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The present study investigates the effects of fortifying wheat flour with a functional mixture of white bean protein and dried carrot powder (3:1) on the thermomechanical, chemical, physical, and sensory properties of biscuits. Functional mixtures were incorporated at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Results indicated that increasing levels of the mixture enhanced water absorption and protein content, while reducing dough stability, development time, and gluten network formation. Physically, the biscuits exhibited darker coloration, increased diameter, and higher hardness, attributed to carotenoid pigments and fiber’s water-binding capacity. Sensory attributes, including appearance, taste, aroma, and overall acceptability, significantly declined with higher substitution levels due to the introduction of legume and vegetal flavors. The findings highlight the potential of enriching biscuits with plant-based proteins and fibers to improve nutritional value but also underscore the challenge of maintaining desirable sensory and physical properties. Results showed that enrichment biscuits by the functional This study provides valuable insights for optimizing functional mixtures by 5% and 10% gained the highest sensorial scores, suggesting its ability to produce healthy functional biscuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methioxytryotamine) is a nontoxic biological signaling molecule and powerful antioxidiant that can improve plants growth under saline condition. This study investigated the ability of melatonin to alleviate salinity stress in white beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedlings. Exogenous melatonin with 0, 25, 50, and 100 µM concentrations were applied to white beans growing in non-saline (0 mM NaCl) and saline (150 mM NaCl) conditions. Results indicated that 150 mM NaCl reduced the leaf area by (35%), shoot length (29%), root length (56%), increased in (45%) Na+ influx and higher (50%) membrane damage (MDA) than non-saline control plants. However, melatonin treatments ameliorated the negative impacts of salinity stress. The increasing melatonin concentrations were directly proportional to the plant stress tolerances in which 100 µM melatonin showed prominent results in improving growth parameters and antioxidant capacity. The 100 µM melatonin in salt stressed plants enhanced the leaf canopy by 45%, total seedling length by 55%, and total seedling weight by 54% compared to untreated control plants. Plants tested with melatonin (especially 100 µM) increased the accumulation the non-enzymatic antioxidants e,g polyphenol by (37%), proline by (27%), and ascorbic acid by (38%) as compared to control. In addition, exogenous melatonin (100 µM) also stimulated the activities of antioxidant enzymes defense system by upregulating the superoxide dismutase by 50%, peroxidase by 68%, catalase by 63%, and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes by 68% as compared to 0 µM melatonin. Similarly, the Na+ influxes was significantly reduced to subtoxic levels, and the K+ levels and the K+/Na+ ratio increased at higher exogenous melatonin treatments. In conclusion, the application of melatonin improved salinity stress resistance by enhancing antioxidant capacity and maintaining ion homeostasis. [Display omitted] • Melatonin enhanced salt stress tolerance in white beans plants. • Melatonin stimulates antioxidant defense system in white bean seedling under salt stress toxicity. Melatonin increased photosynthesis apparatus in salt-stressed white bean plants. • Melatonin as a supplement regulates defense mechanism in white beans under salt stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsenic (As) pollution of Soil and irrigation water is a serious problem when it comes to ameliorating crop yield and As accumulation. This resaerch was therefore carried at the field experiment in Phuoc Hung, An Phu suburban to find out impacts of lime, cow manure and Rhizobium on crop yield and As uptake of the white bean. The research was disposed in the local farm with four repeats. Four treatments were applied, which included doses of NPK-control (40kgN-60kgP-60kgK/ha), NPK + lime (CaCO3 at the ratio of 2t/ha)+ Rhizobium inoculant (108CFU/g), NPK + cow manure (the ratio of 10 t/ha) + Rhizobium inoculant (108CFU/g) and co-application of a NPK, lime, cow manure and Rhizobium inoculant. Results show that amendment of lime and cow manure and Rhizobium inoculant to soil was adequate influences on the white bean crop. The increase in fresh seed productivity over control treatment valued from 17.4 to 33.8%. The As uptake of stems significantly decreased from 20.3 to 63.6% compared to control. Especially, the As accumulation of white bean in seeds was not at all treatments. The alone or combined supplementation of lime and cow manure adequately raised crop productivity and quality. Therefore, co-application of lime, manure with Rhizobium inoculant should be practiced to increase crop yield and improve crop quality in As contaminated soil and irrigation water in Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of enzyme type (alcalase and pepsin) and process time (50 -300 minutes) on the degree of hydrolysis and antioxidant indices including free radical scavenging of DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl, reducing power, and chelating activity of Iron and copper ions were evaluated for navy bean protein (Phaseolusvulgari L. ). Also, the composition of amino acids (hydrophobic and antioxidants types) and structural properties (FTIR) of primary protein and hydrolysates were investigated. The results showed that enzymatic hydrolysis improves antioxidant properties. Also, the composition of amino acids has a significant effect on antioxidant activities. On the other hand, the type of enzyme and the time of the hydrolysis process affected the degree of hydrolysis and the antioxidant activity of the hydrolysates. Thus, the highest percentage of free radicals scavenging of DPPH (82.4%), ABTS (58.3%), reducing power (0.97), hydroxyl radical scavenging (57.5%), and chelation of Fe (53.7%) and Cu ions (12.1%) were affected by the type of enzyme and process time.Among different treatments, the highest value of these indices (except copper ion chelating) was related to hydrolysates with alcalase. Structural properties of white bean protein were evaluated and enzymatic hydrolysis caused changes in the amide regions (I and II) as well as exposure to some hydrophobic -buried groups. The results of this study indicated the positive effect of enzymatic hydrolysis on the production of antioxidant hydrolysates that can be used in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Common bean is the most important food legume and is an important source of calories, protein, dietary fiber, and minerals. In addition, common bean provides an essential source of protein for more than 300 million people worldwide. Drought is the major constraint to common bean production, resulting in significant yield reductions of 60% of global bean production areas. In addition, competition among crops for production area in certain regions has resulted in a shift of dry bean production to more marginal zones associated with increased abiotic stresses such as water stress and heat. Robust drought tolerance is conferred by traits that result in stable yield in the presence of water stress, as opposed to mechanisms of escape, such as early maturity. The evaluation and selection for drought tolerance should therefore be focused on the selection of traits that directly affect yield under stress conditions. The objective of this study was recognition of the reaction of bean genotypes and identifies tolerant genotypes to water stress in East Azarbaijan region, Iran. Materials & Methods The experiment was carried out during 2011 cropping season in Azarshahr- East Azarbaijan, Iran. The experimental site was located at 1370 m asl and with sandy loam soil receives an annual average rainfall of 300 mm. Plant material consisted of nine genotypes of red, white and wax bean were provided from Khomein national bean research center. Genotypes were evaluated separately in a randomized complete block design under irrigation and water stress conditions. Each genotype was planted on a plot made of five rows of 3 m length with a row-to-row distance of 0.5 m and a plant-to-plant spacing of 5 cm. Irrigations in normal and drought stress conditions were applied after 70 and 100 mm evaporation from class A pan. Days to flowering and to maturity, plant height, shoot diameter, seeds in plant and in pod, pods in plant, 100 seed weight and seed yield traits were recorded. For identifying suitable bean genotypes, multiple drought tolerance and sensitivity indices were calculated. Orthogonal comparisons were used to compare bean genotypes for seed yield based on their colors in normal irrigation and water stress condition. Because irrigation effect was significant in combined analysis, so analysis of variance was performed separately for each set of experiment. Results & Discussion Analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among genotypes in both irrigation conditions for all traits. Water stress led bean genotypes to mature 12 days earlier and the greatest reduction was found 22 days in wax bean genotypes. The plant height reduction under water stress condition in both groups of bean was roughly equal. Orthogonal comparison of bean genotypes for seed yield based on their colors in normal irrigation and water stress condition showed wax bean genotypes were the best in two conditions and had more yield. The results showed that water stress decreased the yield of genotypes up to 47 percent. The response of bean genotypes was different for water stress and lowest and highest yield loss was observed for wax and white beans genotypes, respectively. Correlation coefficients between the normal irrigation and water stress condition were positive and highly significant for seed yield. The presence of strong correlation between yields of water stress and non-stress conditions indicated that genotypes which were performed under non-stress conditions also performed under water stress growing conditions. The results showed suitable bean genotypes can be identified with considering yield of genotypes in both conditions. Drought tolerance indices namely geometric mean (GMP), stress tolerance (STI) and arithmetic mean (MP) were better than others indices for tolerant bean genotype selecting. Conclusion Drought stress decreased yield and its components in bean genotype, but the reaction of genotypes were different. The findings suggesting that, selection based on the absolute performance of the genotypes across environments is more successful than selecting across the minimum yield decrease under stress with respect to favorable condition. In water stress condition, wax bean genotypes were better than red and white bean genotypes. Between wax bean genotypes, genotypes GO140 was the superior and can be considered as best for similar climate conditions.

Food security is directly coupled with enhanced production under optimized cropping intensity. Intercropping is a diversified and sustainable agricultural technique with optimized cropping intensity. Intercropping is used to obtain a higher yield and more balanced products per unit area. This study was performed at Aidyn Research Institute, Nur Sultan, Kazakhstan, in 2018 and 2019 to identify the effects of different sowing patterns on maize-white bean (Zea mays–Phaseolus vulgaris) sowing systems. The field experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Göynük-98 was used for white beans, and SY Miami was used for maize, with 20 cm and 40 cm row spaces for maize, and 10 cm and 20 cm row spaces for white bean and sole maize, sole white bean, maize-white bean-maize-white bean, maize-white bean-white bean-maize and white bean-maize-maize-white bean sowing systems. The results showed that wide row spacing was better than narrow row spacing in terms of land equivalent ratio (LER) for both maize and white beans, but grain yield was higher in narrow row spacing. Yield items for both maize and white beans showed higher values in intercropping. Grain yield was higher in sole sowing. The maize-white bean-white bean-maize sowing system for maize and the white bean-maize-maize-white bean sowing system for white beans were determined as the best sowing systems according to the yield components.

The present work aimed to assess the sorption capacity of the common white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to remove Zn(II) from rainwater, rendering it suitable for use in buildings, and the efficiency of the process was evaluated for two initial Zn(II) concentrations, representing high (100 μg L-1) and very high (500 μg L−1) levels of Zn(II) in rainwater. The effects of the amount of beans (1, 5 and 10 beans per 50 mL), as well as the initial pH values of the zinc solution [acid (4), neutral (5.6) and basic (7) for atmospheric waters] were also assessed. The removal of Zn from water was affected by the change in pH values. When 5 and 10 beans were used, after 4 h and 2 h of contact time, respectively, the accumulated Zn(II) on the beans was released back into the solution, and this release occurred first for the highest tested pH value. The sorption rate of Zn(II) from the solution increased with the increasing amount of beans, but for 5 and 10 beans this only took place up to 4 h and 2 h, respectively. Furthermore, the removal percentages of Zn(II) increased with the increase of the initial concentrations of the metal in water. Kinetic studies revealed that a pseudo-first-order model provided the best fitting for the experimentally obtained values. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) analyses of the bean shells and cores indicated that contact with a Zn(II) solution did not cause notable alterations to the chemical structures of these bean components. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses suggested that the process of sorption occurred at the surface of the beans (shells). The results obtained in this study also suggest that the matrix of rainwater samples did not interfere with the removal of metal, and that the process of the removal of Zn(II) by the white beans can be applied to real samples. On the whole, results indicate that for the removal of Zn(II) from rainwater, 1 bean up to 6 h, or 5 and 10 beans up to 2 h can be used per 50 mL for the removal of up to 60% of Zn(II) present in water, thus constituting a viable solution for the effective reduction of this metal in rainwater. Image 1 • White beans may remove more than 60% of zinc from rainwater. • The sorption rate of zinc from water increased with the increase of sorbent mass. • By each 50 mL of rainwater can be used 1 bean up to 6 h, or 5 and 10 beans up to 2 h. • The removal of zinc from rainwater is the result of an adsorption process. • The rainwater matrix did not affect the removal of zinc by the white beans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The antioxidant potential and phenolic compounds content were investigated in ten white bean varieties widely consumed in Turkey. Total phenolic contents of seeds varied between 0.33 and 0.63 mg GAE/g. The Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) determined by the ABTS assay and the Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) of bean varieties ranged from 3.50 to 5.17 μmol Trolox/g seed and from 7.99 to 11.20 μmol Fe2+/g seed, respectively. Strong correlations were found between total phenolic content and FRAP (r=0.850) and between TEAC and FRAP (r=0.734). The antioxidant activity was investigated in a β-carotene-linoleic acid model system, as well. Differences in the inhibition of emulsion oxidation by extracts of white bean varieties were slight. The RP-HPLC fingerprint analysis of extracts showed the presence of five dominant phenolic compounds which were described as ferulic or caffeic acids derivatives. Four of them significantly contributed to reducing power and antiradical activity against ABTS•+ of extracts.

This study was conducted with an aim to determine the interactions of pure phenolic compounds (gallic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, apigenin, and catechin) and phenolics from plant extracts (green tea and green coffee) with protein fractions of white bean (albumins and globulins). The physicochemical properties of complexes were established through an analysis of the UV-Vis spectrum; relative content of free amino groups, thiol groups, and tryptophan residues; chromatographic (SE-HPLC) and electrophoretic (SD-PAGE, Native-PAGE) properties; and conformational changes reflected by Fourier transform infrared spectra. Further, the effect of pH and ionic strength on the solubility and stability of complexes as well as the binding capacity of phenolics to proteins were determined. Results show that, in most cases, phenolics significantly affected the measured parameters; however, the effects were strongly differentiated by the type of phenolic compounds and protein fraction that were applied. Moreover, it may be that changes in the properties of complexes are reflected in the biological nature of proteins and phenolic compounds such as their bioavailability and physiological activity. However, due to the structural complexity of proteins, and the multitudinous factors that affect their interactions, such studies are a great and long-term challenge for the domain of food science.

Effect of the fungus, Dactylaria brochopaga in liquid suspension or loaded on crushed vermiculite, molasses and yeast on the reproduction of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita infecting snap bean plants Phaseolus vulgaris variety Ogzera was reported. Data revealed that the percentage reduction in the number of larvae per one kg soil was 84% for fungus D. brochopaga (9Kg) spores and broadcasted mycelia carried on granules of vermiculite, yeast, and molasses (two doses) on November 23rd 2014, while it was 94% for D. brochopaga (9Kgm) spores and broadcasted mycelia carried on granules of vermiculite, yeast, and molasses (two doses) on January 20th 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the studies of acute and sub-acute toxicity of dry extract from white bean (P. vulgaris) pods. The acute toxicity study of the extract was carried out according to the conventional classification of K.K Sidorov and showed that the extract refers to low-toxic substances (LD50 following its intragastric administration is greater than 2000 mg/kg). The study of extract sub-acute toxicity showed the increasing of relative liver and kidney weight, which may indicate the existence of adverse effects of the extract under the conditions of its long-term administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been shown that salicylic acid (SA) acts as an endogenous signal molecule responsible for inducing biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in plants. The effect of three application methods (Soil, Foliar and Priming) and four salicylic acid concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mM) on chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, carotenoids, proline, protein and soluble sugars of NaCl (4 ds/m) stressed white bean (Phaseulus vulgaris L.) was investigated. The results showed that the effect of applied concentrations and application methods on chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll, proline, protein and soluble sugars were significant. The interaction of concentrations and application methods used was significant on protein, proline and soluble sugars. According to the results, the greatest impact was belonged to the soil treatment which was not significantly different from priming. Among applied concentrations, the concentration of 0.1 and 0.5 mM were the most effective and the concentration of 1 mM was not significantly different from the control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon (Si) application is recently considered as a way to increase salt tolerance in crop plants. In the present study the effect of Si has been investigated in two varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris (red and white bean) subjected to salinity. 10-day-old seedlings of red and white beans were introduced to the treatments including: control, NaCl (50 mM), Si (0.5 or 1 mM) +NaCl (50 mM) over 4 weeks in the green house. After one month, the harvested plants were analyzed for dry weights of shoots and roots, total chlorophyll content, relative water content and electrolyte leakage of leaves, shoot and root Na+ and K+ concentrations. The results indicated salt stress significantly decreased the above parameters (p<0.05). Red bean plant was more sensitive (108% reduction in the biomass) to salt stress in comparison to white bean plant (72% decline in the biomass). The ameliorating effects of different levels of Si (0.5 or 1 mM) were significant (p<0.05) under salinity, and in some cases these effects were greater at Si 1 mM in comparison to 0.5 mM. Under salinity, the promotion effects of Si on biomass were more evident for the sensitive line- red bean (55% increment in comparison to salt stress alone) than that of in white bean. Data analysis of the current study suggests that Si increases salt tolerance in red bean by relatively blocking Na+ entrance but increasing of K+ maintenance in the shoots, increasing of relative water content and decreasing of electrolyte leakage in the leaves. More details are expressed and discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The effect of extrusion conditions, including feed rate (2.52-6.84 kg/h), feed moisture content (13-19% wet basis), screw speed (150-250 rpm), and extrusion temperature (150-260°C) on the mechanical properties of corn/legume-based extrudates was studied. White bean and lentil were used in mixtures with corn flour at a ratio of 10:90 up to 90:10 (corn:legume). Simple power models were used to correlate breaking stress and corresponding strain with extrusion conditions and material characteristics. The influence of feed rate on the extrudates mechanical properties was incorporated in the mean residence time. The breaking stress of extrudates decreased with temperature, residence time, and corn to legume ratio, and it increased with feed moisture content. The corresponding strain showed an opposite trend. Screw speed did not affect the extrudate properties. The use of lentil flour led to a product with higher breaking stress. Furthermore, in a previous work, the porosity of these products was modeled and, now, it was found that breaking stress and porosity of the extrudates could be correlated by an exponential relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The level of tolerance of various market classes of dry bean to cloransulam-methyl is not known. Three field studies were conducted in Ontario, Canada during 2007 and 2008 to determine the level of tolerance of black, cranberry, kidney, and white bean to the pre-emergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) application of cloransulam-methyl at 17.5, 35, and 70 g ai ha−1. Cloransulam-methyl applied at 17.5, 35, and 70 g ha−1 caused between 13 and 23% injury in black, cranberry, kidney, and white bean, respectively. Cloransulam-methyl applied at 17.5, 35, and 70 g ha−1 reduced the shoot dry weight by between 16 and 28% compared to the untreated control. Cloransulam-methyl applied PRE reduced the height of black bean by 27% and the height of cranberry bean by 25% at 70 g ha−1 and reduced the height of white bean by 19% at 35 g ha−1 and by 37% at 70 g ha−1. Cloransulam-methyl applied PRE reduced the yield of black bean by 29% at 35 g ha−1 and by 43% at 70 g ha−1, reduced the yield of cranberry bean by 43% at 70 g ha−1, and reduced the yield of white bean by 36% at 35 g ha−1 and by 54% at 70 g ha−1. Based on these results, there is not an adequate margin of crop safety for the PRE and POST application of cloransulam-methyl in black, cranberry, kidney, and white bean at the rates evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry bean producers in Ontario, Canada, have few herbicide options available for annual broad-leaved weed management and there is little information on the tolerance of dry bean to linuron. The tolerance of black, cranberry, kidney, and white bean to the pre-emergence (PRE) application of linuron at the rates of 0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500 g ai ha−1 was evaluated in field studies conducted in 2005 and 2006 at Exeter and in 2006 at Ridgetown, Ontario. The four market classes differed in their response to linuron. Cranberry and kidney bean were more tolerant to the PRE application of linuron than black and white bean. Linuron applied PRE caused as much as 12% injury in cranberry and kidney bean, 47% injury in black bean, and 56% injury in white bean. Linuron applied PRE at 500–2500 g ai ha−1 had no effect on the height of cranberry and kidney bean but decreased the height by 7, 8, and 15% in black bean and by 10, 13, and 23% in white bean at 1500, 2000, and 2500 g ai ha−1, respectively. Linuron applied PRE at the rates evaluated did not cause any adverse affect on the yield of cranberry, kidney, and white bean but black bean yield was reduced by 16% at 2500 g ai ha−1. Based on these results, there is not an adequate margin of crop safety for the PRE application of linuron in black and white bean at rates >1000 g ai ha−1. However, there is a potential for the use of linuron PRE for weed management in cranberry and kidney bean at the rates evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Two faba bean (Hudieba-72 and Bsabir) and three white bean (Serge, Giza and RO21) cultivars were sprouted for 6days. The sprouted grains were dried and milled. Phytic acid and polyphenols contents and hydrochloric acid (HCl) extractability of minerals from the malt flours were determined at intervals of 2days during sprouting. Phytic acid and polyphenols contents decreased significantly (P ⩽0.01) with increase in sprouting time with concomitant increase in HCl extractable major and trace minerals. The contents of both major and trace minerals were slightly increased with sprouting time. When faba bean seeds were sprouted for 6days, Bsabir had higher extractable Ca, while Hudieba-72 had higher P, whereas Fe and Mn recorded high level in Hudieba-72. When white bean seeds were sprouted for 6days, RO21 cultivar had higher extractable Ca, while Giza-3 cultivar had higher P, whereas Fe and Mn recorded high levels in Serge and RO21 cultivars, respectively. There was a good correlation between phytate and polyphenols reduction and increase in extractable minerals with increase in sprouting time for all cultivars. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Food security is directly coupled with enhanced production under optimized cropping intensity. Intercropping is a diversified and sustainable agricultural technique with optimized cropping intensity. Intercropping is used to obtain a higher yield and more balanced products per unit area. This study was performed at Aidyn Research Institute, Nur Sultan, Kazakhstan, in 2018 and 2019 to identify the effects of different sowing patterns on maize-white bean (Zea mays–Phaseolus vulgaris) sowing systems. The field experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Göynük-98 was used for white beans, and SY Miami was used for maize, with 20 cm and 40 cm row spaces for maize, and 10 cm and 20 cm row spaces for white bean and sole maize, sole white bean, maize-white bean-maize-white bean, maize-white bean-white bean-maize and white bean-maize-maize-white bean sowing systems. The results showed that wide row spacing was better than narrow row spacing in terms of land equivalent ratio (LER) for both maize and white beans, but grain yield was higher in narrow row spacing. Yield items for both maize and white beans showed higher values in intercropping. Grain yield was higher in sole sowing. The maize-white bean-white bean-maize sowing system for maize and the white bean-maize-maize-white bean sowing system for white beans were determined as the best sowing systems according to the yield components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of extrusion conditions, including feed rate (2.52-6.84 kg/h), feed moisture content (13-19% wet basis), screw speed (150-250 rpm), and extrusion temperature (150-230°C) on structural properties of corn-legume based extrudates was studied. Four different types of legumes, chickpea, mexican bean, white bean, and lentil were used to form mixtures with corn flour in a ratio ranging from 10 to 90% (corn/legume). A simple power model was used to correlate porosity with extrusion conditions and material characteristics. The influence of feed rate in the extrudates porosity is incorporated into mean residence time. Porosity of extrudates was found to increase with temperature and residence time and to decrease with feed moisture content and corn to legume ratio. Screw speed did not affect extrudates properties. Expansion ratio showed a similar behavior with porosity. The addition of legumes (protein source) led to more dense products. Comparatively, the usage of white bean in mixtures for the production of snacks, led to a product with higher porosity than those with other legumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Field trials were established in 2001 and 2003 in Ontario to determine the potential of mesotrione applied pre-emergence (175 and 350ga.i./ha) and post-emergence (100 and 200ga.i./ha) to cause injury to cranberry, kidney, black, and white beans grown in rotation with maize, one and two years after application. Mesotrione applied pre-emergence at 175 and 350ga.i./ha or post-emergence at 100 and 200ga.i./ha to field maize in the previous year caused minimal visual injury (6% or less) and had no effect on shoot dry weight and yield of black and white beans except for black bean shoot dry weight and yield which were both reduced 12% with post-emergence mesotrione at 200ga.i./ha. Mesotrione caused as much as 42% visual injury, 31% shoot dry weight reduction, and 42% yield reduction in cranberry and kidney beans. Post-emergence mesotrione caused more crop injury than pre-emergence mesotrione. Mesotrione applied pre-emergence or post-emergence at the labeled or twice the labeled doses in maize did not injure cranberry, kidney, black, and white beans two years after application. Based on these results, black and white beans can be safely grown in rotation with field maize treated with mesotrione pre-emergence or post-emergence at the labeled dose. However, a re-cropping interval of two years is recommended following application of mesotrione for cranberry and kidney beans. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: White bean seeds were subjected to soaking in distilled water for 1, 2 and 3 days. In order to perform complete processing, the seeds were cooked until soft. Effects of soaking and/or cooking of white bean seeds on antinutritional factors, mineral contents and HCl-extractability were studied. Phytic acid and polyphenol contents of all cultivars were reduced. Soaking alone and soaking, followed by cooking, reduced mineral contents of the cultivars, but HCl-extractability was significantly (P ⩽0.01) improved to varying extents, depending on cultivar type. Soaking and/or cooking treatment was thus found to be an effective technique and caused further improvement in the availability of both major and trace minerals in white bean. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

There is a limited number of registered herbicides in white beans. Field trials were conducted at two Ontario, Canada, locations (Exeter and Ridgetown) in 2001 and 2002 to evaluate tolerance of two white bean cultivars, AC Compass and OAC Thunder, to preplant-incorporated applications ofS-metolachlor plus imazethapyr (1600 + 75 and 3200 + 150 g ai ha−1, respectively), flumetsulam plusS-metolachlor(premixed at 1443 and 2886 g ai ha−1) and cloransulam-methyl (35 and 70 g ai ha−1). There were no differences between the two cultivars in their responses to the herbicide treatments.S-metolachlor plus imazethapyr caused as much as 5% visual crop injury and decreased plant height up to 20%, shoot dry weight up to 39% and yield as much as 21%. Flumetsulam plusS-metolachlor caused as much as 7% visual crop injury and reduced plant height by up to 25%, shoot dry weight by up to 46% and yield as much as 24%. Cloransulam-methyl caused as much as 10% visual crop injury and decreased plant height up to 35%, shoot dry weight up to 55% and yield as much as 44%. There were no differences in seed moisture content among any of the herbicide treatments. This research suggests that the margin of safety of white bean is inadequate to support the preplant-incorporated registration ofS-metolachlor plus imazethapyr, flumetsulam plusS-metolachlor and cloransulam-methyl in Ontario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of integrated weed management strategies requires knowledge of mechanisms that influence compositional changes in weed flora. A 9-year study was initiated in 1988 at Delhi, Canada, on a loamy sand soil to evaluate the effect of tillage systems [conventional (CT) and no-till (NT)] and cover crops (only in NT) on weed density, species composition and associations, and crop yield in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/bean/winter wheat rotation. Three bean types: soyabean (Glycine max L. Merr.), white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and kidney bean (P . vulgaris L.) were included. The NT system included variations: rye (Secale cereale L.) or maize (Zea mays L.) cover crop, volunteer wheat disked after harvest and wheat stubble. Data were collected in 1994, 1995 and 1996. Tillage systems, cover crops and crop type had differential effects on weed densities, species composition and associations. Weed densities were not affected by tillage or cover crops in wheat but, in the beans, densities were greater in the CT than in the NT systems. Various associations of weed species with tillage system, cover crop and crop type were observed. Crop yields were not affected by tillage type or cover crop, except that soyabean yields were highest in plots with cover crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This model study aimed to evaluate the effect of phenolic–food matrix interactions on the in vitro bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity of selected phenolic compounds (gallic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, apigenin, and catechin) as well as protein and starch digestibility in fortified white bean paste. The magnitude of food matrix effects on phenolics bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity was estimated based on "predicted values" and "combination indexes". Furthermore, the protein–phenolics interactions were investigated using electrophoretic and chromatographic techniques. The results demonstrated phenolic–food matrix interactions, in most cases, negatively affected the in vitro bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds as well as nutrient digestibility. The lowest in vitro bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds in fortified paste was found for quercetin (45.4%). The most negative impact on the total starch digestibility and relative digestibility of proteins was observed for catechin–digestibility lower by 14.8%, and 21.3% (compared with control), respectively. The observed phenolic–food matrix interactions were strictly dependent on the applied phenolic compound, which indicates the complex nature of interactions and individual affinity of phenolic compounds to food matrix components. In conclusion, phenolic–food matrix interactions are an important factor affecting the nutraceutical and nutritional potential of fortified products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma membrane flavins and pterins are considered to mediate important physiological functions such as blue light photoperception and redox activity. Therefore, the presence of flavins and pterins in the plasma membrane of higher plants was studied together with NAD(P)H-dependent redox activities. Plasma membranes were isolated from the apical hooks of etiolated bean seedlings (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Limburgse Vroege) by aqueous two-phase partitioning. Fluorescence spectroscopy revealed the presence of two chromophores. The first showed excitation maxima at 370 and 460 nm and an emission peak at 520 nm and was identified as a flavin. The second chromophore was probably a pterin molecule with excitation peaks at 290 and 350 nm and emission at 440 nm. Both pigments are considered intrinsic to the plasma membrane since they could not be removed by treatment with hypotonic media containing high salt and low detergent concentrations. The flavin concentration was estimated at about 500 pmol mg-1 protein. However difficulties were encountered in quantifying the pterin concentrations. Protease treatments indicated that the flavins were non-covalently bound to the proteins. Separation of the plasma membrane proteins after solubilisation by octylglucoside, on an ion exchange system (HPLC, Mono Q), resulted in a distinct protein fraction showing flavin and pterin fluorescence and NADH oxidoreductase activity. The flavin of this fraction was identified as flavin mononucleotide (FMN) by HPLC analysis. Other minor peaks of NADH:acceptor reductase activity were resolved on the column. The presence of distinct NAD(P)H oxidases at the plasma membrane was supported by nucleotide specificity and latency studies using intact vesicles. Our work demonstrates the presence of plasma membrane flavins as intrinsic chromophores, that may function in NAD(P)H-oxidoreductase activity and suggests the presence of plasma membrane bound pterins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the Rexeter common bean, a variety of Phaseolus vulgaris L. developed by the University of Guelph in Canada. The Rexeter common bean was developed from the cross OAC Rex/AC Kippen and is a full season maturity white bean cultivar with upright growth habit with excellent yield potential. The cultivar is resistance to common bacterial blight and has acceptable cooking quality.

Effects of three types of dietary fibres on blood glucose and liver glycogen were studied in male rats. The fibres were used as 10% of the diet supplemented from dietary sources, white beans, peas and carrots. The experiment continued for 5 weeks. At the end of the experiment, fasting blood glucose and liver glycogen were determined. The results showed that replacing carrot fibres and pea fibres by white bean fibres produced significant reduction of blood glucose by 28% and 43%, respectively, while exchanging pea fibres by carrot fibres produced no significant reduction of blood glucose gy 20%. Liver glycogen level (mg/100 g liver) was not affected by altering the fibre type in the diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted with an aim to determine the interactions of pure phenolic compounds (gallic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, apigenin, and catechin) and phenolics from plant extracts (green tea and green coffee) with protein fractions of white bean (albumins and globulins). The physicochemical properties of complexes were established through an analysis of the UV-Vis spectrum; relative content of free amino groups, thiol groups, and tryptophan residues; chromatographic (SE-HPLC) and electrophoretic (SD-PAGE, Native-PAGE) properties; and conformational changes reflected by Fourier transform infrared spectra. Further, the effect of pH and ionic strength on the solubility and stability of complexes as well as the binding capacity of phenolics to proteins were determined. Results show that, in most cases, phenolics significantly affected the measured parameters; however, the effects were strongly differentiated by the type of phenolic compounds and protein fraction that were applied. Moreover, it may be that changes in the properties of complexes are reflected in the biological nature of proteins and phenolic compounds such as their bioavailability and physiological activity. However, due to the structural complexity of proteins, and the multitudinous factors that affect their interactions, such studies are a great and long-term challenge for the domain of food science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]