1. The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes
- Author
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Enkhbayar Mijiddorj, G. G. Boeskorov, Vladimir V. Pitulko, Jamsranjav Bayarsaikhan, Jamiyan-Ombo Gantulga, Silvia Valenzuela Lamas, Sandrine Grouard, Morten E. Allentoft, Lubomír Peške, Henry Shephard, Marek Nowak, Viktória Kiss, Gottfried Brem, Kristian Kristiansen, Pam Crabtree, Krzysztof Tunia, Aude Perdereau, Jarosław Wilczyński, Svend Hansen, Diimaajav Erdenebaatar, Krisztina Somogyi, Tomasz Suchan, Rinat Zhumatayev, Valentin Dergachev, Elena Y. Pavlova, Aleksei Kasparov, Arturo Morales-Muñiz, Hossein Davoudi, Anna Szécsényi-Nagy, Valentin Dumitrașcu, Timo Seregély, Alan K. Outram, Natalia Berezina, Nikolay A. Bokovenko, Christoph Schwall, Tatiana Kuznetsova, Mariya A. Kusliy, Sergey K. Vasiliev, Michael Hofreiter, Bazartseren Boldgiv, Andrey Logvin, Robin Bendrey, Adrian Bălășescu, M. Marzullo, Kirill Yu. Kiryushin, Beth Shapiro, Laure Tonasso-Calvière, Mikhail A. Anisimov, John Southon, Saule Kalieva, Noémie Tomadini, Nadiia Kotova, Mietje Germonpré, Joris Peters, Benoît Clavel, Ahmed H. Alfarhan, Antoine Fages, Lembi Lōugas, Sandra Olsen, Eve Rannamäe, Daniel Gerber, Konstantin V. Chugunov, Naveed Khan, Benjamin S. Arbuckle, Keiko Kitagawa, Anna Lasota-Kuś, William B. Taylor, Alexander S. Graphodatsky, Sébastien Lepetz, Cheryl A. Makarewicz, Tumur-Ochir Iderkhangai, Alexej Kalmykov, Sebastián Celestino, Ilya Merz, Norbert Benecke, Juan Luis Arsuaga, Carmen Olària, Mikhail V. Sablin, David W. Anthony, Silvia Albizuri Canadell, Victor Varfolomeyev, Zsolt Gallina, Natalia S. Berezina, Jaime Lira Garrido, David Lordkipanize, Alekandr A. Vybornov, Gabriella Kulcsár, Nadir Alvarez, Umberto Tecchiati, Myriam Boudadi-Maligne, Andrey Epimakhov, Valeriy Loman, Olivier Bignon-Lau, Sylwia Pospuła, Patrick Wincker, Marjan Mashkour, Turbat Tsagaan, Duha Alioglu, Andaine Seguin-Orlando, Jean-Marc Aury, Clio Der Sarkissian, Giovanna Bagnasco Gianni, Ornella Prato, Pierre Bodu, Jean-Christophe Castel, Ekaterina Petrova, Charleen Gaunitz, Pavel A. Kosintsev, Philipp W. Stockhammer, Alexey A. Kovalev, Sabine Reinhold, Gennady F. Baryshnikov, Victor Logvin, Abdesh Toleubaev, Wolfgang Haak, Johannes Krause, Magdalena Moskal-del Hoyo, Rune Iversen, Esther Rodríguez González, Stéphanie Schiavinato, I. V. Kukushkin, Pablo Librado, Alexander Bessudnov, Alexander J.E. Pryor, Ma Pilar Iborra, Jérome Magail, Monique Olive, Roxana Dobrescu, Mélanie Pruvost, Barbara Wallner, Alexander N. Bessudnov, Sergazy Sakenov, Viktor Zaibert, N. L. Morgunova, Lutz Klassen, Alexander E. Basilyan, Balázs Gusztáv Mende, N Seregin, Aleksandr I. Yudin, Erika Gál, Natalya A. Plasteeva, Arne Ludwig, Saleh A. Alquraishi, Guus Kroonen, Ariadna Nieto Espinet, Aurore Fromentier, René Kyselý, Ludovic Orlando, Elina Ananyevskaya, A. Belinskiy, Victor Merz, Ghenadie Sîrbu, Irina Shevnina, Pavel Kuznetsov, Urmas Saarma, Kubatbeek Tabaldiev, Khaled A. S. Al-Rasheid, Marcel Keller, Alexey A. Tishkin, Pavel A. Nikolskiy, Emma Usmanova, Natalia Roslyakova, Lorelei Chauvey, Ethnologie préhistorique, Archéologies et Sciences de l'Antiquité (ArScAn), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Archéozoologie, archéobotanique : sociétés, pratiques et environnements (AASPE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
Settore L-ANT/01 - Preistoria e Protostoria ,Cavalls--Ensinistrament ,GRASSLAND ,GENETICS, POPULATION ,Steppe ,300 Social sciences, sociology & anthropology ,Population genetics ,HORSES ,CENTRAL ASIA ,[SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences ,horse geneomes ,Domestication ,0302 clinical medicine ,EQUIDAE ,ADAPTATION ,610 Medicine & health ,Phylogeny ,0303 health sciences ,education.field_of_study ,Evolutionary genetics ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,equestrianism ,Indo-Iranian languages ,horse domestication ,LOCOMOTION ,Sintashta culture ,Western Eurasian steppes ,DOMESTIC HORSE ,GENOME ,Geography ,Archaeology ,DNA, ANCIENT ,Cavalls--Història ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,Ethnology ,Bronze Age ,EUROPE ,780 Music ,Article ,Ancient ,03 medical and health sciences ,Genetics ,NONHUMAN ,Horses ,education ,[SDV.GEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics ,Human evolutionary genetics ,IBERIAN PENINSULA ,ANIMALS ,ANIMAL ,DNA ,Genetics, Population ,DOMESTICATION ,steppe pastoralists ,2nd millennium BC ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Settore BIO/05 - Zoologia ,LANGUAGE ,RUSSIAN FEDERATION ,chariots ,Faculty of Science ,Neolithic ,HORSE ,Migration ,Mobility ,Multidisciplinary ,Genome ,ASIA ,HORSEBACK RIDING ,Grassland ,Europe ,STEPPE ,Animals ,Asia ,DNA, Ancient ,aDNA ,spoke-wheeled chariots ,GENETICS ,PHYLOGENY ,Population ,Pastoralism ,ARCHEOLOGY ,Homeland ,Indo-European ,PASTORALISM ,Yamnaya culture ,Euràsia ,ANCIENT DNA ,VOLGA REGION ,ARTICLE ,030304 developmental biology ,3rd millennium BC ,Horseback riding ,population genetics ,ANATOLIA ,EQUUS CABALLUS ,TURKEY ,ANIMAL WELFARE ,Faculty of Humanities ,ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE - Abstract
Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia and Anatolia, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 bc driving the spread of Indo-European languages. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium bc Sintashta culture., The work by G. Boeskorov is done on state assignment of DPMGI SB RAS. This project was supported by the University Paul Sabatier IDEX Chaire d’Excellence (OURASI); Villum Funden miGENEPI research programme; the CNRS ‘Programme de Recherche Conjoint’ (PRC); the CNRS International Research Project (IRP AMADEUS); the France Génomique Appel à Grand Projet (ANR-10-INBS-09-08, BUCEPHALE project); IB10131 and IB18060, both funded by Junta de Extremadura (Spain) and European Regional Development Fund; Czech Academy of Sciences (RVO:67985912); the Zoological Institute ZIN RAS (АААА-А19-119032590102-7); and King Saud University Researchers Supporting Project (NSRSP–2020/2). The research was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (19-59-15001 and 20-04-00213), the Russian Science Foundation (16-18-10265, 20-78-10151, and 21-18-00457), the Government of the Russian Federation (FENU-2020-0021), the Estonian Research Council (PRG29), the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research (PRG1209), the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (Project NF 104792), the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Momentum Mobility Research Project of the Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities); and the Polish National Science Centre (2013/11/B/HS3/03822). This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie (grant agreement 797449). This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreements 681605, 716732 and 834616).
- Published
- 2021