Search

Wheat grain milling has for aim to isolate the smaller starchy endosperm particles (i.e. flours, semolina) from the larger fragments of peripheral tissues. The mechanical properties of the wheat grain tissues strongly influence how effective the steps of grinding and sieving are during this fractionation process. The grain mechanical resistance determines how much energy is required to fracture it, the particle size of the resulting products, and their biochemical composition. Therefore mechanical properties affect both the durability and the quality of the processed products. Genetic loci, and more precisely the key role of the Hardness (Ha) locus in the D genome of common wheat (Triticum aestivum), are well established determinants of the mechanical properties and behavior of grain, which are also influenced by environmental factors. The key role of genes encoding puroindolines has been confirmed by extensive analysis of mutants and through genetic manipulation. Methods of measuring mechanical resistance are being reconsidered because grain hardness needs to be characterized in ways that capture the different contributions of genetic and environmental factors. In particular, methods to acquire data on the mechanical resistance of each of the grain tissues and their components have been developed. Finally, the promise of using numerical modelling to better understand and predict the effect of changes in the wheat starchy endosperm composition will be discussed.

International audience; Agricultural waste is a huge pool of untapped biomass resources that may even represent economic and environmental burdens. They can be converted into bioenergy and bio-based products by cascading conversion processes, within circular economy, and should be considered residual resources. Major challenges are discussed from a transdisciplinary perspective, focused on Europe situation. Environmental and economic consequences of agricultural residue management chains are difficult to assess due to their complexity, seasonality and regionality. Designing multi-criteria decision support tools, applicable at an early-stage of research, is discussed. Improvement of Anaerobic Digestion (AD), one of the most mature conversion technologies, is discussed from a technological point of view and waste feedstock geographical and seasonal variations. Using agricultural residual resources for producing high-value chemicals is a considerable challenge analysed here, taking into account innovative eco-efficient and cost-effective cascading conversion processes (bio-refinery concept). Moreover, the promotion of agricultural residues-based business is discussed through industrial ecology, to promote synergy, on a local basis, between different agricultural and industrial value chains. Finally, to facilitate a holistic approach and optimise materials and knowledge flows management, the connection of stakeholders is discussed to promote cross-sectorial collaboration and resource exchange at appropriate geographic scales.

International audience; Bread making process can be defined by the succession of steps, with operating parameters and raw material properties as input variables and dough properties as output ones, rheological characteristics acting on both sides. With the help of domain specialists, we have defined the variables of bread making and focused on four main operations: mixing, proofing, laminating, and baking. Starting from concepts of rheology and multiscale analysis of dough structure, we propose basic knowledge models (BKMs) defined as a common representation of product changes for each operation, in a realistic range of dough compositions, and we delineate the areas where they are not available. Once completed, these BKMs could provide a tool to design the texture of various bread products.

Anthocyanins, water soluble polyphenols, have been associated with several beneficial health effects. The aim of this study was to determine how the baking process and food matrix affect anthocyanin stability and bioaccessibility in bakery products in order to develop functional foods. Three well known regularly consumed bakery products (buns, breadsticks and biscuits) were enriched with anthocyanin (AC) isolated from grape skin alone or in combination with docosahexaenoic acid (AC + DHA) to reveal knowledge on AC as active ingredients in real food systems rather than pure compounds. Anthocyanin amounts added to the formulations of buns, breadsticks and biscuits were 34 mg per 100 g, 40 mg per 100 g and 37 mg per 100 g, respectively. The effect of processing, storage and the food matrix on AC stability and bioaccessibility was investigated. In addition, the sensory properties of bakery products were evaluated. Breadsticks enriched with AC and AC + DHA received the lowest scores in the pre-screening sensory test. Therefore breadsticks were excluded from further analysis. AC retentions, which were monitored by determination of malvidin 3-O-glucoside, in the bun and biscuit after baking were 95.9% (13.6 mg per 100 g) and 98.6% (15.2 mg per 100 g), respectively. Biscuits and buns enriched only with AC showed significantly higher anthocyanin bioaccessibilities (57.26% and 57.30%, respectively) than the same ones enriched with AC + DHA. AC stability in enriched products stored for 21 days was significantly lower than in products stored for 7 days (p < 0.05). However, this loss can be accepted as negligible since more than 70% of AC was retained in all the products.

International audience; The breadmaking process can be defined by the succession of operations with operating conditions as input variables and dough properties as output ones, any output variable at step i being an input at step i+1. In this paper, we strive to show how the main properties of bread, density, porosity and alveolar structure (crumb), can be predicted from basic knowledge models (BKMs). So we have defined the variables of breadmaking, proposed BKMs for the two first operations, mixing and proofing, and underlined the needs to define them for shaping and baking, after a short review of existing models. The specific energy delivered during mixing is determined by a simple balance equation in order to predict gluten structuration and dough viscosity, the main output of mixing operation. Then an analysis of dough proofing at different structural scales, by rheology and imaging, allows to assess its alveolar structure, and to fit the kinetics of porosity and stability by phenomenological models. Finally we show how these BKMs could be integrated in order to help the design of baked products with target properties.