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Effective and robust electrocatalysts are mainly based on innovative materials and unique structures. Herein, we designed a flakelike cobalt phosphide-based catalyst supporting on NiCo2O4 nanorods array, which in-situ grew on the nickel foam (NF) current collector, referring as N–Co2P/NiCo2O4/NF electrode. By optimizing the microstructure and electronic structure through 3D hierarchy fabrication and nitrogen doping, the catalyst features with abundant electrochemical surface area, favorable surface wettability, excellent electron transport, as well as tailored d band center. Consequently, the as-prepared N–Co2P/NiCo2O4/NF electrode exhibits an impressive HER activity with a low overpotentials of 58 mV at 10 mA cm−2, a Tafel slop of 75 mV dec−1, as well as superior durability in alkaline medium. This work may provide a new pathway to effectively improve the hydrogen evolution performance of transition metal phosphides and to develop promising electrodes for practical electrocatalysis.

Electrochemical water splitting is one of the most sustainable approaches for generating hydrogen. Because of the inherent constraints associated with the architecture and materials, the conventional alkaline water electrolyzer and the emerging proton exchange membrane electrolyzer are suffering from low efficiency and high materials/operation costs, respectively. Herein, we design a membrane-free flow electrolyzer, featuring a sandwich-like architecture and a cyclic operation mode, for decoupled overall water splitting. Comprised of two physically-separated compartments with flowing H2-rich catholyte and O2-rich anolyte, the cell delivers H2 with a purity >99.1%. Its low internal ohmic resistance, highly active yet affordable bifunctional catalysts and efficient mass transport enable the water splitting at current density of 750 mA cm−2 biased at 2.1 V. The eletrolyzer works equally well both in deionized water and in regular tap water. This work demonstrates the opportunity of combining the advantages of different electrolyzer concepts for water splitting via cell architecture and materials design, opening pathways for sustainable hydrogen generation., Seawater electrolysis is promising for grid-scale H2 production without freshwater reliance, but high energy costs and detrimental Cl chemistry reduce its practical potential. Here, authors developed an energy-saving hybrid seawater electrolyzer for chlorine-free H2 production and N2H4 degradation.

Studies of high redshift radio galaxies can shed light on the activity of active galactic nuclei (AGN) in massive elliptical galaxies, and on the assembly and evolution of galaxy clusters in the Universe. J1606+3124 has been tentatively identified as a radio galaxy at a redshift of 4.56, at an era of one-tenth of the current age of the Universe. Very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) images show a compact triple structure with a size of 68 parsecs. The radio properties of J1606+3124, including the edge-brightening morphology, peaked GHz radio spectrum, slow variability, and low jet speed, consistently indicate that it is a compact symmetric object (CSO). The radio source size and expansion rate of the hotspots suggest that J1606+3124 is a young (kinematic age of ~3600 years) radio source. Infrared observations reveal a gas- and dust-rich host galaxy environment, which may hinder the growth of the jet; however, the ultra-high jet power of J1606+3124 gives it an excellent chance to grow into a large-scale double-lobe radio galaxy. If its redshift and galaxy classification can be confirmed by further optical spectroscopic observations, J1606+3124 will be the highest redshift CSO galaxy known to date., Comment: Accepted by MNRAS

The underlying structural origin of magnetic properties is still elusive in Fe-based amorphous alloys. In this study, distinctive soft magnetic properties were developed in Fe76Si9B10P5 amorphous ribbons through systematic design of annealing process. Combining with synchrotron radiation, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and first principle ab initio molecular dynamic simulation, it is found that the atomic structural evolution both in short range order and medium range order is responsible for the magnetic softness at proper annealing temperature. In short range, formation of separated and densely coordinated Fe-metalloid clusters is instigated to adapt energy minimization, resulting in strengthening of ferromagnetic exchange interaction locally. In medium range, a homogeneous exchange-coupling from the uniformly strong and weak ferromagnetic regions is generated, which significantly weakens magnetic heterogeneity and leads to the excellent magnetic softness. Our findings may provide an effective/promising pathway to modulate the magnetic properties for Fe-based amorphous alloys, and give a comprehensive and quantitative understanding of the structure-properties relationship in amorphous materials.

Surface modification of different functional molecules onto NaREF4 (RE = rare earth) upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) impart their multiple functionalities. Functional molecules can be loaded onto NaREF4 UCNPs through the formation of coordination bonds between the surface-exposed RE3+ ions and the appropriate chemical groups of functional molecules. The density of surface RE3+ ions directly determines the loading efficiency of NaREF4 UCNPs. However, NaREF4 is a binary cation system, rendering the surface-distributed Na+ and RE3+ ions remains a mystery. Here, we develop an effective strategy to significantly enhance the density of surface RE3+ ions, thus maximizing the loading capacity of NaREF4 UCNPs. This strategy is based on a heterovalent cation exchange (HCE) reaction in the surface region in which Na+ ions are replaced by RE3+ ions. The density of surface ligands enhances from 3.6 to 8.8 molecules/nm2 after reaction, suggesting that the loading efficiency increases by approximately 150%. Benefiting from the improved loading capacity, we demonstrate such surface-RE-rich nanoparticles have the ability to offer higher colloidal stability and more desirable photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy. This work not only advances our understanding of cation exchange reactions in RE-based nanoparticles, but also provides significant value for considerable applications such as sensing, bioimaging, and therapy.

Dislocation plays a crucial role in controlling the strength and plasticity of bulk materials. However, determining the densities of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) and statistically stored dislocations (SSDs) is one of the classical problems in material research for several decades. Here, we proposed a new approach based on indentation size effect (ISE) and strengthening theories. This approach was performed on a laser powder bed fused (L-PBF) Hastelloy X (HX), and the results were verified by the Hough-based EBSD and modified Williamson–Hall (m-WH) methods. Furthermore, to better understand the new approach and essential mechanisms, an in-depth investigation of the microstructure was conducted. The distribution of dislocations shows a clear grain orientation-dependent: low density in large preferentially orientated grains while high density in fine orientated grains. The increment of strengthening in L-PBF HX is attributed to a huge amount of edge-GNDs. Planar slip is the main operative deformation mechanism during indentation tests, and the slip step patterns depend mostly on grain orientations and stacking fault energy. This study provides quantitative results of GND and SSD density for L-PBF HX, which constructs a firm basis for future quantitative work on other metals with different crystal structures. Funding agencies: The Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (Vinnova Grant No. 2016-05175) and the Center for Additive Manufacturing-metal (CAM2). Siemens Energy is acknowledged for providing the samples.

The bio-nanotechnological fabrication of high-surface-area carbons has attracted widespread interest in supercapacitor applications by using readily-available natural products as raw materials or bio-templates, and is expected to refine on pore accessibility for compact energy storage. Here, a renovated design strategy of semi-biomass interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) derived carbon is demonstrated through physically knitting the biomacromolecule (sodium alginate, SA) polymeric chains into the highly crosslinked resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) network and subsequent thermochemical conversion. Molecule-level interlacing forces in such IPN efficiently relieve the RF skeleton shrinkage when producing carbon, while the other SA network addresses the macrophase separation issue to sacrifice as an in-knitted porogen and a morphology-directing agent. As a result, porous carbon globules are equipped with moss-like surfaces and interconnected pore architecture for high accessible electrode surface (1013 m2/g), and efficient electrochemical responses are reached with the specific capacitance of 312 F/g at 1 A/g. Taking the advantage of 9 mol/kg NaClO4 complex-solvent electrolyte, the voltage window is extended to 2.4 V, endowing the two-electrode device with the high energy delivery of 32.3 Wh/kg at 240 W/kg.

Lepton scattering is an established ideal tool for studying inner structure of small particles such as nucleons as well as nuclei. As a future high energy nuclear physics project, an Electron-ion collider in China (EicC) has been proposed. It will be constructed based on an upgraded heavy-ion accelerator, High Intensity heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) which is currently under construction, together with a new electron ring. The proposed collider will provide highly polarized electrons (with a polarization of $\sim$80%) and protons (with a polarization of $\sim$70%) with variable center of mass energies from 15 to 20 GeV and the luminosity of (2-3) $\times$ 10$^{33}$ cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. Polarized deuterons and Helium-3, as well as unpolarized ion beams from Carbon to Uranium, will be also available at the EicC. The main foci of the EicC will be precision measurements of the structure of the nucleon in the sea quark region, including 3D tomography of nucleon; the partonic structure of nuclei and the parton interaction with the nuclear environment; the exotic states, especially those with heavy flavor quark contents. In addition, issues fundamental to understanding the origin of mass could be addressed by measurements of heavy quarkonia near-threshold production at the EicC. In order to achieve the above-mentioned physics goals, a hermetical detector system will be constructed with cutting-edge technologies. This document is the result of collective contributions and valuable inputs from experts across the globe. The EicC physics program complements the ongoing scientific programs at the Jefferson Laboratory and the future EIC project in the United States. The success of this project will also advance both nuclear and particle physics as well as accelerator and detector technology in China., EicC white paper, written by the whole EicC working group

Natural spinal tissues have unique dynamic properties and it is crucial to investigate the full dynamic response of spinal implants and related biomedical materials to ensure compatibility with the host tissue. Silicon nitride is a promising bioceramic for spinal implants. In this study, the mechanical properties and dynamic response of silicon nitride were comprehensively evaluated using novel and efficient testing methods, at both the material and structural level. The correlation between mechanical properties and porosity was investigated and the results showed that Young's modulus and compressive strength decreased non-linearly as porosity increased. Both the compressive strength (100.35±3.39MPa) and fracture toughness (1.06±0.06MPa⋅m1/2) of the porous silicon nitride samples (~70% porosity) can be considered sufficient for load bearing purposes as a substitute for trabecular bone. Moreover, the results from a drop tower test showed that the average ultimate strength of the scaffolds under an impact loading was significantly lower than the strength under quasi-static compression. Nevertheless, this value is still comparable to that of trabecular bone. Regarding damping capacity, the results of free damped vibration tests of cantilever beams showed that a silicon nitride beam has a higher damping ratio (0.17%±0.01%) than a zirconia beam (0.13%±0.01%), which indicates that ceramics with similar Young's moduli can have different energy dissipating capacities. However, both dense and porous silicon nitride showed a low energy dissipation, substantially lower than natural spinal tissues. Overall, dense silicon nitride possesses a high stiffness, and altering the porosity of silicon nitride is one option to tailor its mechanical properties towards those of trabecular bone, however, more effort is required to increase its damping capacity, if this is a desired trait., Ceramics International, 47 (23), ISSN:0272-8842, ISSN:1873-3956

The application of Si as the anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is still severely hindered by the rapid capacity decay due to the structural damage caused by large volume change (>300%) during cycling. Herein, a three-dimensional (3D) aerogel anode of Si@carbon@graphene (SCG) is rationally constructed via a polydopamine-assisted strategy. Polydopamine is coated on Si nanoparticles to serve as an interface linker to initiate the assembly of Si and graphene oxide, which plays a crucial role in the successful fabrication of SCG aerogels. After annealing the polydopamine is converted into N-doped carbon (N-carbon) coatings to protect Si materials. The dual protection from N-carbon and graphene aerogels synergistically improves the structural stability and electronic conductivity of Si, thereby leading to the significantly improved lithium storage properties. Electrochemical tests show that the SCG with optimized graphene content delivers a high capacity (712 mAh/g at 100 mA/g) and robust cycling stability (402 mAh/g at 1 A/g after 1500 cycles). Furthermore, the full cell using SCG aerogels as anode exhibits a reversible capacity of 187.6 mAh/g after 80 cycles at 0.1 A/g. This work provides a plausible strategy for developing Si anode in LIBs.

Metal halide perovskites, as a new generation of semiconductor materials, have been widely applied in various optoelectronic devices, especially in the field of perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs). The external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of green, red, and near-infrared PeLEDs have exceeded 20% for the last few years, which are comparable to those of the state-of-the-art organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and quantum-dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs). However, the performances of blue PeLEDs lag far behind those of their counterparts, presumably due to the low quantum yields of blue perovskite films, the instability of the emission spectra, and the difficulties in charge injection for the devices under operation conditions. In this review, the structures and physical properties of blue emissive perovskite materials and the preparation methods of the corresponding perovskite films are firstly addressed. Then, the recent advances and strategies to improve the efficiency of blue PeLEDs are outlined, and the main challenges faced with the blue PeLEDs are also discussed. Finally, an outlook on blue LEDs based on perovskite materials is proposed.

In the field of civil engineering, the meteorological data available usually do not have the detailed information of the wind near a certain site. However, the detailed information of the wind field during typhoon is important for the wind-resistant design of civil structures. Furthermore, the resolution of the meteorological data available by the civil engineers is too coarse to be applicable. Therefore it is meaningful to obtain the detailed information of the wind fields based on the meteorological data provided by the meteorological department. Therefore, in the present study, a one-way coupling method between WRF and CFD is adopted and a method to keep the mass conservation during the simulation in CFD is proposed. It is found that using the proposed one-way coupling method, the predicted wind speed is closer to the measurement. And the curvature of the wind streamline during typhoon is successfully reproduced.

The forward osmosis (FO) membrane exhibits great performance degradation when contacting with chlorine solutions. The damage of chlorine to membrane material will seriously reduce the lifetime of the membrane and increase the cost of membrane treatment technology. Here, we prepared chlorine-stable membranes by a covalent modification method with cyclohexylamine. The cyclohexylamine observably changed the surface morphology, the roughness (arithmetic average) of the membrane decreased from 22 to 17.2 nm. The addition of cyclohexylamine produced a denser sacrificial layer of short chain polyamide, which made modified membranes possess significantly better chlorine resistance with slightly declined water flux. The water flux of the optimal modified membrane was 10.78 Lm−2 h−1, only 13% less than that of the pristine membrane. Importantly, after 20,000 ppm·h chlorine exposure, the membrane with 1.5 wt% cyclohexylamine had a salt rejection of 77.2% and showed 26.0% lower water flux than pristine TFC (thin film composite) membrane in FO mode. Notably, the grafting membranes could maintain a high performance under acidic chlorination conditions. The membrane with best performance had a salt rejection of 81.6%, exhibiting 24.4% higher salt rejection than pristine membrane with 20,000 ppm·h chlorine exposure at a pH of 4. The cyclohexylamine endowed the FO membrane with better chlorine resistance, making it attractive for the development of chlorine-resistant membrane for environmental and desalination processes. HIGHLIGHTS The addition of cyclohexylamine produced a chlorine-resistant sacrificial layer.; The 1.0 wt% addition of cyclohexylamine did not significantly decrease the water flux of the forward osmosis membrane.; Under acidic conditions, cyclohexylamine could still significantly improve the chlorine resistance of forward osmosis membranes.

A condition-controlled strategy for selectively synthesis of 2-acylbenzothiazoles and bibenzo[b][1,4]thiazines from aryl methyl ketones and disulfanediyldianilines was realized using I2/DMSO or I2/MeCN systems, respectively. The desired products were synthesized in only 15 min with moderate to excellent yields (50%-90%) under microwave-assisted, metal-free conditions. The strategy provides a great advantage for selective synthetic applications in the efficient synthesis of benzothiazoles and bibenzothiazines heterocycle compounds.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) disproportionation, iron precipitation, and narrow pH range are the drawbacks of traditional Fenton process. To surmount these barriers, we proposed a ferric ion (Fe3+)-ascorbic acid (AA) complex catalyzed calcium peroxide (CaO2) Fenton-like system to remove organic dyes in water. This collaborative Fe3+/AA/CaO2 system presented an obvious improvement in the methyl orange (MO) decolorization, and also effectively eliminated other dyes. Response surface method was employed to optimize the running parameters for this coupling process. Under the optimized arguments (2.76 mmol/L Fe3+, 0.68 mmol/L AA, and 4 mmol/L CaO2), the MO removal achieved 98.90% after 15 min at pH 6.50, which was close to the computed outcome of 99.30%. Furthermore, this Fenton-like system could perform well in a wide range of pH (3–11), and enhance the H2O2 decomposition and Fe ions recycle. The scavenger experiment result indicated that hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion free radical, and singlet oxygen were acted on the dye elimination. Moreover, electron spin resonance analysis corroborated that the existences of these active species in the Fe3+/AA/CaO2 system. This study could advance the development of Fenton-like technique in organic effluent disposal.

The inessential heavy metal/loids cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As), which often co-occur in polluted paddy soils, are toxic to rice. Silicon (Si) treatment is known to reduce Cd and As toxicity in rice plants. To better understand the shared mechanisms by which Si alleviates Cd and As stress, rice seedlings were hydroponically exposed to Cd or As, then treated with Si. The addition of Si significantly ameliorated the inhibitory effects of Cd and As on rice seedling growth. Si supplementation decreased Cd and As translocation from roots to shoots, and significantly reduced Cd- and As-induced reactive oxygen species generation in rice seedlings. Transcriptomics analyses were conducted to elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying the Si-mediated response to Cd or As stress in rice. The expression patterns of the differentially expressed genes in Cd- or As-stressed rice roots with and without Si application were compared. The transcriptomes of the Cd- and As-stressed rice roots were similarly and profoundly reshaped by Si application, suggesting that Si may play a fundamental, active role in plant defense against heavy metal/loid stresses by modulating whole genome expression. We also identified two novel genes, Os01g0524500 and Os06g0514800, encoding a myeloblastosis (MYB) transcription factor and a thionin, respectively, which may be candidate targets for Si to alleviate Cd and As stress in rice, as well as for the generation of Cd- and/or As-resistant plants. This study provides valuable resources for further clarification of the shared molecular mechanisms underlying the Si-mediated alleviation of Cd and As toxicity in rice.

Developing sorghum genotypes adapted to different light environments requires understanding of a plant’s ability to capture light, determined through leaf angle specifically. This study dissected the genetic basis of leaf angle in 3 year field trials at two sites, using a sorghum diversity panel (729 accessions). A wide range of variation in leaf angle with medium heritability was observed. Leaf angle explained 36% variation in canopy light extinction coefficient, highlighting the extent to which variation in leaf angle influences light interception at the whole-canopy level. This study also found that the sorghum races of Guinea and Durra consistently having the largest and smallest leaf angle, respectively, highlighting the potential role of leaf angle in adaptation to distinct environments. The genome-wide association study detected 33 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with leaf angle. Strong synteny was observed with previously detected leaf angle QTLs in maize (70%) and rice (40%) within 10 cM, among which the overlap was significantly enriched according to χ2 tests, suggesting a highly consistent genetic control in grasses. A priori leaf angle candidate genes identified in maize and rice were found to be enriched within a 1-cM window around the sorghum leaf angle QTLs. Additionally, protein domain analysis identified the WD40 protein domain as being enriched within a 1-cM window around the QTLs. These outcomes show that there is sufficient heritability and natural variation in the angle of upper leaves in sorghum which may be exploited to change light interception and optimize crop canopies for different contexts.

The precision fabrication of ceramic moulds for the mass-production of micro/meso-structural arrays places a tremendous challenge to the manufacturing industry. This work aims to reveal the physics behind the processes so as to address this technological challenge. A new method for texturing the diamond grinding wheel surface with a micro-abrasive waterjet is proposed for highly efficient form-grinding of ceramic moulds into the required micro/meso-structural surfaces. It shows that this technology provides some unique advantages in improving the sharpness and geometrical accuracy of the grinding wheels. The mechanisms about material removal and texture formation in grinding wheel truing are investigated to enable the precise control of micro/meso-structure generation on the grinding wheel. A theoretical model is established to study the effect of grinding wheel surface micro/meso-textures and grain trajectory on the quality of the ground mould surface and reveal the reflection mechanism of the ground marks on the mould surface. Furthermore, an integrated rough-fine grinding strategy is proposed which is shown to significantly increase the grinding efficiency by 15–24 times. It is found that ductile domain grinding of ceramic moulds to achieve the required contour profile of 6.7 μm PV accuracy and a surface roughness Ra of less than 40 nm can be achieved.

Decomposition-based multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) are a class of popular methods for solving the multiobjective optimization problems (MOPs), and have been widely studied in numerical experiments and successfully applied in practice. However, we know little about these algorithms from the theoretical aspect. In this paper, we present running time analysis of a simple MOEA with mutation and crossover based on the MOEA/D framework (MOEA/D-C) on five pseudo-Boolean functions. Our rigorous theoretical analysis shows that by properly setting the number of subproblems, the upper bounds of expected running time of MOEA/D-C obtaining a set of solutions to cover the Pareto fronts (PFs) of these problems are apparently lower than those of the one with mutation-only (MOEA/D-M). Moreover, to effectively obtain a set of solutions to cover the PFs of these problem, MOEA/D-C only needs to decompose these MOPs into several subproblems with a set of simple weight vectors while MOEA/D-M needs to find $\Omega (n)$ optimally decomposed weight vectors. This result suggests that the use of crossover in decomposition-based MOEA can simplify the setting of weight vectors for different problems and make the algorithm more efficient. This paper provides some insights into the working principles of MOEA/D and explains why some existing decomposition-based MOEAs work well in computational experiments.

Herein, coralloid core-shell structure NiS/Ni3S4@PPy@MoS2 nanowires were elaborately designed and successfully synthesized through a three-step route to obtain exceptional microwave absorption (MA) properties. Ni nanowires were first fabricated, and then used as the substrate to be coated with a layer of PPy. Ni chalcogenides were obtained by using Ni nanowire as sacrificial templates while growing MoS2 nanorods by hydrothermal method. Both the one-dimensional (1D) core-shell structure and the coralloid surface generated by MoS2 nanorods were beneficial for the attenuation of microwaves. After investigating the electromagnetic properties of different loading content absorbers (30 wt.%, 40 wt.% and 50 wt.%), it is found that the 50 wt.% loading absorber has the optimal MA performance. The minimum reflection loss (RLmin) value can reach −51.29 dB at 10.1 GHz with a thickness of 2.29 mm, and the corresponding effective absorption bandwidth (EAB, RL

Among the various anodes, Li3VO4 is a potential intercalation kind anode used in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) that exhibits safer discharge voltage and higher capacity than graphite, a lower voltage plateau than Li4Ti5O12, and smaller volume difference in the Li+ intercalation/deintercalation process than metals and alloys. However, the comparatively low electronic conductivity, low initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) and serious capacity decay make the Li3VO4 anode unviable when it comes to practical implementation. Therefore, this paper reviews the research progress of Li3VO4 in recent years, mainly including the strategies of developing different synthesis methods to construct unique morphology, through coating, compositing or elemental doping to increase the ICE, electronic conductivity and the cycle constancy. Moreover, the application of Li3VO4 anode materials in other energy storage systems is summarized. Lastly, the development prospect and challenge of Li3VO4 anodes are discussed.

The South Qiangtang terrane (SQT), the Tibetan representative of the Cimmerian continent, is bounded in the south by the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone (BNSZ). The BNSZ is geologically manifested by the Mugagangri Group (MG) accretionary complexes developed during northward Meso-Tethyan subduction, whose timing and processes are, however, contentious. Herein, we conducted provenance analysis on the MG trench deposits, via petrography, whole-rock geochemistry and detrital-zircon geochronology. The results reveal a complete picture of provenance evolution during passive- to active-margin transition (from subduction initiation through fringing oceanic-arc, to continental-arc developments) at the SQT margin. In particular, the earliest trench deposits (subunit Trma; ~222 Ma), which contain olistostromes with blocks of oolitic limestone shed from the destructing SQT passive margin, mark the subduction initiation. A second subunit (Trmb; ~210 Ma) has periodically elevated volcanogenic components. Conglomerates of subunit Trmb have abundant basaltic clasts of intra-oceanic arc geochemical affinities, which were likely derived from an intra-oceanic arc fringing the SQT. The youngest subunit (Jmd; ~190 Ma) exhibits enriched ferromagnesian elements and a major youngest detrital-zircon age peak, indicating a continental-arc provenance. Moreover, detrital-zircon age spectra suggest that, at ~210 Ma, the central Qiangtang metamorphic belt became an important source area, and the North Qiangtang terrane (NQT) replaced SQT as the main provenance. This is best explained by that the SQT underthrusted beneath the NQT and was downwarped to form a foreland basin. Our findings confirm that the initial subduction of Meso-Tethys beneath SQT was coeval to other Cimmerian terranes, likely a uniform response to the Paleo-Tethys closure and collision between Eurasia (NQT) and Cimmeria (SQT).

SiC is a promising functional ceramic material with many great properties. High concentrated SiC slurry with excellent rheology and stability is required in some processes of ceramic forming. In this work, the dispersion of SiC powders was obviously improved by ternary modifiers: γ-(2,3-epoxypropoxy) propytrimethoxysilane (KH560), sodium humate and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Modified SiC slurry showed the lowest viscosity of 0.168 Pa s at a solid content of 50 vol%. The maximum absolute value of zeta potential of SiC increased from 47.3 to 61.6 mV by modification. Sedimentation experiments showed that a highly stable suspension of modified SiC was obtained at pH 10. SiC green body with high density of 2.643 g/cm3 was prepared with modified powders by slip casting. X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) and thermogravimetry (TG) measurements indicated the adsorption of modifiers on SiC surface. Therefore, modified SiC powders could stably disperse in aqueous media due to the increase of electrosteric repulsion between particles. The novel strategy used in this study could further improve the dispersion of SiC powders.

Confocal microscopy is high precision and widely used method for topography measurement. The surface height information is obtained by peak extraction of the axial response signal (ARS) which axial tomography of the surface is required. Therefore, when scanning large-diameter surfaces with a confocal coordinate measuring system (CCMS), the relative horizontal scanning trajectory (RHST) between the confocal sensor and surface is repeated and time-consuming step motion, which greatly increases the measurement time. To improve the scanning measurement efficiency of CCMS, we propose a new location tracking scanning (LTS) method based on multi-focus. In the LTS method, the RHST is a continuous linear motion during the process of axial tomography, and the horizontal motional surface is located and tracked through a series of focuses to restore the ARS. A generatrix profile of a spherical surface is measured to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, and the results show that the scanning measurement time can be reduced by more than 90% without loss of accuracy of the profile measurement.

In the general 2-satellite formation near Earth, the deputy satellite moves around the chief one, resulting that the relative baseline exhibits the periodical variations in the form of trigonometric functions. In such case, only the certain positions can be employed for interferometric imaging, and the high requirements of Earth observation and remote sensing can be barely satisfied. Therefore, a new tethered satellite-sail system, termed satellite-sail transverse formation, is proposed in this study. The chief satellite is in a sun-synchronous orbit and is connected to one deputy solar sail in a non-Keplerian displaced orbit. Given the continuous solar radiation pressure, the sail can move with the satellite side by side synchronously such that the relative baseline is always perpendicular to the subastral point tracks of the satellites. Our investigation mainly focuses on the relative dynamics and control of the proposed system during the deployment process that is divided into two stages: pop-up and steady release. Subsequently, the deployment dynamics are established considering the chief and deputy satellites as mass points connected by a rigid rod. To ensure a successful deployment, a sliding mode controller with a saturation function is adopted where the control force is provided by the solar radiation pressure and tether tension. The results show that the proposed deployment strategy is successful, and the transverse formation is eventually realized under the smooth rotation of the solar sail.

Metallic nanoparticle (NP)/ceramic composite cermets present desirable broadband absorption of the solar spectrum and thus are the preferred material scheme for constructing cermet-based solar absorbers. However, the effects of fine nanoparticle structural features on the light-matter interactions in nanocermet layers and corresponding cermet-based solar absorbers are still not well clear until now. Herein, we report a systematical investigation on the effects of W (tungsten) nanoparticle sizes, its concentrations and configurations in an alumina matrix on the optical responses of W Al2O3 nanocermet layers and a solar absorber with double-cermet layers. It is found that to possess admirable light absorption features at high temperatures, it is better to maintain the fine particle size of less than 10 nm, isolated states and suitable separations between them for W Al2O3 nanocermets. Thus, the dominated intrinsic absorption of W NPs, their plasmonic excitation and coupling effects among each other all contribute significantly to the broadband optical performance of the cermet layers and the whole absorber. More importantly, this study demonstrates a valuable criterion for maintaining optical performances of nanocermet layers and cermet-based solar absorbers under heating and thus their thermal robustness.

Zinc metal has aroused increasing interest as anode material of Zn-based batteries for their energy storage application. However, the uneven Zn stripping/plating processes induce severe dendrite growth, leading to low Coulombic efficiency and safety hazards. Herein, a surface-tuned two-dimensional (2D) MXene Ti3C2Tx scaffold as a robust skeleton is developed to facilitate the uniform Zn stripping/plating. The Ti3C2Tx with high electrical conductivity and unique structure provides fast ionic-transport paths, promising even Zn2+ stripping/plating processes. With suppressed Zn dendrite growth and uniform nucleation, the proposed 2D Ti3C2Tx scaffold for Zn metal anode delivers a low voltage hysteresis of 63 mV and long lifespan over 280 h. This surface-tuned engineering strategy demonstrates the potential application of Zn anode with MXene skeleton for next-generation Zn-based batteries.

The Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis, as an alternative route to produce high-quality liquid fuels and chemicals, has received considerable attention in recent years. In this work, a nano-sized capsule catalyst (ZrO2@FeCu) with ZrO2 as a core and FeCu bimetallic oxide as a shell was fabricated by urea hydrolysis method. For comparison, FeCu@ZrO2 capsule catalyst was synthesized by the sequential precipitation method. FeCu + ZrO2 reference catalyst was obtained by physically mixing of FeCu and ZrO2 samples. Besides, these catalysts with potassium (K) modification were realized by wetness impregnation method, and the catalysts are denoted as ZrO2@FeCu-K, FeCu@ZrO2-K, and FeCu + ZrO2-K, respectively. The structure-function relationship of the obtained catalysts was systematically clarified by means of a series of characterization techniques, such as BET, XRD, H2-TPR, CO-TPD, XPS, SEM and EDS mapping. Among these catalysts after reduction, ZrO2@FeCu-K exhibited the most excellent catalytic performance with 97 % CO conversion and 49 % α-olefins selectivity by promoted CO adsorption.

The transport of terrestrial sources of trace elements to the ocean has proven to be crucial in constraining not only their own biogeochemical behaviors but also regulating global carbon cycling and ecosystem changes. Most terrestrial dissolved trace elements are known to be largely scavenged in the estuarine mixing zone or coastal waters before reaching the open ocean, owing to their particle-reactive nature. In this study, we investigated the behavior of trace elements (Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn) and rare earth elements (REEs), together with other biogeochemical parameters, in a coastal embayment, which features a long water residence time. Our results showed intense depletion of inorganic nutrients throughout the bay relative to the fresh and open-ocean water mixing curve. Moreover, REE fractionation also revealed notable particle scavenging with a significant removal of Ce. However, most trace elements (Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn) showed higher concentrations in lower salinity waters and significant positive correlations with humic substances. Thus, we hypothesize that terrestrial trace elements (Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn), associated with terrestrial humic substances, can survive particle scavenging and biological consumption in the coastal mixing zone, and may be important sources of trace elements to the open ocean globally.

Nanoscale materials possess distinct physical and chemical attributes including size-dependent properties, quantum confinement, high surface-to-volume ratio, and superior catalytic activity. These unique qualities enable sensors with high sensitivity, robustness, and fast time response. As the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) demands increased production of sensors, it also provides an impetus for concentrated nanomaterial-based sensor research. Meanwhile, additive manufacturing (AM) of nanomaterial-based sensors is critical to bridge the gap between one-off, lab-scale fabrication and cost-effective, industrial-scale production with high reproducibility. By applying the design flexibility and cost savings of AM techniques, a new generation of nanomaterial-based sensing platforms can be integrated with IoT devices in the consumer space. Furthermore, emergent research in human–machine interfaces, food safety, and point-of-care diagnostics will be expedited by the development of sensors that can be printed with irregular form factors. In this Review, the relative strengths and weaknesses of printed sensor systems based on zero-, one-, and two-dimensional nanomaterials are discussed. In addition, sensors enabled by printable soft nanomaterials, heterostructures, and nanocomposites are surveyed due to their synergistic advantages for wearable healthcare monitoring and soft robotics. Finally, a roadmap for the next decade of research on this topic is provided.

Permanent magnet machines have been used in the high‐speed drive applications due to their high‐efficiency, high‐power‐density, and wide‐speed range characteristics. However, control of such high‐speed permanent magnet machines machine is always challenging and proper flux‐weakening controller design is essential to achieve high performance of these machines. In this paper, an improved feedforward flux‐weakening control scheme for interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) drives are proposed. The proposed method identifies optimal d‐axis and q‐axis currents under different operation regions using maximum‐torque‐per‐ampere curve, voltage limit, and current limit curves with a fast Newton–Raphson algorithm. To ensure the optimal performance of the control mechanism, effects of inductance variations due to the magnetic saturation are considered and an innovative high‐frequency staircase voltage injection method is used to identify the q‐axis inductance. The experimental results show that compared with other existing flux‐weakening methods, the proposed technique can improve the DC‐link voltage utilisation without the need to tune any controller gains and can fully utilise maximum available torque with desirable transient performance.

Given the superior thermal stability and electromagnetic features, continuous Si–B–(C)–N ceramic fibers have displayed great potential to fulfill the increasing demand for the high-temperature structural and functional materials. Manufacture of such ceramic fibers depends heavily upon the design of processable polymer precursors. Herein, a class of polyborosilazanes (PBSZs) with high spinnability were created through a facile one-pot synthesis. The trade-off between spinnability and ceramic yield of PBSZs was overcome by using heptamethyldisilazane and hexamethyldisilazane as the co-condensing agents to polymerize silicon and boron chloride monomers. The optimal PBSZs can fabricate continuous Si–B–C–N fibers with homogeneous diameter of 7.9 ± 0.5 μm and high ceramic yield of 80 wt%. Experimental characterization and quantum chemical computation revealed the mechanistic pictures of the impact of pendant groups on the polycondensation, melt spinning, and pyrolyzing process. These insights improve our understanding of spinnable pre-ceramic polymers for exploiting high-performance nitride ceramic fibers.

Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) have been devised as an efficient narrow half-width phosphor and received extensive attention due to their high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), adjustable emission colour and high colour purity. However, the low stability of perovskite quantum dots seriously affects its performance and application. Here, we have proposed a simple ligand-assisted precipitation method to encapsulate PQDs in zirconium silicate (ZrSi). Owing to the special stacked structure and high specific surface area of ZrSi, the composite material exhibits extremely high humidity stability and thermal stability compared to pure PQDs. Both ZrSi/CH3NH3PbBr3 PQDs and ZrSi/CsPbBr3 PQDs prepared by ZrSi packaging exhibit excellent luminescence properties, and the three-colour phosphor composite prepared by changing the halogen ratio has a very high colour gamut. In addition, ZrSi/CH3NH3PbBr3 PQDs and ZrSi/CsPbBr3 PQDs assembled white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) also have very excellent optical properties. This work provides a new method for the synthesis of high-stability perovskite quantum dots for white LED and display materials by using stacked structure materials.

Ti3C2TX MXene has been proven to be a material of high application potential in the field of electromagnetic (EM) protection. Considering the density, MXene/polymer films (MPFs) are fabricated by employing the simple tape casting process and exhibit excellent electromagnetic shielding performance with respect to the MXene content. However, the absorption properties of as-fabricated MPFs are not satisfactory due to the impedance mismatch. Herein, a multilayer impedance gradient absorber with MPFs arranged in order has been successfully designed and prepared. The developed absorber possesses excellent EM wave absorption properties owing to the well-matched impedance and adjustment of permittivity. Moreover, the effect of the thickness of MPFs on the EM wave absorbing properties has been investigated by theoretical calculations and experimental measurements. The HFSS calculation reveals that the effective absorption bandwidth is capable to cover the whole X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz) with only a micro-adjustment of the thickness, with the minimum reflection coefficient (RCmin) reaching up to −26.10 dB. In addition, the synergistic effect of the multiple loss mechanisms has been discussed in detail. This study not only proposes the effective design of a novel multilayer impedance gradient absorber, but also provides new fundamental basis for combining the simulation technology and material design.

Carbon coated silicon nanoparticle is regarded as a promising anode material for the next generation of lithium ion batteries, while the development of a cost-effective and environmental-friendly preparation method is still difficult and hinders the practical implementation. In this research, a controllable and byproduct-free synthesis method is proposed for the preparation of silicon nanoparticles with amorphous hydrogenated carbon coating. The current apparatus is operated based on the application of induction thermal plasma. Plasma properties are tunable by adjusting the ratio of tangential and radial gas flow rates (T/R), which compose the plasma sheath gas. Obtained results reveal the plasma shape is shrunk with higher T/R values, which will lead to a steeper temperature gradient and lower temperature distributions in reaction chamber. Consequently, the compositions and properties of synthesized particles can be modified with T/R values. The formation of SiC, which was an intractable issue before, can be vanished at higher tangential gas flow rates in current research and the capacity of silicon anode for batteries will be improved in predict. This research is significant for a deep understanding of plasma synthesis processing and design of batteries with excellent performance.

Applying slow-release fertilizers is possible means for reducing nitrogen (N) loss in rice production. Matrix-based fertilizers represent novel slow-release fertilizers. To date, there is little consensus about the effect of combined addition of organic and inorganic matrix materials on rice production. We developed a slow-release urea fertilizer with selected organic and inorganic matrix materials. The study aimed to: i) determine the effect of the slow-release urea on rice yield, profit, and agronomic efficiency and ii) elucidate its possible mechanisms. A two-year field experiment was conducted during 2015–2016. Besides, laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the potential N loss risk. Three treatments were set up: control without N application (CK), regular urea treatment (RU, 150 kg N ha–1), and slow-release urea treatment (SU, 150 kg N ha–1). The results showed that rice biomass and grain yield were significantly higher in SU than in RU (P

The hydrogen-based clean energy infrastructure provides a viable option for resilience improvement against extreme events, e.g., natural disaster and malicious attacks. This paper presents a resilience-oriented operation model for industrial parks energized by integrated hydrogen-electricity-heat microgrids, which aims to improve the load survivability under contingency status. The synergies of multi-type distributed energy resources (e.g., fuel cells, hydrogen storage tanks, battery storage and heat storage unit) and the sequential operation of the industrial distribution network are analytically represented by a mixed-integer second-order conic program (SOCP) formulation. Moreover, by leveraging the information of probabilistic disaster prediction, a risk-averse receding horizon method is developed to handle the uncertainty of network contingencies, and supports the optimal decision of proactive and emergency scheduling. Numerical results on a 26-node industrial energy system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model and resilient scheduling method. The synergetic operation of hydrogen-based microgrids could significantly reduce the risks of load interruption.

Mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf, a “source of both medicine and food”, contains antioxidant ingredients such as flavonoids, alkaloids and polyphenols. The effects of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) treatment on plant growth and flavonoid contents in mulberry leaves were investigated in this study. The expression of rutin (Rut), chlorogenic acid (ChA), isoquercitrin (IQ) and astragaloside IV (Ast) related genes in the flavonoid synthesis pathways was investigated in mulberry leaves. The results showed that 6-BA treatment significantly promoted mulberry differentiation and growth as well as, increased the numbers of new shoots and buds compared to the control. In addition, 30 mg/L 6-BA significantly increased the contents of Rut, IQ and Ast, and it strongly induced the expression of flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes, including flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (F3GT), 4-xoumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), phenylalanine (PAL) and chalcone synthase (CHS). The dietary risk assessment of mulberry leaves was based on hormone residues 5 days after treatment with 30 mg /L 6-BA, and the results showed that the dietary exposure risk of 6-BA was extremely low without causing any health concern. Thus, treatment with 30 mg/L 6-BA is a new method to improve the medicinal quality and development of high-value mulberry leaf foods without any potential risk.

We report the high-resolution radio observations of eight Fanaroff-Riley type 0 radio galaxies (FR 0s), selected from the published FR 0 sample. These observations were carried out with the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) and European VLBI Network (EVN) at frequencies of 5 and 8 GHz with a highest resolution of 0.6 mas. All eight sources show compact structures on projected physical sizes of 0.3-10 parsec. Six sources show a two-sided structure and two sources show a one-sided jet structure. J1025+1022 shows an X-shaped jet structure, which could result from a reorientation of the jet axis due to a restart of the central engine or a projection of a highly curved inner jet, but more studies are needed to examine these scenarios. Proper motions for 22 jet components of the eight sources are determined to be between -0.08 c and 0.51 c. Although most of the sources exhibit flat spectra, other observed characteristics, such as, low-amplitude flux density variations, low jet proper motion speeds, and symmetric two-sided jet structures, tend to support that the pc-scale FR 0 jets are mildly relativistic with lower bulk Lorentz factors and larger viewing angles., Comment: 15 pages, 2 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

The increasing demand of cooling in internal combustion engine (ICE) may require the shift of heat removal method from traditional single phase liquid convection to subcooled flow boiling in order to fulfill the desired functional temperature. Thus, the characteristics of subcooled flow boiling heat transfer should be studied exclusively considering the practical conditions in ICEs. Accordingly, in this article, subcooled flow boiling experiments were conducted in a rectangular channel using 50/50 volume mixture of ethylene glycol and water coolant (EG/W) as working fluid. Aluminum and cast iron surfaces were selected as the heated surfaces to simulate the material of cylinder head in gasoline and diesel engines, respectively. Experimental results showed a trend that the aluminum surface had a better performance than the cast iron surface in terms of heat transfer coefficient in the boiling region. The difference between these two surfaces was concluded as results of different surface thermophysical properties. A modified wall heat flux model was proposed based on the power-type addition method. The proposed model modified the nucleation boiling contribution by introducing a new parameter which accounts for the influence of thermophysical properties of heated surface on the boiling process. Thus, one such modified model could be useful for practical engine cooling applications.

To improve the properties of high alumina castables containing calcium aluminate cement (CAC) after firing at elevated temperatures, micro-sized basic zinc carbonate (BZC) was introduced as ZnO-based nano fragments into castables. To account for the influence of BZC on the evolution of castable properties, the phase composition and microstructure of castable matrices were examined with X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy, respectively. Properties of castables having BZC were compared with those with Zn(OH)2. Results show that strength of castables added with BZC after firing at both medium temperatures and 1550 °C was improved. The volume stability and hot modulus of rupture at 1550 °C of fired castables containing BZC were also enhanced.

Background Lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPP) are critical for regulating the production and degradation of phosphatidic acid (PA), an essential signaling molecule under stress conditions. Thus far, the LPP family genes have not been reported in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Results In this study, a genome-wide analysis was carried out to identify LPP family genes in rapeseed that respond to different stress conditions. Eleven BnLPPs genes were identified in the rapeseed genome. Based on phylogenetic and synteny analysis, BnLPPs were classified into four groups (Group I-Group IV). Gene structure and conserved motif analysis showed that similar intron/exon and motifs patterns occur in the same group. By evaluating cis-elements in the promoters, we recognized six hormone- and seven stress-responsive elements. Further, six putative miRNAs were identified targeting three BnLPP genes. Gene ontology analysis disclosed that BnLPP genes were closely associated with phosphatase/hydrolase activity, membrane parts, phosphorus metabolic process, and dephosphorylation. The qRT-PCR based expression profiles of BnLPP genes varied in different tissues/organs. Likewise, several gene expression were significantly up-regulated under NaCl, PEG, cold, ABA, GA, IAA, and KT treatments. Conclusions This is the first report to describe the comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the rapeseed LPP gene family. We identified different phytohormones and abiotic stress-associated genes that could help in enlightening the plant tolerance against phytohormones and abiotic stresses. The findings unlocked new gaps for the functional verification of the BnLPP gene family during stresses, leading to rapeseed improvement.

Production of hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) through electrocatalytic water splitting is one of the sustainable, green and pivotal ways to accomplish the ever-increasing demands for renewable energy sources, but remains a big challenge because of the uphill reaction during overall water splitting. Herein, we develop high-performance non-noble metal electrocatalysts for pH-universal water splitting, based on nickel/vanadium boride (NiVB) nanoparticles/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) hybrid (NiVB/rGO) through a facile chemical reduction approach under ambient condition. By virtue of more exposure to surface active sites, superior electron transfer capability and strong electronic coupling, the as-prepared NiVB/rGO heterostructure needs pretty low overpotentials of 267 and 151 mV to deliver a current density of 10 mA cm−2 for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) respectively, with the corresponding Tafel slope of 44 and 88 mV dec−1 in 1.0 M KOH. Moreover, the NiVB/rGO electrocatalysts display a promising performance in a wide-pH conditions that require low overpotential of 310, 353 and 489 mV to drive a current density of 10 mA cm−2 for OER under 0.5 M KOH, 0. 05 M H2SO4 and 1.0 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) respectively, confirming the excellent electrocatalytic performance among state-of-the-art Ni-based electrocatalysts for overall water splitting. Therefore, the interfacial tuning based on incorporation of active heterostructure may pave a new route to develop bifunctional, cost-effective and efficient electrocatalyst systems for water splitting and H2 production.

Since the cross-sectional geometries of long bone diaphyses preserve evidence of a bone's mechanical loading history, examination of a bones' cross-sectional properties can be used to inform its loading history. Here, we use a novel colormap method to quantitatively visualize the topography of cortical bone, second moment of areas, and polar moment of areas along the humeral diaphyses to shed light on the potential manipulative behaviors of the Tianyuan 1 fossil human (Homo sapiens). We compare both humeri of Tianyuan 1 to two Holocene Chinese populations. Our results show that the standardized cortical bone thickness, standardized second moment of areas, and standardized polar moment of areas of Tianyuan 1's right humeral diaphysis are greater than those of the left diaphysis. This evidence supports the hypothesis that the individual was right-handed. The greater medial and lateral cortical reinforcement in the right midshaft humerus, relative to that of the left humerus, may be related to increased unilateral physical activity of the right arm. Unlike the lower humeral asymmetry of recent human agriculturalists, the relatively higher bilateral asymmetry, combined with the relatively larger femoral robusticity, indicate that Tianyuan 1 lived an activity lifestyle compared to the agriculturalists investigated in this study. The bilateral asymmetry of the right and left humeri may be more informative for discriminating between fossil and recent modern human samples than cortical thickness or rigidity values in only one side. This study also indicates that upper limb internal structures can provide important information for inferring the behavior of ancient hominins.

Li-rich layered oxides (LLOs) are promising cathode materials for Li-ion batteries owing to their high capacities (>250 mAh g-1), however, they suffered from severe capacity and voltage fading caused by irreversible oxygen loss and phase changes. Herein, the structural stability of single crystalline and polycrystalline Li1.14Ni0.32Mn0.44Co0.04O2 was compared in detail. It was found that the stability of oxidized oxygen ions on the near surface was improved in single crystals, which retarded oxygen loss from surface and surficial phase changes, possibly owing to the facet regulating and low surface curvature. In addition, the formation-migration of Mn3+, one of the crucial factors that caused capacity fading of LLOs, can be mitigated by increasing Ni3+ ratio. Under the synergistic effect of low oxygen defects on the near surface and high Ni3+ ratio, stable cycling performances and higher thermal stability were obtained.

Because of high transparency, conductivity and flexibility, silver nanowire (AgNW) networks have been widely explored as a promising alternative to indium tin oxide (ITO). However, their poor adhesiveness, corrosion and thermal stability still remain limiting factors for widespread adoption in a range of devices. Here, we introduce SnO2 to improve the adhesion and stability performances of AgNWs by controlling the preparation process, enhance the conductivity by providing the electric channels at contacts of AgNWs. The unique structural feature of composite film allows for a novel transparent conductor with low sheet resistance of 7.9 Ω/sq. and high transmittance of 87.6% (at 550 nm), as well as good flexibility. Unlike bare AgNW networks, the composite film retains its original conductivity under immersion in HCl and Na2S solutions, or long-term storage at up to 85% relative humidity at 85 °C. This chemical durability can be attributed to the absence of silver corrosion products for the AgNW encapsulated by SnO2. Furthermore the resistance is nearly unchanged after tape and ultrasonication tests, indicating a good adhesion to the substrate. Finally, a flexible transparent heater employing a hybrid film is realized.

Elastic full-waveform inversion (EFWI) updates high-resolution model parameters by minimizing the misfit function between the observed and modeled data. EFWI possesses strong nonlinearity and is likely to converge to a local minimum when the inversion begins with inaccurate initial models. Elastic reflection waveform inversion (ERWI) recovers the low-wavenumber components of P- and S-wave velocities along the “rabbit ear” wavepaths to provide initial velocity models for EFWI. However, every iteration of ERWI requires six times as many forward calculations with elastic-wave equations, which can be computationally expensive. Hence, we have developed a pure-wave reflection waveform inversion (PRWI) approach, which sequentially inverts low-wavenumber components of P- and S-wave velocity models. In our PRWI, we decompose elastic-wave operators into background and perturbed pure-wave parts and derive PRWI gradients using pure-wave operators. The background and perturbed wavefields in PRWI gradients are vector wavefields with a single wave mode. PRWI can remove the high-wavenumber noise caused by S-wave stress decomposition and reduce the computational cost of ERWI by almost 70%. Under the framework of PRWI, we have further developed the pure-wave reflection traveltime inversion (PRTI) approach to alleviate the issue of cycle skipping caused by waveform mismatch. To ensure the recovery of low-wavenumber components, we mute out the contribution of wavefields with small opening angles to PRTI gradients. Numerical examples have demonstrated that our PRTI method can efficiently provide good initial velocity models for EFWI.

Rhizoctonia solani is an important soil-borne fungal pathogen that causes serious diseases on many agricultural crops and vegetables. Here, we report a complete genome assembly of R. solani AG4 (assembly: 45.47 Mb; contig N50: 1.56 Mb), using a combination of Illumina paired-end and PacBio long-read sequencing data. A total of 267 noncoding RNAs and 11,592 genes were predicted, including 109 genes associated with carbohydrate-active enzymes and 2,488 genes involved in host-pathogen interactions. The complete genome of R. solani AG4 represents a valuable base for studying interactions between host plants and pathogenic fungi and to search for potential antimicrobial targets. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

In this work, by introducing several parameters, a new kernel function including both the homogeneous and non-homogeneous cases is constructed, and a Hilbert-type inequality related to the newly constructed kernel function is established. By convention, the equivalent Hardy-type inequality is also considered. Furthermore, by introducing the partial fraction expansions of trigonometric functions, some special and interesting Hilbert-type inequalities with the constant factors represented by the higher derivatives of trigonometric functions, the Euler number and the Bernoulli number are presented at the end of the paper.