, kombinasi pupuk anorganik dan pupuk organik untuk mengurangi dosis pupuk anorganik, dan mengurangi laju evapotranpirasi dari tanaman dan media tanam dengan penggunaan mulsa organik dan media tanam yang mengandung bahan organic. Kata kunci: dampak lingkungan, kelapa sawit, LCA, pemanasan global, pembibitan ABSTRACT As the initial stage in the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plant life cycle, oil palm seedling cultivation becomes a crucial aspect that requires in-depth evaluation. Understanding the environmental impact at the seedling phase is critical to designing more sustainable management strategies, reducing ecosystem damage, and achieving a balance between production and conservation. This study aims to present an environmental impact analysis of oil palm seedling cultivation at the Oil Palm Nursery Unit (UPKS) of Politeknik Negeri Lampung using the life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. This study focuses on a gate-to-gate life cycle assessment conducted from October to December 2023. Data were collected through field visits and interviews with UPKS managers. The LCA scope covers from seed acceptance to ready-to-distribute seedlings. Environmental impact modeling used openLCA version 2.0.3 with the CML-IA baseline method and supporting database Agribalyse v3.0.1. Results indicate that oil palm seedling nursery generally has an insignificant environmental impact. The most substantial contributions come from secondary impacts, mainly marine aquatic ecotoxicity at 190.52122 kg 1,4-DB eq. and abiotic depletion (fossil fuels) at 5.65733 MJ. Primary impacts are potential global warming (GWP100a) at 0.27033 kg CO2 eq., primarily from polybag use, and potential human toxicity at 0.08227 kg 1,4-DB eq. Efforts to mitigate environmental impacts can be achieved by using reusable pot trays or organic material-based polybags as alternatives, coupled with a combination of inorganic and organic fertilizers to reduce the dosage of inorganic fertilizers. Additionally, curtailing evapotranspiration rates from plants and growing media can be accomplished by employing organic mulch and growing media enriched with organic matter. Keywords: environmental impact, global warming, LCA, nursery, oil palm

Due to the lack of irrigation management techniques, the application of water in forest nurseries is generally carried out without control, resulting in great waste. This study aimed to develop and evaluate weighing mini-lysimeters (ML) to automate the irrigation system and determine the water demand and evaluation of the initial tree species seedling growth. The structure was built out of wood to fit a tray of 54 tubes measuring 280 cm³. It was equipped with a load cell with a nominal capacity of 10 kg, located in the center of the structure. The mass variations of the set were recorded on a micro SD card using an Arduino Mega board, which allowed for the automated irrigation management system through an algorithm. Two MLs were built, determining the water demand of Dalbergia nigra (DN) and Enterolobium contortisiliquum (EC) seedlings in the initial growth phase. After calibration, the MLs presented an absolute error and mean squared error below 1% of the total mass, allowing effective irrigation control. During the evaluation period, 1.47 L seedling-1 of DN and 1.45 L seedling-1 of EC were applied, reaching 89 days after emergence, height and stem diameter of 39.2 cm and 3.4 mm, and 19.3 cm and 4.6 mm, respectively. The weighing mini-lysimeters developed demonstrated the ability to automate the irrigation of tree species seedlings, reducing the amount of water applied in forest nurseries.

Cinchona officinalis, commonly called cascarilla or quina, has medicinal value; and is on Peru’s national coat of arms representing its plant wealth (flora), however, it is threatened by anthropogenic activities. This study aimed to determine the effect of the commercial product Myco Grow® on the growth of C. officinalis in nursery. A randomized design was used with two treatments, one with Myco Grow® application (WM) and the other without incorporating this commercial product (NM). Each treatment had three replicates consisting of 30 plants each. Monthly evaluations were performed, during which the number of dead plants, plant height, and plant diameter were recorded. Additionally, at the end of the study, the anhydrous weight of leaves, stems, and roots; leaf area; mycorrhizal frequency; mycorrhizal colonization index; and the length of extra-radicular mycelia were determined. The WM treatment achieved 36.6% lower mortality, 38.01% greater height, and 48.52% greater diameter than the NM treatment. Additionally, inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) improved the anhydrous weights of the leaves, stems, roots, and leaf area by 84.31%, 84.28%, 70.85%, and 76.91%, respectively. Regarding the three fungal variables analyzed for the WM treatment; mycorrhizal frequency was 87%, AM application led to a mycorrhizal intensity of 7.7% and an extra-radicular mycelium length of 90.3 cm. This study confirmed that AM positively influences the growth of C. officinalis in the nursery and can be used to sustainably produce this species on a large scale.

The primary objective of this research investigation is to examine object detection within the specific environment of a nursery. The nursery environment presents a complex scene with a multitude of objects, varying in size and background. To simulate real-world conditions, we gathered data from a nursery. Our study is centered around the detection of small objects, particularly in nursery settings where objects that include stationery, toys, and small accessories are commonly present. These objects are of significant importance in facilitating cognition of the activities and interactions taking place within the confines of the room. Due to their small size and the possibility of occlusion by other objects or children, precisely detecting these objects is regrettably fraught with inherent challenges. This study introduces YOLOv8s-NE in an effort to enhance the detection of small objects found in the nursery. We improve the standard YOLOv8 by incorporating an extra detection head to effectively for small objects. We replace the C2f module with C2f_DCN to further improve the model's ability to detect objects of varying sizes that can be deformed or occluded within the image. Furthermore, we introduce NAM attention to focus on the important features and ignore less informative ones, thereby improving the accuracy of our proposed model. We used the five-fold cross-validation approach to split the dataset in order to evaluate the performance of YOLOv8s-NE, thereby facilitating a more comprehensive model evaluation. Our model achieves 34.1 % of APs, 45.1 % of mAP50:90, and 76.7 % of mAP50 detection accuracy at 37.55 FPS on the nursery dataset. In terms of APs, mAP50:90, and mAP50 metrics, our proposed YOLOv8s-NE model outperforms the standard YOLOv8s model, with improvements of 4.6 % , 4.7 % , and 3.9 % , respectively. We apply our proposed YOLOv8s-NE model as a safety system by developing an algorithm to detect objects on top of cabinets that could be potentially risky to children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demand for oysters in the premium half-shell market drives the need for research to optimize and improve oyster aquaculture production methods. After setting, oysters are typically maintained in nursery upwellers that provide nutrients and oxygen while removing waste. They remain in the nursery until they are large enough to be deployed in aquaculture gear. Land-based upweller systems include silo and bottle upwellers, with bottles requiring less space and maintenance. However, it is unknown if upweller type influences oyster growth, shape, or survival after field deployment. This study reared Eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, to 2 mm in silo or bottle upwellers and deployed them to floating bags for a six-week grow-out period. Oysters were sampled initially, then size graded, counted, and redeployed every two weeks. Changes in growth parameters, quality ratios, survival, and hinge backbend deformity prevalence were determined after six weeks. Initially, silo-reared oysters were larger than those reared in bottles, likely due to the need for flow rate optimization and/or the tumbling action that breaks the fragile growing edge of the shell. Despite these initial differences, there were minimal size differences between upweller types after six weeks of growth in the field. There were no significant differences in survival, hinge backbend abnormality prevalence, or size class distribution between upweller types. These results indicate that upweller choice has minimal impact on the grow-out phase of oyster production and both systems are acceptable for Eastern oyster production in the northern Gulf of Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to identify differences in management and cost–benefit characteristics of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) nursery and grow-out farms in freshwater and brackish water areas in the Mekong River Delta (MRD) of Vietnam. One hundred ten striped catfish farms in both areas (50 nursery and 60 grow-out farms) were stratified and sampled for an interview to determine their management and cost–benefit characteristics. The results indicated that the survival rate and yield of fish nursed in brackishwater farms were higher than those in freshwater farms. Fingerling yields and production costs are positively and negatively correlated (p < 0.05) to the period-of-salinity effect, respectively. The net incomes of freshwater and brackishwater nursery farms do not differ significantly (p > 0.05). The fish yield of brackishwater grow-out farms was significantly lower than that of freshwater farms (p < 0.05). Management and cost–benefit parameters of grow-out farms in freshwater and brackishwater areas, if stocking fingerlings reared in the same areas, were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Water salinity strongly affected disease occurrence in the ponds, especially in nursery farms. In the MRD, to improve the climate-resilient farming of striped catfish, a salinity-tolerant strain is essential for nursery and grow-out farming in areas affected by salinity intrusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selection of nursery habitats by marine fish, such as European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), is poorly understood. Identifying and protecting the full range of juvenile nursery habitats is vital to supporting resilient fish populations and economically important fisheries. We examined how the condition, stomach fullness, and diet of juvenile European sea bass, along with their abundance, differ at high or low tide between the following estuarine habitats: saltmarsh, oyster reefs, shingle, sand, and mud edge habitats. Using a combination of fyke and seine netting we found no difference in sea bass abundance or condition across high‐tide habitats, suggesting that rather than differentially selecting between them, juvenile sea bass use all available shallow habitats at high tide. Stomach fullness was significantly higher on saltmarsh and sand compared to mud, and thus these habitats may support better foraging. Dietary DNA metabarcoding revealed that sand and saltmarsh diets mostly comprised Hediste polychaetes, whereas zooplanktonic taxa dominated diets over mud. At low tide, sea bass abundance was highest in shingle and oyster reefs, where stomach fullness and condition were lowest. This may indicate a potential trade‐off between using habitats for foraging and refuge. Although sea bass abundance alone does not capture productivity, the high abundance across all estuarine habitats at high tide suggests that it is important to consider the protection of a mosaic of interconnected habitats to support nursery functions rather than focus on individual habitat types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polityka Spoleczna is the property of Institute of Labour & Social / Instytut Pracy i Spraw Socjalnych and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polityka Spoleczna is the property of Institute of Labour & Social / Instytut Pracy i Spraw Socjalnych and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the present study, biocontrol potential of Bacillus subtilis CRB7 was evaluated to counter root-knot nematode infestation in tomato grown under protected cultivation. Under pot conditions, gall formation on roots was reduced when B. subtilis CRB7 applied at 1.25, 2.5 and 5 g plant−1. Nursery drench with B. subtilis CRB7 at 5, 10 and 15 g m−2 significantly reduced gall formation on roots (37.0 to 85.8%). Further, application of B. subtilis CRB7 as nursery drench at 15 g m−2, soil drench at 0.5% at 30 day's interval and soil application of enriched vermicompost (5 kg 2 tonnes−1 of vermicompost ha−1) significantly reduced gall formation on roots (58.3% and 54.2%) and enhanced yield (29.8% and 15.4%) in two consecutive protected field experiments, respectively. Given its potent efficacy, B. subtilis CRB7 emerges as a promising component for the management of root-knot nematode in tomato grown under protected cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Junipers (Juniperus sp.) have 1.56 million ha natural distribution which of total 23.3 million ha Turkish forest area. However, 1.1 million ha (71%) of junipers and 9.6 million ha (41%) of Turkish forest area is unproductive. Seedling quality and morphology is one of the important tools in conversion of unproductive forest to productive forest. Seedling quality and morphology were investigated based on seedling height and root-collar diameter, and sturdiness index of 2+0 years containerized and bare-root seedlings of Crimean juniper (Juniperus excelsa Bieb.) grown at Forest Nursery from southern Türkiye. For the purpose, 150 seedlings were sampled randomly from each seedling type in a forest nursery to collect seedling height and root-collar diameter data. Sturdiness index was calculated by ratio between the height and diameter. Collected data was performed for comparison of the seedling types for the characteristics by one-way analysis of variance, and to be determined relations among the characteristics by correlation analysis. The seedlings were distributed to quality classes of Turkish Standard Institute and Sturdiness index. Studied bare-root seedlings (16.3 cm) showed higher height growth performances than containerized (14.5 cm) seedlings opposite to root-collar diameter (2.04 mm and 1.86 mm), while the seedlings showed large differences within seedling type for the characteristics. Averages of sturdiness index were 72.5 and 88.5 in containerized seedlings and bare-root seedlings, respectively. Seedling types indicated significant (p=0.05) differences for the characteristics. Positive and significant (p=0.05) phenotypic relations were estimated among the characteristics in seedling types. Distribution of seedlings to quality classes varied for the characteristics, classes and seedling type. Results of the study were discussed based on nursery practices and plantation forestry of the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nurse effect is a positive interaction in which a nurse plant improves the abiotic environment for another species (beneficiary plant) and facilitates its establishment. The evergreen shrub Vaccinium vitis-idaea (a beneficiary plant) grows mainly under the dwarf shrub Pinus pumila (a nurse plant) in the alpine regions of central Japan. However, whether V. vitis-idaea shrubs under various P. pumila shrubs spread through clonal growth and/or seeds remains unclear. We investigated the clonal structure of V. vitis-idaea under the nurse plant P. pumila in Japanese alpine regions. MIG-seq analysis was conducted to clarify the clonal diversity of V. vitis-idaea in isolated and patchy P. pumila plots on a ridge (PATs), and in a plot covered by dense P. pumila on a slope adjacent to the ridge (MAT) on Mt. Norikura, Japan. We detected 28 multilocus genotypes in 319 ramets of V. vitis-idaea across 11 PATs and MAT. Three genets expanded to more than 10 m in the MAT. Some genets were shared among neighboring PATs or among PATs and MAT. These findings suggest that the clonal growth of V. vitis-idaea plays an important role in the sustainability of populations. The clonal diversity of V. vitis-idaea was positively related with the spatial size of PATs and was higher in MAT than in PATs at a small scale. Therefore, the spatial spread of the nurse plant P. pumila might facilitate the nurse effect on the genetic diversity of beneficiary plants, leading to the sustainability of beneficiary populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of weed placement on the growth of container-grown ornamental plants. Additionally, it also assessed the safety of applying herbicides beneath and on the slits of air-pruning containers using four common container-grown ornamental plants. The study was divided into three experiments, with uniform liners of pentas (Pentas lanceolata (Forssk.) Deflers) and golden dewdrop (Duranta erecta L.) in the first experiment and pentas in the second. The weed seedlings, consisting of either ageratum (Ageratum houstonianum Mill.) or eclipta (Eclipta prostrata L.), were positioned in one of three locations within the container, either directly beside the rootball of the ornamental plant, 2.5 cm away from the rootball, or inside the drain hole of the container. The third experiment involved four ornamental species, which were utilized to assess the safety of herbicide application either beneath or on the slits of air-pruning containers. The overall results of the first two experiments revealed that weeds growing either at the center or the sides of the ornamental plant rootball had significant competitive effects on the growth of the ornamental species. In case of the third experiment, no herbicide injury was observed on the ornamental species, with a minor decrease in the growth of loropetulam (Loropetalum chinensis 'Ruby'). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pinus pinea is an interesting species due to its pine nuts. Tuber borchii, a fungus that produces truffles, is a delicacy. Both species association offers a new productive opportunity. This work evaluated the effect of fertilization and inoculation with T. borchii on stone pine seedling growth in nursery and one year after field establishment in Chile, as well as mycorrhizal persistence. A factorial trial with two factors, inoculation and fertilization, was conducted in nursery. Mycorrhization, seedling growth, biomass and needle nutrient concentration after one growing season were measured. Mycorrhization and plant growth were measured one year after establishment a multi-environment trial involving seven sites. In nursery, inoculated seedlings presented over 50% of mycorrhized root apexes, with no differences between fertilized and non-fertilized plants. Under fertilization, inoculated plants had 16.5% higher height than non-inoculated ones. Fertilization increased seedling growth independently of inoculation. Inoculation did not modify the aerial to root biomass ratio. Inoculated and non-fertilized plants showed statistically higher P and lower K in needles than non-inoculated seedlings. One year after establishment, inoculation favored plant growth, and plants presented on average 88% of root apexes mycorrhized with T. borchii. Fertilization did not affect plant growth or mycorrhization levels. Stone pine inoculation with T. borchii was successful to produce abundantly mycorrhized roots in nursery. One year after field establishment, plant height and crown diameter were enhanced by inoculation, and high mycorrhization level suggests future truffle harvests. Both P. pinea and T. borchii showed high adaptability to different environments. Key message: Stone pine (Pinus pinea) seedlings non-inoculated and inoculated with Tuber borchii were produced in nursery with and without fertilization, and established in seven field trials in central-southern Chile. Before planting, inoculated seedlings presented abundantly mycorrhized root systems, and fertilized plants showed higher height and root collar diameter, independently of inoculation, than non-fertilized ones. One year after plant field establishment, mycorrhization had a positive effect on plant growth, and T. borchii colonization was higher than in nursery. Fertilization did not affect growth or mycorrhization level. The results have practical implications for trufficulture and pine nut production in non-native habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes how eight London nurseries examined whether better use of bicycles would strengthen children's physical activity as a step to reducing child obesity. The nurseries are part of a social enterprise which offers one-third of the 4200 nursery places to children from poor and disadvantaged families/communities where rates of child obesity are high and increasing. The research was instigated because the nurseries built a partnership with Bikeworks which provided free bikes and staff wanted to ensure they were using them effectively to benefit children. Parents were involved but also asked a specific question about interest in a bike lending scheme. The paper concluded that staff became more observant of how they could enhance their practice using bikes to support children's physical and sociolinguistic development. It heightened the importance of observation of the children but also in identifying barriers such as poor cycling surface and state of bike repairs. Parents considered bikes to be a key part of their children's nursery life especially extending physical skills but were divided evenly about the value of introducing a bike lending scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rehabilitation of mangroves depends on the availability of high-quality, sufficiently prominent seeds. Currently, a lot of mangrove nursery activities continue to employ traditional techniques, which results in low-quality and slowly growing seedlings. The mangroves of Jakarta were selected because they represent a heavily polluted mangrove ecosystem on Java's northern coast, whereas the mangroves in Kebumen, on Java's southern coast, are in the opposite situation. This study proposed to find an approach to supply Indonesia's mangrove restoration projects with adequate seeds. An experimental approach with a complete randomized design and a factorial pattern was used. The variables tested were planting media and three kinds of mangroves: Rhizophora mucronata, Ceriops tagal, and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Mangroves from Jakarta are treated with mud, soil media, or a mix of them. A mixture of mud, husk, and husk charcoal is used for six treatments planting media for mangroves from Kebumen. The mangrove seedlings' growth, biomass, and chlorophyll content are the dependent variables. ANOVA was used to evaluate the data with a 95% confidence level, and Duncan's comparison of means test followed. The growth of mangrove seedlings was discovered to be impacted by media type, while the chlorophyll content, dry biomass of roots, stems, and leaves were not affected by this factor. Three species of mangroves differ regarding growth rate, biomass of roots, stems, and leaves, and chlorophyll content. In order to support Indonesia's efforts to rehabilitate mangroves, this research can offer understanding regarding how to select and employ the best media to effectively produce high-quality seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.), seedlings produce a strong prominent taproot, which are known to form root tubers. Baobab domestication is imperative to safeguard its sustainable utilization. Nevertheless, little is known about their growth features and its yield potential. Baobab seedlings develop a tuber-like or taproot which can be consumed as a vegetable. The study aimed to investigate the yield potential of baobab root tubers and number of leaves and the assess variation of fruit types on root development in a nursery trial at five locations in Blue Nile, West and North Kordofan state, Sudan. The collected data included shoot length, stem diameter, number of leaves, taproot length, taproot diameter and root length content. One-way ANOVA showed that that there were significant differences (P≤ 0.05) between studied sites on any of the measured plant growth parameters. Seedlings invested mainly into taproot development during the growth period, with root tubers reaching an average length of 8.13±4.96 cm at 126 days after sowing. Seedlings from El Roseires had longer shoot, tuber, root length, larger number of leaves, stem diameter and tuber diameter. Globose and oblong fruit shape, had variable growth larger than those compared to ovate, obovate, crescent shapes and ellipsoid fruit types. Though, the heterogeneity of root tuber growth by way of affected by abiotic and water availability, as well as genetic origin permit additional study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionSpecies of Botryosphaeriaceae fungi are relevant pathogens of almond causing trunk cankers, extensive gumming, necrosis of internal tissues and plant dieback and dead, threatening almond productivity. A novel triplex quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay was designed for the simultaneous detection and quantification of Neofusicoccum parvum, Botryosphaeria dothidea and the Botryosphaeriaceae family.Material and methodsThe method was validated in symptomatic and asymptomatic almond, avocado, blueberry and grapevine plants and in environmental samples, such as cropping soil and rainwater and in artificially inoculated trapped spores, demonstrating the same performance on several matrices.Results and discussionThe limit of detection of the triplex qPCR was 10 fg of genomic DNA for the three fungal targets, with high correlation coefficients (R2) and amplification efficiencies between 90 and 120%. Although the triplex qPCR demonstrated to be more sensitive and accurate than the traditional plate culturing and further sequencing method, a substantial agreement (kappa index = 0.8052 ± 0.0512) was found between the two detection methods. The highly sensitive qPCR assay allows for accurate diagnosis of symptomatic plants and early detection of Botryosphaeriaceae fungi in asymptomatic plants (rootstocks and grafting scions from almond nurseries). Furthermore, the triplex qPCR successfully detected Botryosphaeriaceae fungi in environmental samples, such as cropping soils and rainwater. It was also capable of detecting as few as 10 conidia in artificially inoculated tapes. Therefore, the triplex qPCR is a valuable tool for accurate diagnosis, aiding in the implementation of suitable control measures. It enables preventive detection in asymptomatic samples, helping to avoid the introduction and spread of these pathogens in production fields. Moreover, it assists in identifying inoculum sources and quantifying inoculum levels in crop environments, contributing to a precise phytosanitary application schedule, thereby reducing production costs and preserving the environment.

Management evaluation is essential to optimize finances by increasing egg production, survival rates, larval rearing, and nursery growth. Research aims to analyze production and financial performance in sustainable practices for producing hybrid grouper seeds such as cantang and cantik. The research was carried out for one year, from September 2022 to September 2023. Survey method with the selection of research locations carried out purposively utilized both primary and secondary data types. Primary data was collected through surveys using questionnaires, interviews, and direct observation of activities. Direct observations were conducted at egg production, hatchery, and nursery activities. Research shows that in one year the egg production is 97,300,000 cantang eggs and 17,800,000 cantik eggs. The final length mean harvested in the hatchery was 3.5 ± 0.28 cm with a survival rate of 8.3 ± 4.9 % for cantang hybrid grouper and 3.2 ± 0.25 cm with a survival rate of 10.1 ± 5.0 % for cantik hybrid grouper. The total length of the nursery harvested was 10.9 ± 0.30 cm with a survival rate of 71.5 ± 8.7 % for cantang hybrid grouper, and cantik hybrid grouper measured 10.1 ± 0.30 cm with a survival rate of 81.0±6.0 %. The highest net profit comes from nurseries, followed by larval rearing and egg production. Investments in egg production, larval rearing, and nursery businesses are financially advantageous, as both the R/C and B/C ratios > 1, demonstrating their economic viability. The increasing demand for hatcheries and seeds highlights the importance of successful egg production in fulfilling the growing needs of grouper hatcheries. Nursery operations play a crucial role in enhancing the success of grouper grow-out by improving survival rates and reducing rearing times. They focus on nurturing seeds from their early stages until they reach a suitable size and strength for the grow-out phase.

Nonlinear regression modeling was used to study the nursery production of the oyster Crassostrea virginica in the Celestún (CL) and Rio Lagartos (RL) lagoons in Yucatán, Mexico. Relationships between production parameters and environmental variables were also established. Spat (2.40 ± 0.20 mm) was obtained from a hatchery and reared in Nestier- type trays using an off-bottom system. Oyster cultivation took place from May 2021 to September 2021 and ended after 122--126 days when oysters reached 30.00 mm. There were no significant differences in final height (CL: 30.80 ± 0.42 mm; RL: 31.80 ± 0.65 mm; P = 0.18) and growth rate (CL: 0.23 ± 0.02 mm·d-1; RL: 0.23 ± 0.01 mm·d-1; P = 0.98). Final survival was 71.45% in CL and 99.40% in RL. Nonlinear regression curves were statistically satisfactory for analyzing growth and survival. Salinity (CL: 15.23 ppt; RL: 35.02 ppt), temperature (CL: 29.64 °C; RL: 31.02 °C), dissolved oxygen (CL: 4.50 mg· L-1; RL: 5.04 mg· L-1), pH (CL: 8.10; RL: 8.34), chlorophyll a (Chl a) (CL: 3.23 mg·m--3; RL: 6.85 mg·m--3), and total dissolved solids (CL: 16,101 mg·L-1; RL: 34,838 mg·L-1) were significantly higher in RL (P < 0.05). Except for Chl a, the environmental variables were more stable in RL than in CL (P < 0.05). In RL, the growth rate was positively related to salinity and pH. In CL, the growth rate slowed when salinity decreased, and the mortality rate diminished when salinity, dissolved oxygen, and total dissolved solids increased and pH decreased. Salinity was mainly responsible for the observed differences in production between lagoons. Even when temperature and salinity were high in RL, acceptable growth rate and survival were observed, possibly due to stable rearing conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observe, see, listen and hear are actions that comprise the educational practice in the day care center, as they allow the educator to know her children in a deeper way and thus offer the best educational opportunities. With the aim of contributing to the improvement of the pedagogical development of teachers who work in very early childhood, based on reflections on the observation of children, this text was developed from a bibliographical research on reference materials. Observation must be learned, since it is an action that requires preparation. From the analysis, discussion and reflection of the data obtained by observing the children, it is possible to carry out continuing education actions for daycare professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic presented an unprecedented challenge to societies, necessitating adaptations in infection prevention measures. While there is ample data on infection prevention practices in workplace and healthcare settings, comprehensive data specific to childcare facilities has been lacking. We conducted a nationwide web-based survey capturing responses from various childcare facilities (N = 549). This aimed to understand the adaptation in infection prevention measures between fiscal years 2022 and 2023, the status of events and activities, and the factors influencing decision-making related to infection prevention. From 2022 to 2023, most childcare facilities reduced infection prevention practices like mandatory mask-wearing (46.9 %–7.5 %) and eating without conversing (56.5 %–7.4 %), whereas they continued high levels of hand sanitization and checking child's health condition before attendance. The frequency of events and activities (e.g., athletic meets, field trips) increased, with many being held without restrictions. Surprisingly, 62.8 % of facilities used items not recommended for infection prevention. The influence of local government guidelines (risk ratio, 0.69; 95%CI, 0.53–0.90) and the input from junior teachers (risk ratio, 0.85; 95%CI, 0.72–0.99) were associated with reduced risk of using inappropriate items. Furthermore, childcare facilities emphasized the need to collaborate with public health and medical professionals for more accurate and efficient decision-making during pandemics. The survey provides insights into the evolving practices of Japanese childcare facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. It underscores the importance of refining information sources, enhancing decision-making processes, and fostering collaboration with the medical community for future pandemics and natural disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Agricolas is the property of University of Narino, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, greenhouse tests were conducted on 240 Fraxinus excelsior seedlings to investigate the simultaneous damage caused by thea pathogenic fungus and oomycetes. The experiment was performed under controlled conditions in the greenhouse of the Institute of Forest Research in Sękocin Stary (Poland). Three species of oomycetes were used for the experiment: Phytophthora plurivora, Phytophthora taxon hungarica, Phytophthora megasperma, and the fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Inoculations using the fungus were carried out on shoots and in plant pots in which the soil was mixed with the three Phytophthora species mentioned above, both simultaneously and separately, which made it possible to recognize the cumulative effect of the related plant infection. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of phosphite-containing preparations on the health of common ash under conditions of threat to the roots by Phytophthora spp. and damage to the aerial parts of the plant by the fungus, as well as the possible occurrence of synergistic effects. Two types of protective preparations (Actifos and Phos60 of the nitrogen and potassium forms, respectively) were used. It was found that the inoculation of ash seedlings with the fungus H. fraxineus resulted in plant mortality, while the mixture of Phytophthora did not cause significant damage. It was confirmed that when pathogens coexist, a phenomenon occurs that leads to an acceleration in the development of disease symptoms and, thus, to plant mortality. In vitro tests confirmed the usefulness of phosphite preparations for the protection of ash seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surf zones are crucial habitats for many fish species, where they spend the initial stages of their lives, finding food and shelter. One such species is the pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). The aim of this study was to examine the age and diet of the pompano within the surf zone, along with any potential variations in the environment. The average size of the specimens was 10.61 ± 4.91 cm. The length–weight relationship was total weight (TW) = 0.0136*total length (TL)2.8512 (parameter a: 95% C.I.: 0.0130–0.0142 and parameter b: 95% C.I.: 2.8318–2.8705). The most abundant age classes were 0+ and 1+, making up 97% of the captured specimens, with significant differences in the abundance of age classes depending on the time of the day and season. The pompano primarily fed on clupeiforms, copepods, and mysids, with significant variations in diet based on the time of the day, season, and size of the specimens. This study contributes new information about the use of the surf zone by T. ovatus in its early years of life, underscoring the importance of these areas and their role as an additional ecosystem service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus (P) fertilizers applied to container-grown nursery crops readily leach through pine bark-based substrates and can subsequently runoff and contribute to surface water contamination. The objectives of this research were to determine the effect of adding a layer of FeSO4·7H2O-amended pine bark (FSB) to the bottoms of nursery containers on P leaching characteristics. Phosphorus and iron (Fe) leaching in response to FSB layer height (4 or 7.5 cm), FeSO4·7H2O rate (0.3, 0.6, or 1.2 kg·m−3 Fe), and form (i.e., granular versus liquid) used to formulate the FSB layer, and the inclusion of dolomite in the FSB layer were also investigated. Greenhouse studies lasting 15 and 19 weeks were conducted, in which 2.5 L nursery containers containing the FSB layer treatments below non-amended pine bark substrate were fertilized with 199 or 117 mg P from a soluble or controlled-release fertilizer, respectively. Leachate resulting from daily irrigation was collected and analyzed for P and Fe weekly. All FSB treatments leached less P than the control (non-amended pine bark only), with P reductions ranging from 22% (4 cm FSB with 0.3 kg·m−3 Fe) to 73% (7.5 cm FSB with 1.2 kg·m−3 Fe). Phosphorus leaching decreased linearly with an increase in Fe rate or layer height. The amount of Fe that leached from containers with FSB was <5% of that applied, regardless of the Fe rate. Granular- and liquid-applied FeSO4·7H2O with or without dolomite were equally effective at reducing P leaching. Adding 0.6 kg·m−3 Fe to the bottom 500 cm3 of pine bark increased P adsorption by 0.053 mg·cm−3 P, which equates to 17.9 mg P adsorbed per gram of FeSO4·7H2O added. Results from this research suggest that including an FSB layer in the bottom of nursery containers is an effective strategy for reducing P runoff from container-based nursery production sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this experiment was to assess how the interaction of two treatments influenced the growth and flowering of two varieties of Panicle hydrangea shrubs. The first treatment was plant pruning. Simultaneously, the plants received one of the three following treatments: root application of Trichoderma atroviride, root application of BlackJak biostimulant, or foliar application of a multi-component fertilizer. Simultaneous pruning and inoculation of the plants with the Trichoderma atroviride mycelium improved the length of hydrangea shoots the most, as compared with the control plants (18%). These two treatments also increased the number of flowers (16–47%, depending on the variety) and the fresh weight of plants (10–28%) compared with the control plants. T. atroviride alone improved the number of flowers in both varieties (19–24%) and the diameter of inflorescences in the 'Silver Dollar' one (17%). The foliar nutrition increased the fresh weight of plants by 7–57%, depending on the cultivar and pruning. It also increased the diameter and number of inflorescences in one of the varieties. Together with pruning, it intensified the growth of shoots in both cultivars (5–10%). The BlackJak biostimulant treatment gave ambiguous results. In combination with pruning, it improved the length of shoots (15%) in one cultivar and the fresh weight in the other (18%). Without pruning, the treatment increased the number of flowers (16%) and the diameter of inflorescences (9%) in one cultivar. It increased the fresh weight of plants in both cultivars (19–21%). Regardless of the other treatments, pruning increased the length of the shoots and the fresh weight of the plants. On the other hand, it reduced the number of flowers and their diameter. In most cases, the biostimulant treatment and foliar fertilization improved the growth and flowering of the plants. In combination with pruning, they improved the growth of the hydrangea shrubs but reduced the number and diameter of flowers. The simultaneous Ta treatment and pruning were the most beneficial for the growth and flowering of the panicled hydrangea plants grown in containers in a nursery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robusta coffee production can be sucessed by using high-quality seedlings that have good growth performance. One of several keys to success in seedling production is the choosing best planting medium and providing exogenous growth regulators. These include using cocopeat planting media and giving coconut water. This research aims to determine whether using cocopeat planting media and providing coconut water can increase the growth of robusta coffee seedlings. The experiment used a randomized complete group design with six treatments and four replications; each experimental unit consisted of three robusta coffee seedlings. The six tested treatments were control (topsoil 100%); cocopeat 50% + topsoil 50%; cocopeat 100%; topsoil 100% + coconut water 200 mL; cocopeat 50% + topsoil 50% + coconut water 200 mL; and cocopeat 100% + coconut water 200 mL. This study indicated that cocopeat and coconut water could increase the growth of robusta coffee seedlings. The composition of cocopeat 100% and the combination of topsoil 50% + cocopeat 50% had an improvement effect on the growth of robusta coffee seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytophthora cactorum is the most common causal agent of Phytophthora crown rot and leather rot of strawberry, but P. nicotianae is also responsible for the disease in Florida. Studies of P. nicotianae populations have suggested that different groups of genotypes are associated with different hosts; however, it is not yet clear how many lineages exist globally and how they are related to different production systems. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic relationships of P. nicotianae isolates from Florida strawberry with genotypes reported from other hosts, quantify the genetic variation on strawberry, and test for an association with nursery source. A total of 49 isolates of P. nicotianae were collected from strawberry plants originating from multiple nursery sources during six seasons of commercial fruit production in Florida. Microsatellite genotyping identified 28 multilocus genotypes on strawberry that were distinct among 208 isolates originating from various hosts and locations. Based on STRUCTURE analysis, two genetic groups were identified: one consisting of isolates from strawberry, and the other comprising samples from different hosts. Multilocus genotypes were shared among nursery sources, and populations defined by nursery were not differentiated. Both mating types were found among the isolates from North Carolina- and California-origin plants and in most strawberry seasons; however, a predominance of A1 was observed, and regular sexual reproduction was not supported by the data. This study reveals a unique genetic population of P. nicotianae associated with strawberry and emphasizes the vital role of nursery monitoring in mitigating disease spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maternal probiotic supplementation has been found to have a positive impact on the gut health of piglets, not only during the lactation period, but also after weaning. Providing probiotics to nursery pigs is also a common strategy for supplementation. The goal of this study was to evaluate which would be the most effective strategy to improve nutrient digestibility, energy metabolism, and intestinal health in weaned pigs considering the maternal or nursery options. A total of 32 newly weaned pigs were randomly split into a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement considering maternal probiotic supplementation (with or without) in gestation-lactation and probiotic supplementation in the nursery period (with or without). After weaning, experimental diets were provided for 22 days. Total fecal and urine collection was performed from day 15 to 21. Blood samples were collected from all pigs on days 3 and 22 of the experiment to assess serum biochemistry and intestinal permeability. All pigs were euthanized on day 22 for intestinal tissue collection. Pigs born from probiotic-fed sows had greater (p < 0.05) total tract digestibility of dry matter (+1%) and gross energy (+1.3%), and greater (p < 0.05) metabolizable energy coefficient (+1.3%), which resulted in a 46 kcal/kg increase (p < 0.05) in the metabolizable energy content of the diet. Nitrogen intake (p = 0.035), uptake (p = 0.007), and retention (p = 0.012) were all increased in these pigs. Fecal moisture was reduced in pigs born from probioticfed sows and pigs fed the probiotic diet only in the nursery (p < 0.05). Pigs born from probiotic-fed sows had reduced intestinal permeability by 16% (p < 0.05), whereas pigs fed the probiotic diet in the nursery only tended to improve this response (p < 0.10). The villus:crypt ratio of pigs born from probiotic-fed sows was greater compared to the control (p < 0.05), while serum levels of alanine aminotransferase were lower (p < 0.05). Pigs born from probiotic-fed sows had increased nutrient digestibility and improved gut health. Therefore, it is concluded that supplementing the sow diets with probiotics rather than just providing diets in the nursery phase is an advantageous strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farmers in Uttar Pradesh play a crucial role as guardians of the state's diverse mango heritage, actively contributing to the evolution and on-farm conservation of numerous varieties. This extensive study across 23 key mango-growing districts in Uttar Pradesh sought to identify custodian farmers employing Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK) to conserve a minimum of ten mango varieties within their orchards. District-wise analysis unveiled a concentration of custodian farmers, with Lucknow district standing out at 31.68%, showcasing their dedication to maintaining the highest number of traditional varieties. Across districts, substantial variations were noted in fruit maturity, suitability, color (peel and pulp), size, quality, and fiber content. Saharanpur district emerged as a notable area where custodian farmers dedicated significant orchard space to mango cultivation. The discovery of a 250-year-old orchard in Bulandshahr district adds a historical dimension to the custodian farmers' commitment. Malihabad nurseries in Lucknow took center stage as primary sources for planting materials of traditional varieties, highlighting their pivotal role in supporting on-farm conservation efforts. This emphasizes the synergy between custodian farmers and local nurseries, both rooted in ITK practices. The study identified a strong correlation (r=0.997), emphasizing that the number of traditional varieties significantly contributes to on-farm conservation, underscoring the importance of preserving mango diversity. This research illuminates the proactive measures taken by Uttar Pradesh farmers, providing insights with potential implications for sustainable agriculture and biodiversity conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal lagoons are environmentally and naturally dynamic areas crucial for fish reproduction and nursery. Thus, this research aims to evaluate the importance of the species performing their biological processes and development in this ecosystem. For this purpose, a subtropical coastal lagoon in the Gulf of California was taken as a case study, where four sampling seasonal campaigns were performed within the lagoon (internal zones) and the marine environment (external) nearby zones from 2016 to 2017. Diversity, evenness, and dominance indices were determined, and the number of individuals, size, length at first maturity, and reproductive period of each species were analyzed to obtain fish use of the lagoon. This coastal lagoon shows a high abundance of juvenile organisms in the cold season, whereas mature adults were mostly present during the warm season. Environmental variables influencing fish species development and distribution, such as sea surface temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll-a, were detected. To conclude, the subtropical coastal lagoon in the Gulf of California is an important nursery area where reproduction occurs mostly near adjacent areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlinear regression modeling was used to study the nursery production of the oyster Crassostrea virginica in the Celestún (CL) and Rio Lagartos (RL) lagoons in Yucatán, Mexico. Relationships between production parameters and environmental variables were also established. Spat (2.40 ± 0.20 mm) was obtained from a hatchery and reared in Nestier-​type trays using an off-bottom system. Oyster cultivation took place from May 2021 to September 2021 and ended after 122–126 days when oysters reached 30.00 mm. There were no significant differences in final height (CL: 30.80 ± 0.42 mm; RL: 31.80 ± 0.65 mm; P = 0.18) and growth rate (CL: 0.23 ± 0.02 mm·d–1; RL: 0.23 ± 0.01 mm·d–1; P = 0.98). Final survival was 71.45% in CL and 99.40% in RL. Nonlinear regression curves were statistically satisfactory for analyzing growth and survival. Except for dissolved oxygen, mean salinity (CL: 15.23 ppt; RL: 35.02 ppt), temperature (CL: 29.64 °C; RL: 31.02 °C), dissolved oxygen (CL: 4.50 mg·L–1; RL: 5.04 mg·L–1), pH (CL: 8.10; RL: 8.34), chlorophyll a (Chl a) (CL: 3.23 mg·m–3; RL: 6.85 mg·m–3), and total dissolved solids (CL: 16,101 mg·L–1; RL: 34,838 mg·L–1) were significantly higher in RL (P < 0.05). Except for Chl a, the environmental variables were more stable in RL than in CL (P < 0.05). In RL, the growth rate was positively related to salinity and pH. In CL, the growth rate slowed when salinity decreased, and the mortality rate diminished when salinity, dissolved oxygen, and total dissolved solids increased and pH decreased. Salinity was mainly responsible for the observed differences in production between lagoons. Even when temperature and salinity were high in RL, acceptable growth rate and survival were observed, possibly due to stable rearing conditions.

Crop yield is largely influenced by the seedling quality and establishment. Seedling density is an important factor that plays a vital role in producing quality seedlings. Seedling growth characteristics of cabbage cv. kf-65 was evaluated at four inter row and intra row spacing: 0.5cm×1.0cm, 1.0cm×1.0cm, 1.5cm×1.5cm, and 2.0cm×2.0cm in the field of Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Lamjung Campus during September-October, 2018. Seed germination was 96% under a partially controlled germinator in the lab whereas mean germination in the field was found to be 62%. Treatments were laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with five replications. Data was collected after 23 days using the destructive sampling method. Plant height, leaf number, leaf area, fresh shoot and root weight and % dry matter was recorded from five samples from each replication of every treatment. Plant population had a significant effect on plant leaf area, fresh shoot and root weight and % dry weight. The 2.0cm×2.0cm spacing had significantly higher leaf area (25.3cm2), fresh shoot (1.33g) and root weight (0.06g). Dry weight % (23%) was significantly higher for 1.5cm×1.5cm spacing. The result indicates that wider spacing (≥ 2cm) was found to be favourable to obtaining robust and quality seedlings.

The article highlights issues of breeding work at Gorsk State Agrarian University in 2022. Obtaining productive potato varieties that resistant to various pathogens in the conditions of the mountain foothills of the North Caucasus is the goal of the research. The main objectives are to identify dominant characteristics of the studied varieties for their further use as parent forms, to evaluate hybrid offspring based on the main economically valuable characteristics, to select the most valuable genotypes according to variety models for a given region (6). In the collection nursery parental pairs were identified for further use in the breeding process. The studies were carried out on mountain meadow and leached chernozems of the North Ossetia-Alania. The experiments were carried out according to the methods of selection and seed production developed by VIR, VIZR and VNIKH named after. A.G. Lorja. In various nurseries of the breeding process promising hybrid offspring were identified. In the maternal nursery more than 6.5 thousand seeds were obtained as a result of backcrossings in 7 combinations. In the nursery of first-year seedlings 15% of genotypes were rejected according to morphological characteristics. During harvesting 42% of genotypes were rejected and the selection rate was 58%. In the nursery of second-year seedlings the average selection among planted genotypes averaged 79.2%. In the nursery of seedlings of the third year hybrids of four combinations were tested, 3 of which were rejected, only 133 combinations of offspring were obtained, and the selection rate was 11.1%. The isolated hybrid progenies, namely, 12.64/368, 12.40/1 and 12.64/394 with a yield of 51.7 t/ha, 48.7 t/ha and 48.1 t/ha, and marketability of 82.3%, 80.0% and 84 .0% will accordingly be transferred to a breeding nursery for further research and submission to the State Crop Testing Site of the Russian Federation.

Nursery are one of the most important reasons for the success and progress of the agricultural renaissance, as it depends on the application of various advanced scientific methods and the use of Nursery of various types in the propagation and production of forest seedlings and others. A greenhouse is a place where small plants are produced to plant them in gardens, fields, and trees. The plants produced by the greenhouse vary between ornamental plants and flowers, fruit plants, vegetables, and forest trees, and Nursery are often held for commercial purposes.The incidence of Nursery diseases increases from what happens in the forests through the increase in service operations and attention to irrigation and fertilization and not sterilizing the soil and seeds, as this appears on the resulting seedlings, and the seedlings resulting from Nursery can be a source of transmission of infection when artificial afforestation is performed. Therefore, we must monitor and ensure the safety of the productive seedlings. The disease of Root rot and seedling disease Damping-off are one of the most critical diseases found in forest Nursery and the most widespread throughout the hot and cold world. As these diseases affect many forest plants, it is preferable to study them to avoid infecting forest species through the correct management of these Nursery by sterilizing the soil and seeds, as well as regular irrigation and correct fertilization.