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The article discusses the development of small business in the context of the theories of economists who are considered representatives of Classical Economics, Marxism and the Austrian School of Economics in Europe. The aim of the article is to describe and explain to a reasonable extent the selected theories of the representatives of the given economic theories that are related to entrepreneurship. Our aim is to discuss the approaches in the area under study based on the selected theoretical approaches and to demonstrate their relevance in the context of economic development by selected examples from economic practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the current issue of consumer discrimination from the perspective of the Russia-Ukraine conflict. The subject of the study is the assessment of whether an entrepreneur can completely prohibit or condition access to services to Russian citizens, or whether it can do so against persons supporting the war in Ukraine or Putin's regime. This conduct is assessed in particular from the point of view of illegality under Section 6 of the Consumer Protection Act, which very strictly enjoins an entrepreneur not to discriminate. The paper provides a summary of the related case law, raising the question whether, in view of the current political developments in Russia, these case law conclusions can continue to stand in the same form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Megatrends & Media is the property of University of SS. Cyril & Methodius in Trnava, Faculty of Mass Media Communication and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The empirical study deals with both the present and the future anticipated competences from the perspective of Czech executives. Results of the Czech competence studies contain many inconsistencies and in the field of management studies, only few systematic projects can be identified. The study draws on a standardized questionnaire, which was already successfully used in Slovakia, Poland and Hungary. The data for the Czech Republic were collected on a sample of more than 200 senior and middle Czech managers during the years 2011-2012. In this phase of the research in particular a relationship between managerial experience and the views of the competences has been analysed. Other questions -- i.e. relationship between a size of organization, industry and the views of competences -- will be studied during the year 2013. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurial self-efficacy can be defined as an individual's belief in own capabilities to successfully perform entrepreneurial tasks. Previous research identified self-efficacy as a personal trait closely related to entrepreneurship. This paper is based on interviewing large representative samples in Czech Republic, where entrepreneurial self-efficacy has not been yet a research focus. In first presented study, it enlarges our understanding by analysing the strength of influence of different, mainly social and demographical factors on entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Multiple regression analysis shows the key influence of gender, education and personal knowledge of somebody, who successfully launched a new business. It also points at positive relation of entrepreneurial self-efficacy with entrepreneurial activity in different phases. In the frame of second presented study, new scale consisting of two factors -- market action and resource acquisition -- was created in order to better understand specific areas of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. When entrepreneurially active individuals in the different phases of entrepreneurial process are compared, nascent and new entrepreneurs have higher entrepreneurial self-efficacy than established entrepreneurs in market action subscale. There is no difference in resource acquisition. Both subscales can be used for quick assessment of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. For education of potential entrepreneurs, it can be recommended to focus on increasing entrepreneurial self-efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]