1. Bridging Legends and Science: Field Evidence of a Large Tsunami that Affected the Kingdom of Tonga in the 15th Century
- Author
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Franck Lavigne, Julie Morin, Patrick Wassmer, Olivier Weller, Taaniela Kula, Ana V. Maea, Karim Kelfoun, Fatima Mokadem, Raphael Paris, Mukhamad Ngainul Malawani, Audrey Faral, Mhammed Benbakkar, Ségolène Saulnier-Copard, Céline M. Vidal, Tu’I’ahai Tu’I’afitu, Fuka Kitekei’aho, Martine Trautmann, Christopher Gomez, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Laboratoire de géographie physique : Environnements Quaternaires et Actuels (LGP), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Trajectoires - UMR 8215, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ministry of Land and Natural Resources, Natural Resources Division, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (LMV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Geocare and Petroleum Consult Ltd, Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre (EOST), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Laboratory of Sediment Hazards and Disaster Risk, Kobe University, Kobe City, Japan, ANR-11-LABX-0046,Dynamite,Dynamiques Territoriales et spatiales(2011), Morin, Julie [0000-0001-9601-4359], Vidal, Celine [0000-0002-9606-4513], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
- Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,[SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory ,Science ,radiocarbon dating ,sedimentology ,[SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,01 natural sciences ,southwest Pacific ,legend ,[SHS.ENVIR]Humanities and Social Sciences/Environmental studies ,[SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,14. Life underwater ,tsunami ,bioclasts ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,megablock - Abstract
The pre-colonial history (i.e. before the 16th century) of Tonga and West Polynesia still suffers from major gaps despite significant scientific advances in recent years, particularly in the field of archaeology. By the 14th century, the powerful Tu’i Tonga kingdom united the islands of the Tongan archipelago under a centralised authority and, according to tradition, extended its influence to neighbouring island groups in the Central Pacific. However, some periods of deep crisis were identified, e.g. in the mid- 15th century, marked by an abrupt cessation of inter-archipelago migration on the deep seas in the Pacific, significant cultural changes, and a decrease in accessible natural resources. The origins of these disturbances are still debated, and they are usually assigned to internal political problems or loss of external influence vis-à-vis neighboring chiefdoms. However, the hypothesis of a major natural disaster was rarely suggested up to now, while field evidence points to the occurrence of a very large tsunami in the past, including the presence of numerous megablocks that were deposited by a “red wave” (orpeau kula, which also mean tsunami in the Tongan language) according to a local myth. Drawing on a body of new evidence from sedimentary signatures and radiocarbon dating of charcoal and marine bioclasts, geomorphology, and sedimentology, in support of previously published archaeological data, we argue that a large tsunami inundated large areas of Tongatapu island in the mid-15th century with runup heights up to 30 m, and that the Tu’i Tonga kingdom was severely impacted by this event. We also discuss the likely sources of this tsunami.
- Published
- 2021
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