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Objectives: In celebration of the journal's 50th anniversary, the aim of the study was to review the whole collection of Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology (CDOE) publications from 1973 to 2022 and provide a complete overview of the main publication characteristics. Methods: The study used bibliometric techniques such as performance and science mapping analysis of 3428 articles extracted from the Scopus database. The data were analysed using the 'Bibliometrix' package in R. The journal's scientific production was examined, along with the yearly citation count, the distribution of publications based on authors, the corresponding author's country and affiliation and citation count, citing source and keywords. Bibliometric network maps were constructed to determine the conceptual, intellectual and social collaborative structure over the past 50 years. The trending research topics and themes were identified. Results: The total number of articles and average citations has increased over the years. D Locker, AJ Spencer, A Sheiham and WM Thomson were the most frequently published authors, and PE Petersen, GD Slade and AI Ismail published papers with the highest citations. The most published countries were the United States, United Kingdom, Brazil and Canada, frequently engaging in collaborative efforts. The most common keywords used were 'dental caries', 'oral epidemiology' and 'oral health'. The trending topics were healthcare and health disparities, social determinants of health, systematic review and health inequalities. Epidemiology, oral health and disparities were highly researched areas. Conclusion: This bibliometric study reviews CDOE's significant contribution to dental public health by identifying key research trends, themes, influential authors and collaborations. The findings provide insights into the need to increase publications from developing countries, improve gender diversity in authorship and broaden the scope of research themes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the use of CDK4/6 inhibitors as a risk factor for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) in a cohort of patients with metastatic breast cancer treated with denosumab. Methods: This was a multicentre, retrospective, observational study. All patients with breast cancer treated with denosumab (January 2011–December 2022) were included. The relationship between CDK4/6 inhibitors and MRONJ was analysed. Results: A total of 243 patients were included, ninety-five (44.2%) of whom used a CDK4/6 inhibitor. There were 21 patients with MRONJ. In patients treated with denosumab without CDK4/6 inhibitors, the incidence of MRONJ and mean time to the occurrence of MRONJ were 6.6% (8/120) and 16.8 months (SD 7.8), respectively; in patients treated with denosumab and CDK4/6 inhibitor, these values were 13.7% (13/95) and 15.4 months (SD 8.7), respectively. The difference in the incidence was not significant (p = 0.085). Among the 19 patients who used abemaciclib, the probability of MRONJ occurrence was significantly higher compared to patients not using CDK4/6 inhibitors (p = 0.0178). Conclusions: These results suggest that the incidence of MRONJ in patients with metastatic breast cancer treated with denosumab is higher, and the onset of MRONJ occurs earlier in the presence of CDK4/6 inhibitors. The differences were statistically significant in the patients who used abemaciclib. Given that the use of this combination is very common in routine clinical practice, it would be advisable to carry out larger prospective studies to clarify the risk of this association.

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the use of CDK4/6 inhibitors as a risk factor for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) in a cohort of patients with metastatic breast cancer treated with denosumab. Methods: This was a multicentre, retrospective, observational study. All patients with breast cancer treated with denosumab (January 2011–December 2022) were included. The relationship between CDK4/6 inhibitors and MRONJ was analysed. Results: A total of 243 patients were included, ninety-five (44.2%) of whom used a CDK4/6 inhibitor. There were 21 patients with MRONJ. In patients treated with denosumab without CDK4/6 inhibitors, the incidence of MRONJ and mean time to the occurrence of MRONJ were 6.6% (8/120) and 16.8 months (SD 7.8), respectively; in patients treated with denosumab and CDK4/6 inhibitor, these values were 13.7% (13/95) and 15.4 months (SD 8.7), respectively. The difference in the incidence was not significant (p = 0.085). Among the 19 patients who used abemaciclib, the probability of MRONJ occurrence was significantly higher compared to patients not using CDK4/6 inhibitors (p = 0.0178). Conclusions: These results suggest that the incidence of MRONJ in patients with metastatic breast cancer treated with denosumab is higher, and the onset of MRONJ occurs earlier in the presence of CDK4/6 inhibitors. The differences were statistically significant in the patients who used abemaciclib. Given that the use of this combination is very common in routine clinical practice, it would be advisable to carry out larger prospective studies to clarify the risk of this association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Parents are responsible for developing good nutrition, good hygiene habits and regular visits to the dentist by children to ensure optimal oral health. Objective: To explore the relationship between dental avoidance and the frequency of oral symptoms perceived by parents. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted with a in a convenience sample of 78 participants between 6-11 years old. Oral symptoms, the influence of oral health on daily life and the oral health status perceived by parents were analyzed using absolute and relative frequencies. Results: Results: 51.9% of the participants were male, the average age was 6.4±0.3 years. The most frequent symptoms in the group of children with dental avoidance were pain, bleeding gums, sores/wounds, food stuck to the palate and food between teeth; bad breath occurred similarly in both groups. Conclusions: These interim findings suggest that oral symptoms perceived by parents are more frequent in children with dental avoidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Tooth loss is a known marker of oral and systemic health, but large-scale population-based and cross-sectional multi-year comparative studies on tooth loss have yet to be much studied in China. This study explores the changing trends in tooth loss status and the associated factors influencing the prevalence of tooth loss over the past two decades in Guangdong, Southern China. Methods Data from three cross-sectional, representative oral epidemiological surveys in Guangdong Province were analyzed, including 400 in 1995, 720 in 2005, and 288 in 2015, for a total of 1408 participants. Sample selection is based on the National Census of China published by the National Bureau of Statistics. In this study, each year, the number of missing teeth (MT) and the prevalence of tooth loss (MT > 0) were calculated. Basic demographic information, socioeconomic status, caries and periodontal status, personal lifestyle factors, and dental health care behaviors were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression to estimate their associations with tooth loss. Statistical significance was evaluated with 2-sided tests with a significance level of P 0. In 2005, those with low educational attainment, the presence of caries, and 40–44 years old were associated with a higher chance of MT > 0. Moreover, in 2015, females, rural residents, and those with caries or periodontal pocket were associated with a higher chance of MT > 0. Conclusions Although tooth retention has improved recently (2005–2015) and the preventive effect of education level on tooth loss has increased over time, efforts to prevent tooth loss in adults need to be strengthened. Particular attention should be given to preventive interventions for women, rural residents, and those suffering from caries or periodontal pocket.

Background: Tooth loss is a known marker of oral and systemic health, but large-scale population-based and cross-sectional multi-year comparative studies on tooth loss have yet to be much studied in China. This study explores the changing trends in tooth loss status and the associated factors influencing the prevalence of tooth loss over the past two decades in Guangdong, Southern China. Methods: Data from three cross-sectional, representative oral epidemiological surveys in Guangdong Province were analyzed, including 400 in 1995, 720 in 2005, and 288 in 2015, for a total of 1408 participants. Sample selection is based on the National Census of China published by the National Bureau of Statistics. In this study, each year, the number of missing teeth (MT) and the prevalence of tooth loss (MT > 0) were calculated. Basic demographic information, socioeconomic status, caries and periodontal status, personal lifestyle factors, and dental health care behaviors were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression to estimate their associations with tooth loss. Statistical significance was evaluated with 2-sided tests with a significance level of P < 0.05. Results: This study found that the mean number of missing teeth and the prevalence of tooth loss among adults aged 35–44 years in Guangdong Province did not change significantly in the first decade (1995–2005) but decreased significantly in the second decade (2005–2015) (0.94 and 40.8% in 1995, 0.99 and 42.9% in 2005, and 0.63 and 33.3% in 2015, respectively). The mean number of MT by tooth position was highest for the first and second molars, and both were larger in the mandible than in the maxilla. In 1995, populations with low educational attainment and the presence of caries or periodontal pocket (periodontal probing depth ≥ 4 mm) were associated with a higher chance of MT > 0. In 2005, those with low educational attainment, the presence of caries, and 40–44 years old were associated with a higher chance of MT > 0. Moreover, in 2015, females, rural residents, and those with caries or periodontal pocket were associated with a higher chance of MT > 0. Conclusions: Although tooth retention has improved recently (2005–2015) and the preventive effect of education level on tooth loss has increased over time, efforts to prevent tooth loss in adults need to be strengthened. Particular attention should be given to preventive interventions for women, rural residents, and those suffering from caries or periodontal pocket. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Determine the frequency of histopathological diagnoses of 1978 biopsies of oral lesions in a period of 20 years in the city of Cali, Colombia. Methods: A retrospective descriptive observational study was conducted on 1978 histopathological diagnoses of biopsies of lesions in the oral cavity carried out during the period 2000-2022. The research is carried out in compliance with ethical requirements. The information was obtained from the records of biopsy reports of two oral pathologists from the city of Cali, the data collection was conducted by the seedbeds of 3 universities in Cali previously trained and calibrated. The information was unified in a single Excel database, the inclusion criteria were any age, any sex and complete reports. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed with the IBM SPSS Statics program. Results: Of the 1978 reports, 39 % corresponded to the male gender and 61% to the female gender. The average age was 45.33 ± 17.5 (Range 2-93). The most frequent histopathological diagnosis was hyperplasia (23.8 %), followed by granulomas (15.07 %). The gum (17.09 %), the periapical area (16.03 %) and the lips (13.30 %) were the sites that reported the most lesions. Histologically, connective tissue (51.82 %) and epithelial tissue (25.63 %) were the most reported, and the excisional biopsy technique was the most used (79.22 %). Conclusion: Hyperplastic oral lesions were the most frequent, they occurred more in women, in any site of the oral cavity and at any age. Proper diagnosis, performing biopsies and increasing evidence at the local and national level are especially important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Whether an association between alcohol consumption and dental caries exists is still unclear. Chinese Baijiu is the most common alcohol consumed by middle-aged and elderly Chinese individuals. This study aimed to assess the relationship between alcohol consumption (Chinese Baijiu) and dental caries in Guangdong Province, southern China. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Guangdong Province using a multistage, stratified, equal-sized, random sampling strategy. In total, 576 individuals aged 55–74 were recruited to fill out a questionnaire through face-to-face and one-on-one interviews and to undergo a series of dental examinations with a Community Periodontal Index (CPI) probe. According to the standard for clinical dentition examination of the WHO 2013 criteria, the presence of dental caries was determined by the DFT/DFRoot (decayed-filled tooth/root) index. The ratios of males to females and urban people to countrymen were both 1:1. Then, the chi-square test and rank-sum tests were used to compare the differences in caries between subgroups, and multivariate logistic regression analyses, as well as negative binomial regression analyses, were executed to identify the potential relationship between alcohol consumption and caries. Results The prevalence of crown caries was 79.17% with a DFT index of 3.19, while that of root caries was 61.28% with a DFRoot index of 2.08. The prevalence and mean tooth of crown caries of females were higher than those of males. The prevalence and mean DFRoot of root caries in rural areas were higher than those in urban areas. The results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis and negative binomial regression analysis showed that there was a statistically significant negative correlation between the consumption frequency of Chinese Baijiu and caries (often vs. never/rarely, crown caries: odds ratio (OR) = 0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.26–1.13, P = 0.103, incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.44–0.92, P = 0.015; root caries: OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.24–0.93, P = 0.030, IRR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.32–0.54, P = 0.008). Conclusions Within the limitations of this study, frequent consumption of Chinese Baijiu was a protective factor for caries in middle-aged and elderly people in Guangdong Province. However, considering the harm of alcohol to one’s general health, it is recommended to drink moderately and avoid alcohol abuse.

Siqi Yan,1 Shaohong Huang,1 Zijing Yang,2 Song Luo,1 Xiaoxia Yang,1 Lidan He,1 Jianbo Li,1 Guoying Que1 1Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Jianbo Li; Guoying QueStomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 366, South of Jiangnan Avenue, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +862084413946Email 435264691@qq.com; 2917268593@qq.comPurpose: This study aimed to investigate the new development of caries among preschoolers in northern Guangdong and to assess caries-related factors to distinguish groups with different caries risk levels.Methods: Baseline data were recorded for participants from September to November 2019, and participants were reexamined from September to November 2020. A longitudinal observation of 11,973 preschoolers was conducted. The simplified debris index (DI-S) and decayed-missing-filled tooth (dmft) index values were obtained for each participant.Results: Factors associated with whether caries would occur in the future and one-year increase in dmft (Δdmft) included baseline dmft, baseline DI-S, and baseline age. The risk ratio (RR) of caries occurrence and the number of teeth with new-onset caries were 4.482 (95% confidence interval, 4.056– 4.957) and 2.945 (2.742– 3.165) in the participants with baseline dmft ≥ 3, which were higher than those with baseline dmft =1 or 2. In the baseline caries-free group, whether caries would occur in the future was related to the baseline DI-S (95% confidence interval, 0.022– 0.062). The caries incidence of maxillary central incisors (27.9%) was the highest among teeth of preschoolers without caries at baseline, whereas the caries incidence of mandibular first deciduous molars (42.7%) was the highest among teeth of preschoolers with caries at baseline.Conclusion: Baseline dmft is a good predictor of future caries. Children with baseline caries-free status, baseline dmft > 0, and baseline dmft ≥ 3 should be treated with preventive interventions of different intensities and frequencies. The occurrence of future caries in baseline caries-free participants is related to oral hygiene status. Measures to prevent caries on smooth surfaces, such as topical fluoridation, should be applied to all preschoolers. Preschoolers with caries at baseline may be given priority for pit and fissure sealing.Keywords: preschool children, caries risk, previous caries experience, simplified debris index, oral epidemiology

Background: The relationship between chronic inflammatory diseases and their comorbidities and correlation with periodontal diseases has become an increasing focus of research. Objectives: The aim of this case-control study was to conclude if patients suffering from COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) tend to have more AP (Apical Periodontitis) than non-COPD patients. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 30 patients assigned as cases, associated with 30 control patients linked by age (+/−5 years) and sex. Results: A total of 60 patients were recorded, and a total of 12 radiographic variables were analyzed. A total of 43 (71.7%) patients were registered with PAI (Periapical Index) ≥ 3, and there was a slightly tendency in the patients from the control group 22 (73.3%) compared to those from the cases 21 (70%), respectively (p > 0.05). Conclusions: It was concluded that there was not a significant association between the levels of PAI (Periapical Index) ≥ 3 per patient in those suffering from COPD. In fact, it could be concluded that patients diagnosed with COPD tend to have more teeth with PAI ≥ 3, more endodontic treatments and their periodontitis tended to accumulate more caries. Clinical Significance: This study establishes, in a case-control study, some specific aspects of oral health in patients with COPD, as well as analyzing the importance of oral health in this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Dental caries of deciduous teeth (Early Childhood Caries, ECC) has become a crucial oral health problem over the decades in China. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence and severity of ECC among preschool children from Guangdong Province, Southern China. In addition, to assess the association of ECC with reported oral health-related behaviors. Methods A cross-sectional survey of 2592 participants was carried out in Guangdong Province by means of an equal-sized, stratified, multistage random sampling method during December 2015 and April 2016. The participants were divided into three groups according to their ages (3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds). Half of the participants were derived from urban areas, while the other from rural areas. According to the standard for clinical dentition examination of the WHO 2013 criteria, the presence of ECC was determined by the dmft (decayed-missing-filled tooth) index using a CPI (Community Periodontal Index) probe. A questionnaire about caries-related factors was completed by each of the participants’ parents or grandparents through a face-to-face and one-on-one interview. Then, t-test, Chi2 tests, One-Way ANOVA served for statistical analysis, and logistic regression analysis as well as covariance analysis were executed to identify potential associated factors for ECC. Results The prevalence (% dmft > 0) of ECC was 68.3 (95% CI: 66.5–70.1), the mean dmft was 4.36 (95% CI: 4.17–4.55), and the filled rate was 1.2%. In multivariable modeling, associated factors for both prevalence and mean dmft were older age, rural areas, consumption of sweets before sleep, dental visit history, low household income, and low parental education level. Initiating toothbrushing after 3 years of age and being exclusively/ predominantly breastfed indicated only the prevalence; being female and frequently consuming sweetened milk/powdered milk indicated only the mean dmft. Conclusions Preschool children in Guangdong Province, especially children from rural areas, experienced a significant amount of ECC. Associated factors for ECC included demographics, oral health measures, dietary factors, and socioeconomic factors. More attention should be given to prevention of ECC from early life. The construction of social support for oral health should be strengthened. Oral health education and promotion, especially of rural areas, should be intensified to reduce the inequality between urban and rural areas.

Objective To investigate the oral health behavior of urban and rural students in the 12~15 year age group in Guangdong Province, aiming to provide informational support for adolescent oral health care. Methods A multistage stratified sampling method with equal capacity and simple random sampling was applied to obtain representative samples. A total of 7 680 students aged 12 to 15 were selected from Guangdong Province, with 1 920 in each age group of 12, 13, 14 and 15 years; half were male and half were female, and half were from urban areas and half were from rural areas. According to the Fourth National Oral Health Epidemiology Questionnaire Survey Program, a standard questionnaire was designed to conduct on-the-spot investigations on sugar intake, brushing, dental floss usage, fluoride toothpaste usage. Results ① Eating before a meal and before bed: the proportion of sweet snacks, sweet drinks and sugary drinks consumed ≥2 times/day was higher in the rural group than in the urban group (P < 0.001), with only sugary drinks consumed significantly differently by age (P < 0.001). ② The rural group had a significantly lower proportion of brushing ≥ 2 times/day, flossing habits and fluoride toothpaste habits than the urban group (P < 0.001), whereas only fluoride toothpaste habits were significantly different across age groups (P < 0.001). Conclusions Among the students aged 12 to 15 in Guangdong Province, the rural group had a higher proportion of consuming desserts, sweet drinks and sweetened drinks. The proportion of brushing ≥ 2 times/day was lower, and the usage rate of floss and fluoride toothpaste was lower.

As one of the most common chronic diseases of the oral cavity, caries gradually accumulate over the lifetime and affect approximately 80% of the world population. The epidemiological characteristics of the disease are specific in terms of regional distribution, temporal distribution and population distribution. Caries prevalence and mean decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth (mean DMFT) scores are the most commonly used indexes in oral epidemiology. Caries prevalence is used to describe the frequency of caries over a certain period of time. In addition, DMFT scores reflect the severity of caries in the population. The caries prevalence and the severity of caries are assessed as part of a dynamic process. In developing countries, caries prevalence is higher among urban populations than among rural populations. Currently, the epidemic characteristics of caries in urban and rural areas are changing, and the caries prevalence of urban residents is lower than that of rural residents. This article is a chronological review of the Oral Health Epidemiological Surveys of China from 1983 to 2015, the Preventive Dentistry study and other related studies. It is concluded that the epidemic characteristics of caries in urban and rural areas in China have changed from a higher caries prevalence in urban areas compared to that in rural areas to a lower caries prevalence in urban areas compared to that in rural areas. Several factors, such as the dynamic development of differences in dietary habits, economic levels and access to oral medical resources of urban and rural residents might have led to changes in caries prevalence in urban and rural areas. The caries prevalence of rural residents has increased greatly, which indicates that the caries prevention efforts of the relevant departments should be focused more on rural areas in the future.

Purpose: To assess the prevalence of dental trauma (DT) and its associated factors in 9- to 14-year-olds.Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out through clinical examination of the permanent incisors and canines of 907 schoolchildren (9 to 14 years old, average age = 11 ± 0.5 [SD] years, 55% female and 45% male) enrolled in 20 public schools in Isfahan, Iran. The demographic data, history and cause of trauma were recorded during patient interviews and with a structured questionnaire filled in by their parents. The overjet, lip coverage, and visible signs of DT (permanent incisors only, similar to the classification used by the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988-1994, NHANES III) were recorded. DT in permanent canines were also recorded.Results: Approximately 36% (n = 325) recalled the occurrence of dental trauma, but only 23.8% (n = 216) of children had visible signs of dental trauma to the permanent incisors (girls [18.8%], boys [29.9%], OR = 0.54; 95% CI 0.40- 0.74; p = 0.000). The maxillary central incisors were commonly injured (69.5%). The most frequent types of injuries were the enamel fracture (59.0%), craze lines (16.3%), and enamel and dentin fracture (13.4%). Tooth avulsion was seen in 0.7%. No significant association was found between dental trauma and increased overjet of > 3 mm (p = 0.328), but a tendency was identified for overjet > 5 mm (OR = 1.51; 95% CI 0.89-2.58; p = 0.060). The relationship between DT and lip coverage was statistically significant (OR = 1.63; 95% CI 1.18-2.25; p = 0.003). Violence (30%) and fall (22.7%) were the main causes of DT.Conclusion: The prevalence of DT in permanent incisors was high (23.8%) and significantly lower in girls. The association between DT and lip coverage was significant. There was no association between DT and increased overjet of > 3 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Whether an association between alcohol consumption and dental caries exists is still unclear. Chinese Baijiu is the most common alcohol consumed by middle-aged and elderly Chinese individuals. This study aimed to assess the relationship between alcohol consumption (Chinese Baijiu) and dental caries in Guangdong Province, southern China.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Guangdong Province using a multistage, stratified, equal-sized, random sampling strategy. In total, 576 individuals aged 55-74 were recruited to fill out a questionnaire through face-to-face and one-on-one interviews and to undergo a series of dental examinations with a Community Periodontal Index (CPI) probe. According to the standard for clinical dentition examination of the WHO 2013 criteria, the presence of dental caries was determined by the DFT/DFRoot (decayed-filled tooth/root) index. The ratios of males to females and urban people to countrymen were both 1:1. Then, the chi-square test and rank-sum tests were used to compare the differences in caries between subgroups, and multivariate logistic regression analyses, as well as negative binomial regression analyses, were executed to identify the potential relationship between alcohol consumption and caries.Results: The prevalence of crown caries was 79.17% with a DFT index of 3.19, while that of root caries was 61.28% with a DFRoot index of 2.08. The prevalence and mean tooth of crown caries of females were higher than those of males. The prevalence and mean DFRoot of root caries in rural areas were higher than those in urban areas. The results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis and negative binomial regression analysis showed that there was a statistically significant negative correlation between the consumption frequency of Chinese Baijiu and caries (often vs. never/rarely, crown caries: odds ratio (OR) = 0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.26-1.13, P = 0.103, incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.44-0.92, P = 0.015; root caries: OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.24-0.93, P = 0.030, IRR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.32-0.54, P = 0.008).Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, frequent consumption of Chinese Baijiu was a protective factor for caries in middle-aged and elderly people in Guangdong Province. However, considering the harm of alcohol to one's general health, it is recommended to drink moderately and avoid alcohol abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The relationship between chronic inflammatory diseases and their comorbidities and correlation with periodontal diseases has become an increasing focus of research. Objectives: The aim of this case-control study was to conclude if patients suffering from COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) tend to have more AP (Apical Periodontitis) than non-COPD patients. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 30 patients assigned as cases, associated with 30 control patients linked by age (+/−5 years) and sex. Results: A total of 60 patients were recorded, and a total of 12 radiographic variables were analyzed. A total of 43 (71.7%) patients were registered with PAI (Periapical Index) ≥ 3, and there was a slightly tendency in the patients from the control group 22 (73.3%) compared to those from the cases 21 (70%), respectively (p > 0.05). Conclusions: It was concluded that there was not a significant association between the levels of PAI (Periapical Index) ≥ 3 per patient in those suffering from COPD. In fact, it could be concluded that patients diagnosed with COPD tend to have more teeth with PAI ≥ 3, more endodontic treatments and their periodontitis tended to accumulate more caries. Clinical Significance: This study establishes, in a case-control study, some specific aspects of oral health in patients with COPD, as well as analyzing the importance of oral health in this disease.

Objective　To investigate the periodontal status of rural elderly aged 65 to 74 in Ning’ er and Jianchuan counties of Yunnan Province and to analyze the risk factors of periodontal disease. Methods　Gingival bleeding and loss of attachment were recorded according to World Health Organization standards and a face-to-face questionnaire was conducted using a multi-stage stratified sampling method. The prevalence and related factors were analyzed by SPSS 25.0 statistical software. Results　In rural areas of Yunnan province，the prevalence of gingival bleeding was 86.6% and prevalence of loss of attachment > 3 mm was 75.7%. The average number of gingival bleeding teeth was 8.96（2，14). Periodontal health status was related to sex，nationality，residence，oral health knowledge，dental experience and frequency of brushing （P < 0.05）. Conclusion　The prevalence of periodontal disease in rural elderly aged 65 to 74 years in Ning’ er and Jianchuan counties of Yunnan Province is high； prevention and treatment should be carried out on the basis of risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To understand the level and current status of oral health knowledge among people aged 35⁃44 years in Guangdong Province and to provide a reference for oral health education in Guangdong Province. Methods An equal⁃sized, stratified, multistage, random sampling design was applied to obtain representative sample groups consisting of 288 Guangdong residents aged 35⁃44 years in four urban areas and four rural areas with a gender ratio of one to one. According to the Guideline of the 4th National Oral Health Survey, a questionnaire survey was conducted, and a statistical analysis of the questionnaire responses related to oral health knowledge was performed. Results In total, 288 people participated in the survey, of which 95.8 percent were aware that“Oral health is very important to their own lives, and the prevention of oral diseases depends on themselves first” , 76.0% recognized that“Regular oral examination is very necessary” , and 66.7% disagreed that“Teeth were innate and had little to do with their own protection” . The percentages of participants that agreed with the statements“Eating sugar can cause dental caries” ,“Oral disease may affect general health” ,“Bacteria may cause dental caries”and“Bacteria may cause gum inflammation”were 87.2% , 84.7%, 80.9%, and 80.2%, respectively. However, the rates of awareness that teeth could be protected by fluoride and by pit and fissure sealant were only 36.8% and 18.8%, respectively. Conclusion General knowledge of oral health care was relatively high among adults aged 35 ⁃ 44 years in Guangdong Province, but knowledge of fluoride, pit and fissure sealing and caries prevention was relatively low. Oral health education should be continuously improved, especially regarding the popularization of oral health knowledge.

Objective To investigate the dental fluorosis status of permanent teeth of a 12⁃year⁃old population of Guangdong Province to provide informational support for oral health care in Guangdong. Methods An equal ⁃ sized cross⁃sectional random⁃sample assessment was carried out among 1 920 urban and rural residents of Guangdong Prov⁃ ince, half male and half female, aged 12 years. We examined the dental fluorosis status of complete permanent teeth crown based on a health survey and the criteria of clinical dental fluorosis from the fourth national oral health survey. The data were analyzed by SAS9.2 to investigate the prevalence and community fluorosis index as well as gender and ur⁃ ban and rural differences, and compared with the prevalence of fluorosis in Guangdong Province in 2005 and 1995. Re⁃ sults In the 12⁃year⁃old population, the prevalence of dental fluorosis was 5.05%, and the community fluorosis index was 0.108. There was no significant difference between genders（P > 0.05）, but there was a significant difference be⁃ tween subjects from urban and rural areas（P < 0.05）. There were significant differences among prevalence of dental flu⁃ orosis and community fluorosis index in 1995, 2005 and 2015—2016（P < 0.05）. Conclusion The prevalence of den⁃tal fluorosis and the community fluorosis index of 12 ⁃ year ⁃ old people of Guangdong Province are relatively low, but there is an upward trend.

Obiective To investigate the current status of remaining teeth and edentulous jaw arch of people aged 35⁃44, 55⁃64 and 65⁃ 74 in Guangdong province. Methods An equal⁃ sized stratified multi⁃stage randomly sampling design was applied to select a total of 288 Guangdong residents in urban and rural areas, and the subjects were between the age of 35⁃44, 55⁃64 and 65⁃74, with a gender ratio of half to half. The status of remaining teeth and edentulous jaw arch were assessed according to the Guideline for the 4th National Oral Health Survey. Results 88.89% subjects in the 35⁃44 year group had more than 28 teeth and 100% subjects had more than 20 teeth, with an average of 29.88 teeth remaining and no edentulous jaw. The average remaining teeth was 26.06 in the group of 55 ⁃ 64 year, with 87.50% subjects having more than 20 teeth, 59.03% subjects having 28 or more teeth, 4.16% subjects having single edentulous jaw arch, and 1.04% subjects having both edentulous jaw arch. 73.96% and 35.07% subjects in the group of 65⁃74 year had 20 above or 28 above remaining teeth, respectively, and the average teeth was 22.94. There were 8.34% subjects having single edentulous jaw arch and 1.39% subjects having both edentulous jaws. In the 35⁃44 and 65⁃74 year group, the prevalence of missing teeth in the female was significantly higher than the male (P < 0.05), while no significant difference was found between urban and rural areas (P > 0.05). More remaining teeth were noticed in current survey (2015) when compared to the data in 2005 (P < 0.05). Conclusion The 35⁃44 year people have few lost teeth, and over half of the elderly people have several lost teeth. Elderly people with edentulous arch are very few.

Aims: To report the experience of coronal dental caries in the Australian adult population.Methods: Dentate people aged 15 years and over were online or telephone interviewed, and dental examined (n = 5022). The number of decay, missing and filled surfaces (DMFS) were recorded. Independent variables were demographic, socioeconomic conditions and dental care characteristics. Proportions of DMFS >0, average DMFS and its components were calculated.Results: Overall, 32.1% had decayed surfaces, with a higher proportion found in males (34.7%) and 40% higher in those living in remote areas than in those living in major city and regional areas. The prevalence of decayed surfaces varied from 37.4% (lowest income group) to 25.0% (highest income group). The mean number of decayed surfaces was three times higher in the lowest income group compared to the highest one. Uninsured people had a higher prevalence of decayed surfaces and lower mean of filling surfaces than insured group. Participants with an unfavourable pattern of dental visiting had two times higher prevalence of decay than their counterparts. Overall, three quarters (77.4%) had at least one filling in their permanent dentition. This percentage increased from 61.6% among 15-34 year olds, to 88.0% among those aged 55-74 years.Conclusion: Socioeconomic inequalities in caries experience persist in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We aimed to describe the prevalence of different tooth loss outcomes along with the use of dentures and implants among Australians aged 15+ years across socioeconomic and demographic groups. In addition, we performed time trend analyses of tooth loss.Methods: Data from the National Study of Adult Oral Health 2017-18 included gender, age, residential location, household income, Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas, possession of dental insurance and pattern of dental visiting. Outcomes were complete tooth loss, inadequate dentition, average number of missing teeth, denture wearing and implants. We compared our findings with data from previous surveys carried out in 1987-88 and 2004-06.Results: Tooth loss decreased from 14.4% in 1987-88 to 6.4% in 2004-06, and to 4.0% in 2017-18. The proportion of people with lack of functional dentition halved from 20.6% 1987-88 to 10.2% in 2017-18; the average number of teeth lost due for any reason slightly reduced from 2004-06 (6.1) to 2017-18 (5.7). Tooth loss increased with age and was higher among socioeconomically disadvantaged, uninsured and those with unfavourable pattern of dental visiting groups than in their counterparts.Conclusions: An overall improvement in tooth retention was identified over the last decades. However, socioeconomic inequalities persist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate current status of periodontal health in the population at the age of 15⁃74 in Guangdong province and provide information for oral health care in Guangdong. Methods A stratified multistage randomly sampling design was applied to obtain 4 provincially representative sample groups consisted of 2784 Guangdong residents, aged at 15, 35⁃44, 55⁃64 and 65⁃74 respectively, with a gender ratio of half to half. The status of probing depth (PD) and loss of attachment (LOA) of the whole mouth were assessed according to the Guideline for the fourth National Oral Health Survey by using a CPI probe, and the data obtained were analyzed with SAS9.2 package. Results The prevalence of shallow periodontal pocket in the 15, 35⁃44, 55⁃64 and 65⁃74 years old group were 0.52%, 38.54%, 49.65%, 47.22% with 0.02, 2.05, 3.74, 2.80 affected teeth on average. The corresponding percentages of deep periodontal pocket in the 4 groups were 0.05%, 3.47%, 15.97%, 9.03% with 0, 0.07, 0.31, 0.16 affected teeth on average. Prevalence and the mean affected teeth of 4⁃5 mm LOA were 0.10%, 26.74%, 33.68%, 35.07% and 0, 1.54, 4.33, 4.05. The prevalence and the mean affected teeth of 6⁃8 mm LOA were 0, 6.94%, 32.29%, 27.08% and 0, 0.24, 1.23, 0.97. The prevalence of LOA≥4 mm were 0.10%, 35.07%, 79.17%, 74.65% and the prevalence of LOA≥6 mm were 0, 8.33%, 45.49%, 39.58%. In the 35⁃74 years old group, the prevalence and the mean teeth with PD and LOA increased with age and reached a peak in 55⁃64 years old group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the prevalence and the mean teeth of PD and LOA between urban and rural areas. The mean teeth of PD in 35⁃44 and 55⁃64 years old groups were significant higher in the male than the female. The prevalence and the mean teeth with LOA were both significant higher in the male than the female. Conclusion The periodontal diseases indications are common in 35⁃74 years old people and most necessary at the age of 55⁃64 in Guangdong. The periodontal health may have extensive influence on oral health status in the middle⁃aged and the elder population in Guangdong.

Objective To investigate the current status of caries on permanent teeth in a population of 55⁃74⁃year⁃ old in Guangdong Province, thus to provide scientific basis for the establishment of oral health care policies in Guang⁃ dong. Methods An equal⁃sized stratified multi⁃stage randomly sampling design was applied to obtain representative sample groups consisted of 288 Guangdong residents each, aged at either 55⁃64 or 65⁃74 years old, with a gender ratio of half to half. The caries on the crowns and roots of permanent teeth were assessed according to "The Guideline for the 4th National Oral Health Survey"; thereafter the prevalence and mean DFT (decayed and filled tooth) of permanent teeth were calculated. Results In the population of 55⁃64⁃year⁃old, the prevalence of crown caries was 77.08%, with a mean DFT of 2.94, and a filled rate of 21.87%; while the prevalence of root caries was 59.38%, with a mean DFT of 1.82, and a filled rate of 9.18%; and the prevalence of residual roots was 46.18%. In the population of 65⁃74⁃year⁃old, the prevalence of crown caries was 81.25%, with a mean DFT of 3.45, and a filled rate of 16.40%; while the prevalence of root caries was 63.19%, with a mean DFT of 2.34, and a filled rate of 9.18%; and the prevalence of residual roots was 50.35%. In the population of 55⁃64⁃year⁃old, the prevalence and the mean DFT of crown caries were higher in female when compared to male. And the mean DFT of root caries were higher in countryside when compared to the urban oppo⁃ nents. In the population of 65⁃74⁃year⁃old, the female had higher mean DFT score in crown caries than that in male. And the prevalence of caries of root and mean DFT of root caries were higher in countryside than that in the urban oppo⁃ nents. Conclusion There was a high level of crown and root caries in Guangdong adults, while the filling rate was low, most of the involved teeth were not filled.

Objective To explore the dental deciduous teeth caries among 3⁃5⁃ year ⁃ old children in Guangdong Province and to provide information support for oral health care of Guangdong Province. Methods A cross⁃sectional survey was carried out among 2 592 urban and rural residents in Guangdong. Subjects were from three different age groups (aged 3, 4 and 5), with 864 children in each group. Male and female were 1∶1 in each group. An equal sized sampling with stratified multistage method was used. According to the criteria of clinical dentition examination of the fourth national oral health survey, the dental caries in deciduous teeth were recorded using CPI probe. And then the prevalence, the mean dmft (decayed ⁃missing ⁃filled tooth), the filled rate were calculated. Results The prevalence of dental caries in deciduous teeth in the three groups of aged 3, aged 4, aged 5 were 58.33%, 68.40%, and 78.47% inde⁃ pendently; the mean dmft were 3.03, 4.34, and 5.69 independently; the filled rate were 0.92%, 1.47%, 1.26% indepen⁃ dently. There were significant differences in the prevalence and the mean dmft between urban and rural areas and among different age groups. There was no significant difference in the prevalence regarding the gender in each group, The mean dmft in the group of aged 3 in female were higher than that in male, while no gender differences were found in the groups of aged 4 and aged 5. The prevalence and the mean dmft of 5⁃year⁃old children were higher than that in 2005. Conclusion The 3⁃5⁃year⁃old children of Guangdong Province had a really high prevalence of dental caries in deciduous teeth. More than 98% of the caries are unfilled, treatment need is extremely huge. The 3⁃5⁃year⁃old children are the main target for us to prevent the early childhood caries.

Objective To explore the caries status of permanent teeth among 12⁃15⁃year⁃old population in Guang⁃ dong Province, and to provide information support for oral health care. Methods A cross⁃sectional survey was carried out among 7 680 urban and rural residents in Guangdong Province. Subjects were from four different age groups (aged 12, 13, 14 and 15), with 1 920 people in each group. An equal⁃sized stratified multistage randomly sampling was used, with a gender ratio of half to half in each group. According to the criteria of clinical dentition examination of the fourth national oral health survey, the crown caries of permanent teeth in the whole mouth were recorded using CPI probe. And then the prevalence, the mean DMFT (decayed⁃missing⁃filled tooth), the filled rate were calculated. Results The preva⁃ lence of crown caries in the groups of aged 12, aged 13, aged 14, aged 15 were 43.07%, 45.31%, 49.69%, 52.86%, re⁃ spectively. The mean DMFTs were 1.06, 1.13, 1.38, 1.59, respectively. The filled rates were 20.19%, 21.50%, 22.86%, 21.33%, respectively. The prevalence and the mean DMFT increased with age (P < 0.001), and both were higher than that in 2005. There were significant differences in the prevalence and the mean DMFT between urban and rural areas and between male and female (P < 0.001). Conclusion According to the criteria of the mean DMFT in 12⁃year ⁃old population of WHO, the severity of caries of permanent teeth in Guangdong was regarded as "very low". But the severity was higher than that in 2005, and the filled rate was low.

Objective To investigate the current status of caries on permanent teeth in adult population at the age of 35⁃44 years old in Guangdong Province, thus to provide scientific basis for the establishment of oral health care policies in Guangdong. Methods An equal⁃sized stratified multi⁃stage randomly sampling design was applied to obtain represen⁃ tative sample groups consisted of 288 Guangdong residents each, aged at 35⁃44 years old, with a gender ratio of half to half. The caries on the crowns and roots of permanent teeth were assessed according to The Guideline for the 4th National Oral Health Survey; thereafter the prevalence and mean DFT (decayed and filled tooth) of permanent teeth were calculat⁃ ed. The data obtained were analyzed using SAS9.2 package. Results In 35⁃44 year ⁃old population, the prevalence of crown caries was 71.18%, with a mean DFT of 2.76, and a filled rate of 36.78%; while the prevalence of root caries was 28.47%, with a mean DFT of 0.66, and a filled rate of 4.23%. The prevalence of caries of crown and root and mean DFT of crown caries were higher in countryside when compared to the urban opponents. And female had higher prevalence and mean DFT score in crown and root caries when compared to male. However, the mean DFT score of root caries in urban was almost the same as that in countryside. Conclusion There was a high level of crown caries in Guangdong. Although the prevalence of root caries is low, most of the involved roots was not filled.

Objective To investigate the status of tooth caries of 6⁃8 years old school children in Zhongkai Hi⁃Tech Zone of Huizhou city, and to provide scientific data for prevention and treatment on caries. Methods Referring to the Guideline for the 3rd National Oral Health Survey, the dental caries status of 1⁃2 grade students in 32 primary schools were investigated, and the data were analyzed by SPSS 14.0 statistical software. Results The prevalence rate of decid⁃ uous teeth caries in 4 390 children was 67.4% , and the DMFT was 3.94; The eruption rate of the first molars was 81.5%, with the prevalence rate of caries was 24.3%, and the DMFT was 0.448. The rate of caries for 8 years old chil⁃ dren is higher than in 6⁃7 years old children (P < 0.001). Conclusion There is a high caries rate in children in Zhong⁃ kai Hi⁃Tech Zone of Huizhou, so oral health education, primary teeth caries treatment, and fissure sealant of permanent teeth should be strengthened.

Background: In Colombia, oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSC) can affect both men and women. About 30% is caused by infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) and 70% is due to excessive consumption of tobacco and alcohol. The natural history of OSC is similar to that of cervical cancer. A positive association has been observed between Chlamydia trachomatis and HPV. From that evidence, it could be hypothesized that, for OSC, oral bacteria could have some positive association with HPV. Purpose: To present some experiences and advances about OSC at Pontificia Universidad Javeriana from Bogotá, Colombia. Findings: In this research group, a description of the role of HPV in OSC (frequency, high-risk viral types, and viral integration) was first made in samples of cancer patients in Colombia. A second study consisted of a systematic literature review to identify possible bacteria associated with the development of OSC. In a third study, the frequency of oral bacteria associated with carcinogenic processes and their possible coinfection with HPV in patients with OSC was evaluated, and included a comparison with healthy people. Conclusion: This manuscript presents our most relevant findings that allow confirming the aforementioned hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To estimate the time, in days, from the beginning of the monitoring until the occurrence of dental caries and its association with low birth weight in early childhood. Methods: This longitudinal study, dynamic cohort type with a study population of 1,109 children from public, private, and philanthropic daycares in Salvador, Bahia. The independent variables considered were sociodemographic, perinatal, and behavioral, such as the type of breastfeeding. Survival analysis was used to estimate the time for the development of caries with the Kaplan–Meier method. The Cox Regression was used on the multivariate analysis to assess the association with low birth weight (LBW). Results: Out of the total of 1,109 children, 419 developed the disease and the median time to the occurrence of caries was approximately 18 months. District of origin, type of daycare, age, skin color, maternal education, family income, living in a home with less than four rooms, breastfeeding habits, the presence of biofilm and of active white spot, and previous caries experience were identified as potential determinants of the time until the occurrence of caries. It was found a positive association between LBW and the time to the development of caries in both the not adjusted (RF = 1.21, 95 percent CI 0.88–1.65) and adjusted model (adjusted RF = 1.52, 95 percent CI 1.01–2.28). Conclusion: LBW was associated with dental caries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Erosive tooth wear (ETW) has become a crucial oral health problem over the decades in China. Objectives: To explore the prevalence and risk indicators of ETW among adolescents in Guangzhou, south China. Methods: A cross‐sectional survey of 720 participants was conducted in Guangzhou, using an equal‐sized, stratified, multistage random sampling approach. The participants were from two different age groups (12‐ and 15‐year‐olds), 360 per group. The ratio of males to females was 1:1 in each group. ETW was recorded utilising the basic erosive wear examination (BEWE) index as the dependent variable. Independent variables included age, gender, region, socioeconomic status, dietary factors, oral health measures and others. Results: The prevalence rates (weighted) of ETW and dentin exposure (DE) were 56.1% and 26.2% among adolescents in Guangzhou, with mean teeth (weighted) of 1.8 ± 2.5 and 0.6 ± 1.5, respectively. No matter the prevalence or the mean teeth, the 15‐year‐olds were higher than the 12‐year‐olds; the mean teeth of ETW of males was higher than that of females; the mean teeth of ETW and DE of the adolescents of low socioeconomic status were higher than those of high socioeconomic status. Medium to high risk levels were found for 10.1%. In the multiple regression model, age, gender and taking acidic foods/drinks before sleep were associated with ETW. Conclusions: Moderate ETW in the permanent dentition was common among adolescents in Guangzhou. However, the teeth involved were low. Dietary factors and demographics were the main risk indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Methamphetamine (MA) is associated with adverse health effects, including the rampant tooth decay condition called "Meth Mouth." However, the impact of MA use on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL) is unknown. This study assessed the relationship between MA use and self-reported OHRQOL.Methods: This cross-sectional study uses information from 545 MA-using participants recruited from Los Angeles County, California. Dental examinations were performed by three calibrated dentists using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) protocols. Data on socio-demographic, behavioral, and drug-use history were recorded using questionnaires. Participants were categorized as 'light' or 'moderate/heavy' users based on reported frequency of MA use in the past 30 days. Route of MA administration was categorized as 'smoking' or 'other.' Self-reported OHRQOL was based on the Oral Health Impact Profile scale.Results: Majority of the participants were male (80.9%). Median age was 45.0 years (IQR-13.0). Median number of days of MA use was 10.0 (IQR-12.0). Smoking was the preferred route of MA use (70.2%). Root caries in ≥ 3 teeth were reported in 78% of MA users. More than half of the participants reported having painful aching in mouth, avoidance of particular food items, feeling embarrassed, and discomfort while eating in the last 12 months. In unadjusted logistic models, moderate/heavy MA users were more likely to report an affected sense of taste [OR = 1.58, 95% CI (1.10-2.27)] and avoidance of particular foods [OR = 1.45, 95% CI (1.02-2.01)] than light users. Among individuals preferring other MA administration routes, moderate/heavy MA users were 3.09 times as likely to report an affected sense of taste than light users [OR = 3.09, 95% CI (1.52-6.27)].Conclusion: Oral health and OHRQOL appear to be worse among Methamphetamine users than in the US general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zahnkaries und Parodontitis stellen international die beiden Haupterkrankungen der Zahnmedizin dar. Wegen der starken Verhaltensabhängigkeit (Mundhygiene) beider Erkrankungsbilder werden die sozialschichtspezifischen Verteilungsmuster für Deutschland betrachtet. Statistische Grundlage sind bevölkerungsrepräsentative Erhebungen der Jahre 1997, 2005 und 2014. Es zeigt sich, dass einerseits die Krankheitslasten von Zahnkaries und Parodontitis deutlich zurückgegangen sind und andererseits, dass auch aktuell erhebliche Prävalenzunterschiede nach Schulbildung festzustellen sind. At national and at international level dental caries and parodontitis are the most frequent oral diseases. Their occurrence is dependent on oral hygiene and strongly influenced by behaviour that is again susceptible to social differences. Social differences of dental caries and parodontitis are considered by referring to population studies conducted in 1997, 2005, and in 2014. Although oral health at population level has improved over time, social differences by education are persisting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Survival analyses have been used to overcome some of the limitations encountered with other statistical analyses. Although extended Cox hazard modeling with time-dependent variables has been utilized in several medical studies, it has never been utilized in assessing the complex relationship between mutans streptococci (MS) acquisition (time-dependent covariate) and time to having dental caries (outcome). This study involved secondary analyses of data from a prospective study conducted at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Low socioeconomic status, African-American preschool children from Perry County, AL, USA (n = 95) had dental examinations at age 1 year and annually thereafter until age 6 years by three calibrated dentists. Salivary MS tests were done at ages 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, and 4 years. The patterns of and relationship between initial MS detection (time-dependent covariate) and dental caries experience occurrence were assessed, using extended Cox hazard modeling. The median time without MS acquisition (50% of the children not having positive MS test) was 2 years. Approximately 79% of the children had positive salivary MS tests by the age of 4 years. The median caries experience survival (50% of the children not having dental caries) was 4 years. During the follow-up period, 65 of the children (68.4%) had their initial primary caries experience. Results of the extended Cox hazard modeling showed a significant overall/global relationship between initial caries experience event at any given time during the follow-up period and having a positive salivary MS test at any time during the follow-up period (hazard ratio = 2.25, 95% CI 1.06-4.75). In conclusion, the extended Cox modeling was used for the first time and its results showed a significant global/overall relationship between MS acquisition and dental caries. Further research using causal mediation analysis with survival data is necessary, where the mediator "presence of MS" is treated as a time-dependent variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined edentulism (total absence of natural dentition) trends among adults’ users of public oral health care in Victoria, Australia and factors associated with these trends. The sample comprised 13,578 dental clients of public oral health care services, collected between July 2008 and June 2009, from which data were complete. The group of edentulous clients represented 6.8% of all clients. Older participants were more likely to be edentulous (OR = 3.95; 95% CI 3.53–4.43). By language spoken at home, those who spoke English were more likely to be edentulous than those who spoke other languages (OR = 1.29; 95% CI 1.02–1.63). Aboriginal clients were more likely to be edentulous than non-Aboriginal clients (OR = 2.21; 95% CI 1.15–4.27). By region of residence, clients living in rural locations were more likely to be edentulous than those living in urban regions (OR = 1.53; 95% CI 1.32–1.78). The full model explained 16.8% of the variance in being edentulous. Findings in edentulism were lower than what was reported by the National Survey of Adult Oral Health. However, despite this trend, significant variations existed across urban and rural locations. Innovative public health programs and services are essential to prevent inequalities in oral health diseases and conditions for rural populations.

Marginalized zero-inflated count regression models have recently been introduced for the statistical analysis of dental caries indices and other zero-inflated count data as alternatives to traditional zero-inflated and hurdle models. Unlike the standard approaches, the marginalized models directly estimate overall exposure or treatment effects by relating covariates to the marginal mean count. This article discusses model interpretation and model class choice according to the research question being addressed in caries research. Two data sets, one consisting of fictional dmft counts in 2 groups and the other on DMFS among schoolchildren from a randomized clinical trial comparing 3 toothpaste formulations to prevent incident dental caries, are analyzed with negative binomial hurdle, zero-inflated negative binomial, and marginalized zero-inflated negative binomial models. In the first example, estimates of treatment effects vary according to the type of incidence rate ratio (IRR) estimated by the model. Estimates of IRRs in the analysis of the randomized clinical trial were similar despite their distinctive interpretations. The choice of statistical model class should match the study's purpose, while accounting for the broad decline in children's caries experience, such that dmft and DMFS indices more frequently generate zero counts. Marginalized (marginal mean) models for zero-inflated count data should be considered for direct assessment of exposure effects on the marginal mean dental caries count in the presence of high frequencies of zero counts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in a population aged 40 years and older in Sivas and to determine the relationship between oral mucosal lesions and age, sex, denture type, length of denture use and denture cleaning methods. Material and Methods: A total 552 subjects (396 male, 156 female) represented the study population. A questionnaire was completed regarding their age, sex, length of denture use, denture cleaning methods and denture satisfaction and a systematic oral examination was done. Results: The oral mucosal lesions observed in this study were as follows: fissured tongue 7.9%, hairy tongue 23%, leukoplakia 3.3%, cigarette associated melanosis 9%, angular chelitis 0.4%, fibroepithelial polyp 3,3%, lichen planus 1.8%, frictional keratosis 7.8%, aphtous ulcer 2.9%, geographic tongue 1.2%, nicotine stomatitis 0.7%, prosthetic stomatitis 5.6%, epulis fissuratum 2.5% and flabby ridge 7.9%. The prevalences of hairy tongue and leukoplakia were found to be statistically significant in smokers (p

Purpose: To evaluate the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in a population aged 40 years and older in Sivas and to determine the relationship between oral mucosal lesions and age, sex, denture type, length of denture use and denture cleaning methods. Material and Methods: A total 552 subjects (396 male, 156 female) represented the study population. A questionnaire was completed regarding their age, sex, length of denture use, denture cleaning methods and denture satisfaction and a systematic oral examination was done. Results: The oral mucosal lesions observed in this study were as follows: fissured tongue 7.9%, hairy tongue 23%, leukoplakia 3.3%, cigarette associated melanosis 9%, angular chelitis 0.4%, fibroepithelial polyp 3,3%, lichen planus 1.8%, frictional keratosis 7.8%, aphtous ulcer 2.9%, geographic tongue 1.2%, nicotine stomatitis 0.7%, prosthetic stomatitis 5.6%, epulis fissuratum 2.5% and flabby ridge 7.9%. The prevalences of hairy tongue and leukoplakia were found to be statistically significant in smokers (p Conclusions: Our results suggest that people over 40 years of age should be informed that smoking habit, unappropriate denture use and poor oral hygiene will increase the formation of oral mucosal lesions, especially leukoplakia and hairy tongue. ÖZET Amaç: Sivas’ta yaşayan 40 yaş ve üzeri bireylerde ağız mukozası lezyonlarının yaygınlığını belirlemek ve bu lezyonların yaş, cinsiyet, sigara kullanımı, protez kullanım süresi, protez hijyen alışkanlıkları gibi unsurlar ile arasındaki bağlantıyı tespit etmektir. Gereç ve yöntem: Toplam 552 (396 erkek, 156 kadın) birey çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Bu bireylere yaş, cinsiyet, protez kullanım süresi, protez hijyen alışkanlıkları ve protez memnuniyeti konusunda bir anket uygulandıktan sonra sistematik olarak ağız muayeneleri yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Ağız mukozası lezyonlarından fissürlü dil % 7.9, kıllı dil % 23, lökoplaki % 3.3, sigara içimine bağlı olarak oluşan melanozis % 9, angular şelitis % 0.4, fibroepiteliyal polip % 3.3, liken planus % 1.8, friksiyonel keratozis % 7.8, aftöz ülser % 2.9, coğrafik dil % 1.2, nikotin stomatitis % 0.7, protez stomatiti % 5.6, epulis fissuratum % 2.5 ve mesnetsiz kret % 7.9 oranında tespit edilmiştir. Sigara içen bireylerde tespit edilen lökoplaki ve kıllı dil görülme oranının içmeyenlere göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı şekilde farklı olduğu belirlenmiştir (p Sonuç: Elde edilen sonuçlar, sigara alışkanlığının, protezi uygun şekilde kullanmamanın ve oral hijyenin kötü olmasının ağız mukozası lezyonlarının oluşumu üzerine etkisi konusunda bireylerin bilgilendirilmelerinin gerekli olduğunu göstermektedir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Ağız epidemiyolojisi, ağız patolojisi, ağız mukozal lezyonları

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de fissuras labiopalatais no município de Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, Brasil, em crianças nascidas entre 01/01/1999 e 31/12/2004. Foram considerados a faixa etária, tipo de fissura, sexo e raça da criança, além do estado civil, grau de escolaridade e procedência da mãe do portador na época do parto. Deste modo, foram verificados os prontuários de pacientes inscritos em serviços de referência em tratamento de anomalias craniofaciais, com o objetivo de selecionar os nascidos e/ou domiciliados no município de Campos dos Goytacazes. Após seleção inicial, foi realizada busca no Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC), definindo o universo do estudo, a saber: nascidos vivos entre 1999 e 2004, cujas mães eram residentes em Campos dos Goytacazes. Neste período, o número de nascidos no município, por residência da mãe, foi de 46.707, dos quais 63 possuíam algum tipo de fissura labiopalatal, representando uma prevalência de 1,35 casos por 1000 nascidos vivos. A análise dos dados revelou que 55,6% dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino. Os tipos de fissuras mais encontrados foram o de lábio e palato e o de palato isolado (34,9% cada). Embora a raça branca tenha representado 61,3% dos indivíduos estudados, o percentual de casos por raça não diferiu estatisticamente em relação à distribuição de nascidos na população. Com relação à mãe do portador, a maior parte das mães era solteira ou casada, possuindo como característica o baixo grau de escolaridade.The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of oral clefts in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ/Brazil, in children born from January 01, 1999 to December 31, 2004. Age group, cleft type, sex and race of the child were considered, as well as the marital status, education and origin of the child's mother at the time of birth. In this manner, the records of patients enrolled in reference services for treatment of craniofacial anomalies in the cities of Campos dos Goytacazes (RJ), Rio de Janeiro (RJ) and in Bauru (SP) were reviewed with the purpose of selecting those whose birth and/or residence was in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes, within the target period. After the initial selection, a search in the ISLB was conducted to define the universe of the study, which was: finding the children who were born alive between 1999 and 2004 whose mothers were living in Campos dos Goytacazes. In this period, using as a reference the mother's residence, the number of children born in the city was of 46,707, of which 63 had cleft lip with or without cleft palate, representing a prevalence of 1.35 cases in every 1,000 live births. The analysis of the data revealed that 55.6% of the patients were male; the most common type of cleft was isolated cleft palate and cleft lip and palate (34.9%); 61.3% of the cases were white children but the percentage of cases within each race did not differ statistically in relation to the distribution of births in the population; most of the mothers were single or married with little education.

Background: Periodontitis is multifactorial in nature. The various determinants of periodontal disease are age, sex, race, socioeconomic status, and risk factors including tobacco usage and oral hygiene status. However, there is inconsistent epidemiological data on the periodontal status of subjects living in high-fluoride areas. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of dental fluorosis on the periodontal status using community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN), as a clinical study. The purpose of this study is to determine the periodontal status using CPITN index in a population aged between 15 and 74 years residing in the high-fluoride areas of Davangere district. The possible reasons for the susceptibility of this population to periodontal disease are discussed. Materials and Methods: 1029 subjects, aged between 15 and 74 years suffering from dental fluorosis were assessed for their periodontal status. Clinical parameters recorded were OHI-S to assess the oral hygiene status, Jackson′s fluorosis index to assess the degree of fluorosis and CPITN index to assess the periodontal status where treatment need was excluded. Results: Gingivitis and periodontitis were more common in females (65.9% and 32.8%, respectively) than in males (75.1% and 24.2%, respectively). Periodontitis was significantly more common in females. As the age advanced from 15 to 55 years and above, gingivitis reduced from 81.0 to 42.9% and periodontitis increased steadily from 18.0 to 57.1%, which was significant. Periodontitis was high in subjects with poor oral hygiene (81.3%), compared to those with good oral hygiene (14.5%), which was significant. As the degree of fluorosis increased, severity of gingivitis reduced and periodontitis increased, i.e., with A degree fluorosis, gingivitis was 89.4% and periodontitis 8.5%, but with F degree fluorosis the former was 64% and the latter 35.8%, which was statistically significant. Conclusion: The results suggest that there is a strong association of occurrence of periodontal disease in high-fluoride areas. The role of plaque is well understood in contrast to the effect of fluorides on periodontal tissues. It goes a long way to reason out fluoride as an important etiological agent in periodontal disease.

Nation-wide survey of oral health of seniors aged 65-74 and 75 and more years showed the significantly higher prevalence of edentulousness and the lower mean count of remaining teeth in institutionalised seniors when compared with those living independently (age 65-74 - 50.1 % vs. 21.0 %, 4.16 % vs. 10.91 %, age 75 and more - 65.2 % vs. 51.7 %, 2.24 % vs. 5.06 %). Significantly lower count of institutionalised individuals had enough teeth present to evaluate their periodontal status but the prevalence of periodontal disease did not differ significantly between the groups of institutionalised and independently living seniors. Restoration of remaining teeth and prosthetic rehabilitation in institutionalised seniors were significantly worse when compared with independenty living individuals.

When comparing the results of two nation-wide surveys of oral health concerning age categories of 65-74 and 75 and more years respectively it was shown that oral health of seniors significantly improved in virtually all parameters of dental and periodontal status and treatment outcomes. The principal goals relevant to oral health of seniors in the program "Health for all by 2000" have been to decrease edentulousness by one third and to drop the prevalence of advanced periodontal disease under 10 %. The decrease of edentulousness achieved between 1987 and 2003 was from 28.2 % to 21.0 % which means 25.5 % reduction. In the same interval the prevalence of advanced periodontal disease decreased from 11.1 % to 9.0 % - and the goal was fulfilled.

Este é um estudo de revisão que sistematiza achados de pesquisas sobre exposições ocupacionais e seus efeitos na saúde bucal, destacando a importância dos dados epidemiológicos no planejamento de programas de saúde bucal do trabalhador. Existem relatos de associação potencial entre exposições ocupacionais e alterações bucais; entretanto, são escassos os estudos sobre as condições de saúde bucal dos trabalhadores em países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil. Entre as exposições ocupacionais presentes na literatura odontológica, observa-se uma predominância de estudos sobre substâncias ácidas e também exposições relacionadas com o açúcar, como a poeira de açúcar. As alterações bucais podem manifestar-se tanto nos tecidos duros (cárie, erosão dental, etc.) como nos tecidos moles (lesões da mucosa oral, doenças periodontais, etc). Por outro lado, observa-se que os programas de saúde bucal do trabalhador, quando existem, muitas vezes não consideram as especificidades dessa parcela da população que, além de exposta aos fatores de risco mais conhecidos das principais doenças bucais, está submetida a outros fatores relacionados ao ambiente de trabalho. Assim, considera-se relevante a discussão sobre a necessidade de maior produção de conhecimento nessa área, de capacitação de recursos humanos e de implementação de programas mais efetivos, baseados nos princípios da vigilância em saúde do trabalhador.This study is a review of published research findings in occupational exposures and their impact on oral health, emphasizing the relevance of epidemiological studies in the planning of workers' oral health programs. There are some studies reporting potential association between occupational exposures and oral diseases; nevertheless, there are few studies concerning workers oral health conditions in developing countries, as Brazil. In current dental literature related to occupational exposures, there are more publications about acid substances and sugar related exposures, as sugar dust. Oral diseases could arise both in hard tissues (caries, dental erosion) and soft tissues (oral mucous lesions, periodontal diseases, etc). On the other hand, the few existing workers oral health programs don't take into consideration specificities of population not only exposed to main oral health etiologic factors, but also submitted to other risk factors related to work environment. Therefore, it is important to discuss the need of producing more knowledge in this area, capacitating human resources and implementing more effective programs, based on worker's health surveillance.

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Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate Medicare rebate claim trends under the Australian Chronic Disease Dental Scheme (CDDS) over time, region and type of service. Methods CDDS data obtained from the Department of Human Services reflected all Medicare item claims lodged under the CDDS by dental practitioners and processed by Medicare. Retrospective analysis of CDDS rebate claims was conducted. Results The CDDS rebates for the period 2008-13 totalled A$2.8 billion. Just under 81% of claims were from dental practitioners working in major cities. The most frequent rebates were for crown, bridge and implant (32.4%), removable prostheses (22.4%) and restorative services (21.3%). The rebate claims of restorative services, crown and bridge, and removable prostheses per dentist in all regional areas increased over the time of the CDDS. Per capita, the rebates for every type of dental service were lower in the more remote regions. Conclusions Rebate claims increased in each of the last 3 full years of the CDDS across all areas. The majority of Medicare rebate claims were from major city areas and for crown and bridge, removable prostheses and restorative services. The service mix varied between regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study examined the relationship between methamphetamine use and oral health status. Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, data were collected in 1998 from 174 newly admitted prisoners in Iowa. Oral examinations identified dental caries and missing teeth, and personal interviews identified methamphetamine use and covariates. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, and bivariate and multivariate linear regression analyses, including testing for interaction effects, were used to examine the effects of methamphetamine use on oral health status. Results: Multivariate regression analyses for carious teeth and surfaces showed significant interaction effects: methamphetamine*race/ethnicity (carious teeth: p=0.039; surfaces: p=0.023) and methamphetamine*tooth brushing when on drugs (carious teeth: p=0.044; surfaces: p=0.035). Methamphetamine use had a significant effect on dental caries among Non-Whites and among those who brushed their teeth less than once a day when on drugs. Soda consumption (carious teeth: p=0.026; surfaces: p=0.030) and reason for last dental visit (carious teeth: p=0.025; surfaces: p=0.011) were also associated with caries. For missing teeth there was a significant methamphetamine*race/ethnicity interaction (p=0.028) among Whites who used methamphetamine compared to Whites who did not use methamphetamine. Age (p=0.0001) and reason for last dental visit (p=0.0001) were also associated with missing teeth. Conclusion: The effect of methamphetamine use on missing teeth was moderated by race/ethnicity,; while its effect on dental caries was moderated by race/ethnicity and tooth brushing when on drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The aim of this study was to confirm whether the level of lifetime fluoridation exposure is associated with lower dental caries experience in younger adults (15-46 years). Methods Data of the cohort born between 1960 and 1990 residing outside Australia's capital cities from the 2004−2006 Australian National Survey of Adult Oral Health were analysed. Residential history questionnaires were used to determine the percentage of each person's lifetime exposure to fluoridated water (<50%/50+%). Examiners recorded decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth ( DMFT). Socio-demographic variables, periodontal risk factors, and access to dental care were included in multivariable least-squares regression models. Results In bivariate analysis, the higher level of fluoridation category had significantly lower DMFT (mean 6.01 [ SE = 0.62]) than the lower level of fluoridation group (9.14 [ SE = 0.73] p < 0.01) and lower numbers of filled teeth (4.08 [ SE = 0.43], 7.06 [ SE = 0.62], p < 0.01). In multivariate analysis, the higher number of full-time equivalent dentists per 100 000 people was associated with a lower mean number of missing teeth (regression coefficient estimate = -1.75, p = 0.03), and the higher level of water fluoridation with a lower mean DMFT (-2.45, p < 0.01) and mean number of filled teeth (-2.52, p < 0.01). Conclusions The higher level of lifetime fluoridation exposure was associated with substantially lower caries experience in younger rural adults, largely due to a lower number of filled teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]