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BACKGROUND: Nanocomposite hydrogel has great research prospects and application potential in the treatment of osteoarthritis. OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress of nanocomposite hydrogel in osteoarthritis and cartilage repair. METHODS: Databases such as CNKI and PubMed were searched. The English key words were “nanocomposite hydrogel, nanogel, osteoarthritis, cartage, physical encapsulation, electrostatic interaction, covalent crosslinking”, and the Chinese key words were “nanocomposite hydrogel, nanogel, osteoarthritis, cartage, physical encapsulation, physical encapsulation, electrostatic effect, covalent cross-linking”. After an initial screening of all articles based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 71 articles with high correlation were retained for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In cell or animal experiments, nanocomposite hydrogel has the effect of improving osteoarthritis. Nanocomposite hydrogel can promote cartilage repair, improve the internal environment of osteoarthritis, and achieve the therapeutic purpose of osteoarthritis by improving the mechanical environment between joints, carrying targeted drugs, and promoting the chondrogenesis of seed cells. At present, the research of nanocomposite hydrogel in osteoarthritis disease still has a huge space to play. It is expected to open up a new way for the clinical treatment of osteoarthritis by continuing to deepen the research of material preparation and actively carrying out cell and animal experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Osteonecrosis of the femoral head is a common orthopedic disease, and hip preservation surgery with bone grafting is commonly used in the early stage, in which autologous bone and allograft bone are commonly used as bone grafting materials. However, autologous bone transplantation is highly traumatic and bone supply is limited, and allograft bone is rich in sources, but there are serious risks of immune rejection and absorption. In recent years, the tissue engineering technique based on mesenchymal stem cells is a new method for the treatment of femoral head necrosis, which is gradually widely used after basic experiments and clinical application. OBJECTIVE: To review the application and prospect of tissue engineering in the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head to provide a new choice for the clinical treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. METHODS: The PubMed database and CNKI database from 2013 to 2023 were searched by the first author with Chinese and English search terms “tissue engineering, mesenchymal stem cells, biological scaffolds, cytokines, osteonecrosis of the femoral head, bone graft, hip preservation”. The articles on the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head with tissue engineering technology were selected, and 55 representative articles were included for review after the initial screening of all articles according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) With the continuous development of biotechnology and materials science, great progress has been made in the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head by bone tissue engineering, such as the application of gene-modified mesenchymal stem cells to repair osteonecrosis, the combination of gene recombination technology and surface modification technology with bone tissue engineering in the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. (2) When applied to the necrotic femoral head, tissue engineering technology can promote the regeneration of necrotic bone tissue and the repair of the vascular system, provide biomechanical stability for the necrotic area, and use bioactive factors to accelerate the repair of seed cells to complete the regeneration of new bone in necrotic area. (3) However, most of these studies are still in the animal experiment stage, and there are still many unsolved problems and challenges in bone tissue engineering research. With the rapid development of nanotechnology, tissue engineering and clinical medicine, biomimetic replacement bone grafting materials with perfect performance are expected to come into being. (4) In the future, bone tissue engineering for osteonecrosis of the femoral head is expected to be a satisfactory treatment for patients with hip preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In recent years, with the development of biological scaffold materials and bioprinting technology, tissue-engineered bone has become a research hotspot in bone defect repair. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the current treatment methods for bone defects, summarize the biomaterials and bioprinting technology for preparing tissueengineered bone scaffolds, and explore the application of biomaterials and printing technology in tissue engineering and the current challenges. METHODS: Search terms were “bone defect, tissue engineering, biomaterials, 3D printing technology, 4D printing technology, bioprinting, biological scaffold, bone repair” in Chinese and English. Relevant documents published from January 1, 2009 to December 1, 2022 were retrieved on CNKI, PubMed and Web of Science databases. After being screened by the first author, high-quality references were added. A total of 93 articles were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The main treatment methods for bone defects include bone transplantation, membrane-guided regeneration, gene therapy, bone tissue engineering, etc. The best treatment method is still uncertain. Bone tissue engineering technology is a new technology for the treatment of bone defects. It has become the focus of current research by constructing three-dimensional structures that can promote the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and enhance the ability of bone formation. Biological scaffold materials are diverse, with their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages. A single biological material cannot meet the demand for tissue-engineered bone for the scaffold. Usually, multiple materials are combined to complement each other, which is to meet the demand for mechanical properties while taking into account the biological properties of the scaffold. Bioprinting technology can adjust the pore of the scaffold, build a complex spatial structure, and is more conducive to cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. The emerging 4D printing technology introduces “time” as the fourth dimension to make the prepared scaffold dynamic. With the synchronous development of smart materials, 4D printing technology provides the possibility of efficient repair of bone defects in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Most rotator cuff injuries occur in the supraspinatus tendon. Clinical treatment of rotator cuff injuries is very limited due to the lack of blood vessels and the complex anatomical structure of the rotator cuff. The rapid development of tissue engineering technology and stem cell biology has brought new hope for improving the quality of tendon repair. OBJECTIVE: To prepare human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells/gelatin methacrylate composite scaffolds by bio-3D printing technology to observe the effect of this scaffold on repairing rotator cuff injury. METHODS: (1) In vitro cell assay: The gelatin microcarrier was prepared. The tissue engineered stem cells were constructed by inoculating human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on the surface of gelatin microcarrier. Gelatin methacrylate hydrogel printing ink was prepared. Tissue engineered stem cells were re-suspended with gelatin methacrylate hydrogel printing ink and put into the bio-ink container of 3D printer for printing. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells/gelatin methacrylate composite scaffold was obtained after 5 minutes of blue light irradiation and curing. The activity of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in scaffolds was detected by dead/alive staining and CCK-8 assay. (2) In vivo animal experiments: A random block design method was used to randomly assign 24 SD rats to 4 groups with 6 rats in each group. No treatment was given in the normal group. The rotator cuff injury model of supratinatus tendon tear was established in the rotator cuff injury group, the simple scaffold group, and the cellular scaffold group. The gelatin methacrylate scaffold and human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell/gelatin methacrylatecomposite scaffold were implanted into the tendon injury after the model was made in the simple scaffold group and the cellular scaffold group, respectively. Four weeks after operation, behavioral tests and histopathological morphology observation of supraspinatus tendon of rotator cuff were performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) In vitro cellular assay: The dead/alive staining showed that gelatin microcarrier could reduce the damage of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells caused by 3D printing process. With the extension of culture time, the survival rate of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells increased in the scaffold. The results of CCK-8 assay showed that with the extension of culture time, the activity of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in the scaffold did not change significantly. (2) In vivo animal experiments: Behavioral test results showed that compared with rotator cuff injury group and simple scaffold group, cellular scaffold group significantly improved limb motor function. The results of hematoxylin-eosin and Masson staining of rotator cuff supraspinatus tendon showed that compared with rotator cuff injury group and simple scaffold group, the muscle fiber arrangement in the cellular scaffold group was more regular; there was no obvious inflammatory cell infiltration, and the percentage of collagen volume decreased. The results of immunofluorescence staining showed that the expression levels of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α in the rotator cuff supraspinatus tendon were significantly decreased in the cellular scaffold group compared with the rotator cuff injury group and the simple scaffold group. (3) The results showed that bio3D-printed cell scaffolds encapsulating human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells/gelatin methacrylate could promote tissue repair and regeneration of rotator cuff injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To summarize research progress on forming dental pulp-like tissue from dental pulp stem cells via a co-culture system, as well as provide ideas for stem cell therapy for dental pulp tissue regeneration. METHODS: The first author searched PubMed, CNKI, and Wanfang databases for relevant literature published before May 2022. The English search terms were “dental pulp regeneration, dental pulp stem cell, co-culture, tissue engineering, signaling pathway”, and the Chinese search terms were “dental pulp regeneration, dental pulp stem cells, co-culture, tissue engineering, scaffold, signaling pathway”. Totally 67 articles meeting the criteria were summarized and described. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Different combinations of cells are used in co-culture systems to form the main body of the cell and the combined body. (2) Direct co-culture and indirect co-culture are the two types of combination modes at present. Through the intervention of biological scaffold materials and a change in culture conditions, the co-culture outcome can be divided into two-dimensional regenerated tissues and three-dimensional regenerated tissues. (3) Direct co-culture creates an extracellular matrix and microenvironment that facilitates stem cell proliferation and differentiation through intercellular contact. (4) Indirect co-culture addresses the problem of insufficient sources of combined cells and immune rejection between individuals. The biological factors produced by the combined cells can be more easily made into clinical drugs and biological scaffold materials. (5) Though the co-culture system has superior performance in angiogenesis, there are few reports on other structures, and the regeneration of tissue from the co-culture outcome is uncertain. Furthermore, there are limitations to applying newly generated tissue generated by the co-culture system to clinical practice due to tooth anatomical constraints and rejection mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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BACKGROUND: With the rapid development of 3D printing technology in tissue engineering, a variety of scaffold materials prepared by 3D printing are widely used in mandibular defect repair. 3D printing technology brings new possibilities for mandibular defect repair. OBJECTIVE: The 3D bionic bone scaffold material was constructed by low-temperature 3D printing technology, and the internal structure of the scaffold was precisely controlled, and the mechanical properties of the scaffold were analyzed. METHODS: Under the same volume, by changing the interlacing angle of the printed scaffold wire harness and the wire harness, low-temperature 3D printing technology was used to print silk fibroin/type I collagen/hydroxyapatite scaffolds with different angles (30°, 45°, 90°) and polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite scaffolds (a total of 6 sets of scaffolds). The uniaxial compression mechanics experiment was loaded to 6 groups of scaffolds at a compression rate of 0.5%/s, compressed to 30% strain to observe the relationship between stress and strain. The stress relaxation experiment was applied to the three printing angles of silk fibroin/collagen I/hydroxyapatite scaffolds at a compression rate of 0.5%/s at 10%, 20%, and 30% strain, and the relaxation retention time was 3 hours to observe the relationship between stress and time. In the creep experiment, the silk fibroin/collagen I/hydroxyapatite scaffold with an angle of 90° was compressed and printed at a constant pressure of 2.5, 3.75, and 5 kPa, and the creep retention time was 3 hours to observe the relationship between strain and time. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Uniaxial compression mechanics experiment: The mechanical properties of 3D printed silk fibroin/type I collagen/ hydroxyapatite scaffold and polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite scaffold compression showed that the 90° scaffold had higher Young’s modulus than the 30° and 45° scaffolds under the same compression strain. (2) Stress relaxation experiment: When the compression rate, compression strain and compression angle were constant, the stress of silk fibroin/type I collagen/hydroxyapatite scaffold decreased rapidly with the extension of relaxation time, then slowly decreased. With the extension of relaxation time, the stress of the scaffold decreased rapidly in the beginning time (within 1 600 seconds), and in the later period (3 700 seconds). When the compression rate and compression strain were kept constant, the initial and stable stress values of silk fibroin/type I collagen/hydroxyapatite scaffolds with 90° printing angle were higher than those of scaffolds with 30° and 45° printing angle. When the compression rate and compression angle were constant, the initial and stable stress values of silk fibroin/type I collagen/hydroxyapatite scaffolds increased with the increase of compression strain. (3) Creep test: With the extension of creep time, the strain of 90° silk fibroin/type I collagen / hydroxyapatite scaffolds increased rapidly in the initial stage (within 500 seconds), then increased slowly, and finally leveled off. The strain range of the scaffolds was 35% to 55% at 2.5 kPa, and 43% to 57% at 3.75 kPa. The strain of the scaffold ranged from 45% to 57% under 5 kPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional oral materials are mostly stable materials which are not affected by oral environment，while intelligent materials can adapt to various changes in the oral cavity and respond favorably，so they have become one of the research hotspots in recent years. As an environmentally sensitive polymer，intelligent hydrogel is an important type of smart materials and has been widely studied in stomatology. Based on the literature at home and abroad，this paper briefly reviews the definition and classification of intelligent hydrogels and the application of intelligent hydrogels in stomatology，and prospect the future development of these materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Bone tissue engineering is an effective bone defect repair program. Macrophages play an extremely important role in the immune response after implantation of tissue engineering materials. Interfering with its different polarization states has become a key means to regulate the local immune microenvironment. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the important role of macrophages in the immune response after biomaterial implantation and the research progress in promoting osteogenesis by regulating the polarization of macrophages in bone tissue engineering. METHODS: PubMed, Web of Science and CNKI were used to search the related articles published from 2016 to 2020. The retrieval article types were original research works and reviews. The search terms were “macrophage polarization, M2, scaffold, tissue engineering, foreign body response, implant, surface, bone” in English, and “macrophage polarization, M2, tissue engineering, foreign body response, implant, surface, bone” in Chinese. An inductive analysis was conducted in the selected articles on the latest research progress in this field. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The immune response plays an important role in tissue engineering and the regulation of the immune microenvironment is a key means of promoting osteogenesis in tissue engineered bone. The method of altering the physicochemical properties of the material, such as hydrophobicity, roughness and surface morphology has good stability for a long duration, achieves significant osteogenic improvements. Delivery of drugs, cytokines or bioactive ions has also worked well, but suffers from short release time and susceptibility to denaturation. Another strategy is regulation by engineered cellmacrophage crosstalk, where mesenchymal stem cells are highly immunomodulatory and can achieve immune modulation and bone repair promotion. The new study highlights the important role of exosomes to achieve controllable modulation of macrophage polarization and immune environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The combination of bioelectrospray and electrospinning can promote the direct integration of living cells and scaffold materials, and can distribute the cells evenly among scaffold fibers, which is a promising alternative to the preparation of scaffold containing cells. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility using multiple methods to prepare poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) three-dimensional scaffolds rich in adipose derived stem cells (ASCs) as urethral tissue reconstruction materials. METHODS: The ASCs were integrated into PLGA by electrospinning and cell bio-electrospray method. The cell scaffold PLGA-ASCs was obtained. The pure PLGA scaffold was prepared by electrospinning. The microstructure, in vitro degradation, mechanical properties and residual solvent content of the two scaffolds were detected. The cell viability of PLGA-ASCs was detected by MTT assay. PLGA-ASCs were cultured in 37°C cell incubator for 1, 7 and 15 days. MTT assay was used to detect cell viability. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy were used to observe the growth and diffusion of ASCs on the scaffolds. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Scanning electron microscopy showed that the fiber surface of PLGA-ASCs and PLGA scaffolds was smooth, and ASCs were randomly distributed on PLGA-ASCs scaffolds. The average fiber diameter and thickness of PLGA-ASCs scaffolds were larger than those of PLGA scaffolds. The cell survival rate in PLGA-ASCs scaffolds was (87.0±4.4)%, and the cell integration efficiency in PLGA-ASCs scaffolds was 28%. (2) In vitro degradation experiment showed that weight average molecular weight of PLGA scaffolds decreased rapidly in the first 15 days. The weight average molecular weight of PLGA-ASCs scaffolds decreased rapidly on 15-45 days. There was no difference in weight average molecular weight between the two groups at 45 days. (3) Young’s modulus, maximum load, and maximum elongation of PLGA-ASCs scaffolds were lower than those of PLGA scaffolds. (4) During 1-7 days of culture, the number of cells in PLGA-ASCs scaffolds gradually increased, and the number of cells in PLGA-ASCs scaffolds increased gradually from 7 to 15 days. (5) The results of scanning electron microscope observation and confocal microscope showed that the number of cells in PLGA-ASCs scaffolds increased gradually and integrated with the scaffolds with the extension of culture time. (6) The results showed that PLGA-ASCs had good physical and chemical properties and biological activity, and could be used as urethral tissue reconstruction materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: With the development of bone tissue engineering, the role of scaffold materials has become more and more important. Polycaprolactone and its composite materials have also increasingly attracted researchers to become one of the research highlights in this field. OBJECTIVE: To introduce the basic properties and synthesis methods of polycaprolactone, to summarize the research status of polycaprolactone and its composite materials in the field of bone tissue engineering, and to prospect the future development and research direction. METHODS: These articles published from 1950 to 2020 in Web of Science database were retrieved by using the search terms “PCL, PCL composites, bone tissue engineering, scaffold, bone, PCL synthesis”, taking “and” as the logical combination relationship. Totally 253 articles were initially obtained, and finally 52 articles were reviewed and analyzed after careful reading and selection. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Pure polycaprolactone materials have certain shortcomings in bone tissue engineering. Due to their easy chemical modification and physical modification, polycaprolactone composite undoubtedly has become one of the candidate materials for bone tissue engineering scaffolds. (2) Due to the excellent solubility and thermal properties of polycaprolactone, it can be applied to a variety of scaffold preparation technologies. The appropriate scaffold preparation technology can be selected according to the application site. A variety of scaffold preparation technologies also broaden the application field of polycaprolactone, and there are also developed some novel technologies, so scaffold preparation technology should also attract the attention researchers. (3) For the modification direction of polycaprolactone, the modification of inorganic substances and natural or synthetic polymers has received extensive attention. (4) In terms of experimental research methods, researchers should pay attention to introducing more kinds of experimental cells and experimental models in accordance with clinical needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In recent years, more and more scaffold materials have been used to repair soft tissue defects, and the clinical repair effect of soft tissue defects is strongly associated with the source and performance of materials. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the research progress of preparation and application of different biological scaffolds in the field of oral and maxillofacial soft tissue defect repair. METHODS: PubMed and Medline were searched for articles published from 1966 to 2019 with the English key words of “materials, scaffold, biological scaffold, soft tissue, coloboma, tissue engineering, review”. Chinese journal full-text database and Chinese science citation database were retrieved for articles published from 2003 to 2019 with key words of “material, scaffold, biological scaffold, soft tissue, defect, tissue engineering, review”. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Natural bio-scaffold materials are directly derived from organisms with pretty biocompatibility. Natural bio-scaffold materials can release cytoactive factors, promote cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation, and can be combined with synthetic polymer materials with controllable properties to form composite scaffolds, which is an ideal scaffold material for repairing soft tissue defects of oral and maxillofacial regions. Nanomaterials have higher biological activity than other scaffold materials and can promote the adhesion and proliferation of seed cells, providing ideal three-dimensional space for cell growth, but their applications are currently mainly reflected in bone tissue repair, and the applications in soft tissue repair are very few. At present, there are many researches on natural biological scaffold materials in oral and maxillofacial soft tissue repair, mainly including small intestinal submucosa, acellular dermal matrix and acellular vascular scaffolds. The combination of natural biological scaffold materials and synthetic polymer materials will be a major research trend in materials for repairing oral and maxillofacial soft tissue defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]